Syndrome Differentiation Theory Research Articles

Treatment of neuropathic pain by traditional Chinese medicine: An updated review on their effect and putative mechanisms of action.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common chronic pain with heterogeneous clinical features, and consequent lowering of quality of life. Currently, although conventional chemical drugs can effectively manage NP symptoms in the short term, their long-term efficacy is limited, and they come with significant side effects. In this regard, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides a promising avenue for treating NP. Numerous pharmacological and clinical studies have substantiated the effectiveness of TCM with multiple targets and mechanisms. We aimed to outline the characteristics of TCM, including compound prescriptions, single Chinese herbs, active ingredients, and TCM physical therapy, for NP treatment and discussed their efficacy by analyzing the pathogenesis of NP. Various databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database, were searched. We focused on recent research progress in NP treatment by TCM. Finally, we proposed the future challenges and emerging trends in the treatment of NP. TCM demonstrates significant clinical efficacy in NP treatment, employing multi-mechanisms. Drawing from the theory of syndrome differentiation, four types of dialectical treatments for NP by compound TCM prescriptions were introduced: promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis; promoting blood circulation and promote Qi flow; warming Yang and benefiting Qi; soothing the liver and regulating Qi. Meanwhile, 33 single Chinese herbs and 25 active ingredients were included. In addition, TCM physical therapy (e.g., acupuncture, massage, acupoint injection, and fumigation) also showed good efficacy in NP treatment. TCM, particularly through the use of compound prescriptions and acupuncture, holds bright prospects in treating NP owing to its diverse holistic effects. Nonetheless, the multi-targets of TCM may result in possible disadvantages to NP treatment, and the pharmacological mechanisms of TCM need further evaluation. Here, we provide an overview of NP treatment via TCM, based on the pathogenesis and the potential therapeutic mechanisms, thus providing a reference for further studies.

Pharmacological research progress of five classical prescriptions in treatment of chronic heart failure

Chronic heart failure(CHF) is a comprehensive clinical syndrome caused by multiple factors that result in structural and/or functional abnormalities of the heart, leading to impaired ventricular contraction and/or relaxation functions. This medical condition represents the final stage of various cardiovascular diseases. In the treatment of CHF, multiple clinical studies have demonstrated the benefits of using traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) to control oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, thereby delaying ventricular remodeling and reducing myocardial fibrosis. In this study, common TCM syndromes in the diagnosis and treatment of CHF in recent years were reviewed and summarized. Five common treatment methods including benefiting Qi and activating blood circulation, enhancing Qi and nourishing Yin, warming Yang for diuresis, eliminating phlegm and dampness, rescuing from collapse by restoring Yang, and corresponding classic prescriptions in prevention and treatment of CHF were concluded under the guidance of TCM syndrome differentiation thinking. Meanwhile, research progress on the modern pharmacological effects of these classic prescriptions was systematically discussed, so as to establish a unique treatment system for CHF by classic prescriptions under the guidance of TCM syndrome differentiation theory and provide innovative diagnosis and treatment strategies for clinical CHF.

Nursing interventions based on the theory of syndrome differentiation in the treatment of herpes zoster

Nursing interventions based on the theory of syndrome differentiation in the treatment of herpes zoster

Retracted: Effects of Rapid Rehabilitation Nursing Based on the Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment Theory of TCM on Sleep and Life Quality of Patients Undergoing Multi-Endoscope Gallbladder-Preserving Cholecystolithotomy.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/5339525.].

A Literature Review on the Use of Extracorporeal Shock Wave with Syndrome Differentiation Theory

A Literature Review on the Use of Extracorporeal Shock Wave with Syndrome Differentiation Theory

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery

Acupoint needle-embedding combined with ironing therapy is a non-drug treatment method to release postoperative pain after anal surgery. The practice is guided by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome differentiation theory and employs acupoint stimulation and heat to alleviate pain. Although prior research has shown that these are dependable methods for pain relief, the combined effect of the two techniques has not been described. In our research, we found that compared to using diclofenac sodium enteric-coated capsules alone, adding acupoint needle-embedding combined with ironing therapy was more effective for reducing pain levels at different stages after hemorrhoid surgery. Although this technique is efficient and commonly used in clinics, due to its invasive practice, acupoint needle embedding still carries risks relating to hospital-acquired infections and broken needles. Ironing therapy, on the other hand, can result in burns and connective tissue injuries. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a standardized protocol for medical staff. Our protocol refines the traditional techniques and provides detailed instructions on patient preparation, operation techniques, and postoperative care to ensure the therapy is carried out safely and efficiently. By standardizing this therapy, this technique is expected to become an important complementary therapy for postoperative pain relief in hemorrhoids, which will significantly improve patients 'life quality after anal surgery.

Research Review of Acupoint Application Therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease and Angina Pectoris

The Coronary heart disease angina pectoris belongs to the comprehensive lesion of multiple factors and multiple syndrome, with complex pathogenesis. Western medicine mainly uses drug treatment, with clear targets, improving the single index is significant, but it is easy to produce toxic side effects and drug resistance. Traditional Chinese medicine under the guidance of overall concept and syndrome differentiation theory, combined with modern medical achievements, multiple targets, multi-way treatment of coronary heart disease angina clinical curative effect, make up for the shortage of western medicine single target, single treatment, reduce the western medicine side effects and reduce drug resistance, effectively improve patients with clinical symptoms and prognosis, improve the quality of life, prolong survival. Traditional Chinese medicine characteristic therapy has certain unique in the treatment of coronary heart disease, simple and easy to do and no side effects, and can reduce medical expenses, is a suitable treatment method for patients with coronary heart disease. Modern medical research shows that acupoint application can make the drug ingredients through the skin, orifice, acupoints absorption direct disease, warm the meridians, mobilize the function of the meridians; medicine can follow the meridians into the viscera, to adjust the viscera, dredge Qi and blood, so that it better play the overall role of Qi and blood, Yin and Yang. Many clinical studies have confirmed that TCM acupoint application therapy is widely used in clinical practice. Due to its simple clinical operation, safety and high patient comfort, and high patient acceptance and compliance, it is accepted by clinical departments and patients. In clinical application, TCM acupoint application therapy can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of angina pectoris, improve electrocardiogram and improve the quality of life of patients, which is worthy of clinical promotion and application. In this paper, the current situation of the treatment of coronary heart disease angina pectoris is summarized, so as to facilitate the clinical promotion and application.

Effects of Rapid Rehabilitation Nursing Based on the Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment Theory of TCM on Sleep and Life Quality of Patients Undergoing Multi-Endoscope Gallbladder-Preserving Cholecystolithotomy.

Objective The current study aimed to explore the effects of rapid rehabilitation nursing based on the syndrome differentiation and treatment theory of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the sleep and life quality of patients undergoing multi-endoscope gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy (MEGPCL). Methods 112 patients who underwent MEGPCL were chosen as subjects for this study. These 112 subjects were randomly divided into observational and control groups, with 56 cases in each group. The control group was treated with conventional western medicine rapid rehabilitation nursing intervention, and the observation group was treated with TCM treatment theory of syndrome differentiation rapid rehabilitation nursing intervention. The recovery rates of gastrointestinal function of the two groups werecompared and evaluated. The psychological resilience, pain degree, treatment compliance, self-care ability, sleep quality, and patient's life quality prior to and following the interventive therapy were determined by the CD-RISC, SF-MPQ, Kolcaba score, BMQ, ESCA, PSQI, and GLQI, respectively. The prevalence of postoperative complications such as different infections and lower limb venous thrombosis during hospitalization were statistically analyzed in the two designed groups. Results It was revealed that in the observation group, the time span for anus exhaust and anus defecation, bowel sound recovery, feeding, and hospital stay was less than in the control group (all P < 0.05). After the intervention, Kolcaba and CD-RISC scores were higher in the observation group as compared to control group, while SF-MPQ scores were less than the control group (all P < 0.05). BMQ, ESCA, and GLQI scores were also higher in the observation group, and PSQI score was less than the control group (all P < 0.05). It was also observed that the incidence of postoperative complications was lower in the observation group (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The application of TCM syndrome differentiation theory in the rehabilitation nursing of patients undergoing MEGPCL can improve treatment compliance, relieve postoperative pain, promote postoperative gastrointestinal function recovery, restores sleep quality, and improve patients' life quality.

Traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation and treatment by stages of Parkinson’s disease: study protocol for a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease common in aged populations. Classified by Hoehn & Yahr stages, patients are often divided into mild/early stage, moderate/middle stage, and advanced/late stage. With disease progression, PD shows high heterogeneity in each stage. Based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome differentiation theory and our previous works, we found that during the early stage, the main syndrome is Yin deficiency of the liver and kidney; during the moderate stage, the main syndromes are phlegm heat and wind stirring and blood stasis and wind stirring; and during the late stage, the dominant syndromes are deficiency of Yin and Yang and deficiency of Qi and blood. Hence, we proposed a new model of TCM treatment by the stage of PD. Based on Shudi Pingchan formula, an experimental formula of our team, we developed Ziyin Pingchan formula, Jiedu Pingchan formula, and Fuzheng Pingchan formula to treat each stage. This study is designed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of treating Parkinson’s disease by stages using traditional Chinese medicine and to provide an evidence base for forming a standardized scheme of diagnosis and treatment.MethodsThis study is designed as a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Patients will be stratified into 3 subgroups according to Hoehn & Yahr stage; 172, 168, and 72 participants will be required to be in the mild PD, moderate PD, and advanced PD subgroups, respectively, and will be randomized into the treatment or control group at a 1:1 ratio. The mild PD subgroup will receive a 48-week intervention, and the other 2 groups will receive a 24-week intervention. All groups will have a follow-up visit 12 weeks after starting the intervention. The intervention group will receive the Ziyin Pingchan formula, Jiedu Pingchan formula, or Fuzheng Pingchan formula, and the control group will receive the corresponding placebo. The primary outcomes will be the first addition of levodopa for the mild PD subgroup, the duration of the “OFF” period for the moderate PD subgroup, and the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) for the advanced PD subgroup. The secondary outcomes will also be verified by subgroups, including the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale-2 (PDSS-2), scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease—Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT), and the nonmotor symptom scale (NMSS).Expected outcomesTo our knowledge, this is the first trial to combine TCM syndrome differentiation with PD clinical stages and put it into clinical practice. The results of this trial will provide clinical evidence for the therapeutic effect of TCM formulas on PD patients of all stages and help build a new TCM treatment by stage model of PD.Trial registration: This trial is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/). Registration number: ChiCTR2200056373, Date: 2022–02-04, version 1.

The Research and Development Thinking on the Status of Artificial Intelligence in Traditional Chinese Medicine.

With the rapid development and application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical field, the diagnostic ways of human health and the social medical structures have changed. Based on the concept of holism and the theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment, TCM realizes comprehensive informatization and intelligence with the help of AI technology in data mining, intelligent diagnosis and treatment, intelligent learning, and decision-making. Furthermore, the intelligent research of TCM technology will further promote the improvement in TCM diagnosis and treatment rules and the leaping development of TCM intelligent instruments. In this article, we performed a systematic review of scientific literature about TCM and AI. Moreover, the practical problems of TCM intellectualization, the current situation and demand of TCM, and the influence of AI in the TCM field are discussed by searching for literature using TCM scientific databases, reference lists, expert consultation, and targeted websites. Finally, we look forward to the application prospects of AI and propose a possible future direction of intelligent TCM in the current health-care system in China.

Mining Syndrome Differentiating Principles from Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Data

Syndrome differentiation-based treatment is one of the key characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The process of syndrome differentiation is difficult and challenging due to its complexity, diversity and vagueness. Analyzing syndrome principles from historical records of TCM using data mining (DM) technology has been of high interest in recent years. Nevertheless, in most relevant studies, existing DM algorithms have been simply developed for TCM mining, while the combination of TCM theories or its characteristics with DM algorithms has rarely been reported. This paper presents a novel Symptom-Syndrome Topic Model (SSTM), which is a supervised probabilistic topic model with three-tier Bayesian structure. In the SSTM, syndromes are considered as observed topic labels to distinguish certain symptoms from possible symptoms according to their different positions. The generation of our model is in full compliance with the syndrome differentiation theory of TCM. Experimental results show that the SSTM is more effective than other models for syndrome differentiating.

Visual Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Records

<p indent="0mm">Traditional Chinese medicine is a profound source of Chinese culture, and studying health records is an effective means for traditional Chinese medicine inheritance and advancement. A visual analysis method is proposed for traditional Chinese medicine health records to analyze multivariate, multimodal, time-varying health record data, and studying medicines in high-dimensional symptom spaces. With multiple linked views composed by a flow chart, dimensionality reduction plots, and lab test plots, aided by brushing-and-linking interactions, the visual analysis method supports medical experts to practice the holistic view and the theory of syndrome differentiation in the analysis. A perception-inspired comparative visual mapping and interaction is designed to investigate the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine. The analysis of three cases of various kidney diseases treated by a famous doctor demonstrates that proposed method is promising in traditional Chinese medicine inheritance, and mining core prescriptions to design new ones.

Ethics review characteristics of clinical research of acupuncture and moxibustion

The elements of ethical review related to clinical research of acupuncture and moxibustion is discussed to provide ideas for various institutions to carry out relevant ethical review. It is believed that the ethical review of clinical research of acupuncture and moxibustion needs to focus on the specificity of acupuncture and moxibustion. Starting from the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the theory of meridians and acupoints and the theory of syndrome differentiation along meridians, the key contents of ethical review such as intervention methods, grouping design and placebo control should be considered, so as to standardize the clinical research of acupuncture and moxibustion and protect the health and rights and interests of participants.

Application prospects of single-cell transcriptome sequencing in traditional Chinese medicine research

Single-cell transcriptome sequencing(scRNA-seq) can be used to analyze the expression characteristics of the transcriptome at the level of individual cell, and discover the heterogeneity of gene expression in individual cell that is &quot;diluted&quot; or averaged in study of group organization. The scRNA-seq, with the characteristics of standardization, high-throughput, and high integration, can greatly simplify the experimental operation and significantly reduce the consumption of reagents. At the same time, a variety of cells are screened and the gene expression patterns are analyzed at the single-cell level to provide a more efficient detection technique and more rich and accurate information for drug research. In the field of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), the scRNA-seq is still a new technology, but the individual and precision concepts embodied by scRNA-seq and the theory of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment have reached the same effect between the micro and macro aspects. This study tried to broaden the thinking for the modernization of TCM by introducing the development of scRNA-seq technology and its application in modern drug research and discussing the application prospects of scRNA-seq in TCM research.

Efficacy and safety evaluation of acupuncture therapy for patients with salpingitis in IVF-ET: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:As an alternative for salpingitis in IVF-ET, acupuncture has gradually attracted the attention of clinicians based on the theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment of Chinese traditional medicine. However, due to the lack of evidence-based medical evidence, the author designed the program to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture.Methods:From the beginning to August 2020, 7 electronic databases will be searched. Two of our researchers will independently conduct research selection, data extraction, and risk assessment of bias. We will use Review Manager 5.3 software for meta-analysis and heterogeneity assessment. In addition, we will use the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation to evaluate the evidence quality.Results:This study will demonstrate an evidence-based review of acupuncture for salpingitis in IVF-ET.Conclusion:The study will provide clear evidence to assess the effectiveness and side effects of acupuncture for salpingitis in IVF-ET.Trial registration number:INPLASY2020110125.

Research on a Vehicle-Mounted Intelligent TCM Syndrome Differentiation System Based on Deep Belief Network

This article is oriented to the research of the vehicle-mounted intelligent traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome differentiation system to provide a quick and accurate diagnosis suggestion for smart and mobile medical vehicles. Nowadays, TCM modernization has attached more and more attention due to its remarkable clinical effect. The typical TCM diagnosis process is to induces the syndrome types of a patient from the four-diagnosis symptoms based on syndrome differentiation theory, that is, given a set of symptoms to treat, an overall syndrome representation is learned by fusing all the symptoms effectively to mimic how a doctor induce the syndromes. Therefore, we believe that an overall description of symptoms of a patient is very important for the follow-up treatment and should be handled carefully and properly. However, due to the complexity and diversity of syndromes, most recommended prescription of a patient lacks the explicit ground-truth of syndrome. Therefore, in this article, a new TCM syndrome differentiation method based on multi-label classification method and deep learning method was proposed to learn the implicit symptoms induction process in the real diagnosis. A Deep Belief Network (DBN) was used to reconstruct the TCM diagnosis model based on the Rrestricted Boltzman Machine (RBM) mechanism. Towards symptoms-syndrome groups learning, a symptom vector representing the symptom collection of a patient is constructed as the input of DBN, which was used to train the symptom data and labeled samples to build an unsupervised model at first. And then the parameters of DBN was adjusted gradually based on back propagation method. Secondly, binary classification algorithm was used to convert the multi-label classification problem into several corresponding labels. Each binary classifier model corresponds to a binary classifier to complete the classification from symptoms to corresponding syndrome types. Finally, Experiments were conducted on a self-built TCM clinical records database, demonstrating obvious improvements on the classification accuracy and convergence rate. Further studies should focus on the promotion of effectiveness of the proposed model to be more in line with the actual needs of onboard medical diagnosis and treatment.

Effectiveness and safety of adjunctive traditional Chinese medicine therapy for constipation after cancer chemotherapy: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:As an alternative for constipation after cancer chemotherapy, Chinese medicine has gradually attracted the attention of clinicians based on the theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment. However, due to the lack of evidence-based medical evidence, the author designed the program to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese medicine.Methods:From the beginning to August 2020, 8 electronic databases will be searched. Two of our researchers will independently conduct research selection, data extraction, and risk assessment of bias. We will use Review Manager 5.3 software for meta-analysis and heterogeneity assessment. In addition, we will use the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation to evaluate the evidence quality.Results:This study will demonstrate an evidence-based review of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for constipation after cancer chemotherapy.Conclusion:The study will provide clear evidence to assess the effectiveness and side effects of TCM for constipation after cancer chemotherapy.Trial registration number:INPLASY202070027

Effectiveness and safety of adjunctive traditional Chinese medicine therapy for primary liver cancer patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis.

Background:Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gradually drawn the attention of clinicians as an alternative for Primary Liver Cancer (PLC), is based on the theory of syndrome differentiation. However, owing to the lack of evidence-based medical evidence, the authors designed this protocol to evaluate TCM's effectiveness and safety.Methods:Seven electronic databases will be searched from inception to Aug. 2020. Two of us will independently identify randomized controlled trials, extract the data and assess the risk of bias. The meta-analysis will be conducted with the Review Manager 5.3 software according the heterogeneity of eligible studies. Further, we will use the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation to evaluate the evidence quality.Results:This study will demonstrate an evidence-based review of TCM for PLC.Conclusion:The study will provide clear evidence to assess the effectiveness and side effects of TCM for PLC.Trial registration number:PROSPERO CRD 42020173748.

Distribution of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic heart failure: A clinical study.

Introduction:The incidence of type 2 diabetes has been increasing year by year in recent years. Type 2 diabetes is an important risk factor in the occurrence and development of heart failure, and it is the second potential risk factor after coronary artery disease. At present, there is no unified etiology, pathogenesis, and syndrome differentiation criteria for type 2 diabetes with chronic heart failure, and it is susceptible to subjective factors. Therefore, standardized, objective, and standardized research is needed to provide reference and guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment. In this study, the theory of syndrome differentiation is used to initially explore the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic heart failure through case data collection, syndrome extraction, and clinical data analysis.Methods/design:In this study, we will collect at least 500 cases of type 2 diabetes with chronic heart failure that meet the standard outpatient and hospitalization, and fill out the case information collection form. Then we will collect a number of clinical diagnosis and treatment information, and judge the syndrome based on the sum of the contribution of each syndrome to the relevant syndrome. We will use Microsoft Excel to establish a database, enter the relevant diagnosis and treatment, and syndrome information of the case information collection table, and verify and correct in time to ensure the accuracy of the data.Discussion:This study will provide reference and guidance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes with chronic heart failure.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, ChiCTR2000033010, Registered on May 18, 2020.

A Literature Review on the Use of Extracorporeal Shock Wave with Syndrome Differentiation Theory

A Literature Review on the Use of Extracorporeal Shock Wave with Syndrome Differentiation Theory