Synchronization Process Research Articles

Internal Transport Barrier triggered by phase synchronizationof Zonal Flow with energetic particle modes

Abstract The suppression of the microturbulence associated
to the emergence of a spontaneous internal transport barrier has been
recently demonstrated in a system showing a possible amplification
of the zonal flow component in the low-frequency regime $\left[\right.$A.
Ghizzo and D. Del Sarto D 2023 \textit{Nucl. Fusion}
\textbf{63} 104002$\left.\right]$.
We use here numerical experiments performed with a ``particle mode''
model based on a double average over the fast cyclotron phase
and over the bounce (or transit) phase to show the major role played
by energetic particles and shear flows in this scenario. \textquotedbl Particle
modes\textquotedbl{} are meant here as classes of particles, identified
by some adiabatic invariant after a gyro-average procedure, which
are associated to the description of some specific linear modes of
the plasma. The introduction of energetic circulating ions or shear
flows into the system makes a larger number of particle modes being
involved in the synchronization process. A global synchronization
of the Fourier modes of the turbulent spectrum can be this way achieved.
This process allows for a bifurcation towards self-organization, which
is associated to the emergence of a staircase-like structure. This
is known to be an essential element in the modification of the zonal
flow pattern in phase space during the suppression of microturbulence
in tokamaks.

Integrating professional and religious identities: implications for career success and workplace dynamics in China

ABSTRACT This study explores how Chinese Buddhist business owners navigate the intersection of their professional and religious identities and how this shapes their perceptions of career success. Through qualitative interviews with 31 Buddhist Chinese business owners, we introduce the concept of ‘identity synchronisation’ to explain how individuals manage multiple, potentially conflicting identities. Our findings reveal that participants maintain distinct yet mutually reinforcing professional and religious identities, leading to a holistic conceptualisation of career success encompassing both material achievements and spiritual fulfilment. This process of identity synchronisation influences ethical decision-making, leadership approaches, and definitions of success. Our analysis extends social identity theory by demonstrating how individuals actively synchronise seemingly disparate identities, challenging the notion that work and religious identities are inherently conflicting. The study contributes to understanding how religious identity shapes work experiences in diverse business contexts and offers insights for organisations supporting multiple identity expressions. It provides a foundation for exploring how diverse identities influence workplace dynamics in an increasingly globalised environment.

Potentials of Mean Force and Solvent Effects of the CN- + CH3X (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) Reactions by the N-Side Attack in Aqueous Solution.

A combined multilevel quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics approach is performed to investigate the nucleophilic substitution reactions of CN- + CH3X (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) by the N-side attack in aqueous solution. The water molecules are treated microscopically using an explicit SPC/E model, and the potentials of mean force are characterized by both the DFT and CCSD(T) levels of theory for the solute. Calculations demonstrate that the shielding effect of the solvent reduces the nucleophile-substrate and substrate-leaving group interactions in solution, leading to stationary point structures that are quite different from those in the gas phase. The structure and charge evolution along the reaction paths reveal that the reaction is not only a synchronous bonding and bond-breaking Walden-inversion mechanism but also a synchronous charge transfer process. The activation barriers calculated at the CCSD(T) level of theory are 27.5 (F), 22.6 (Cl), 21.7 (Br), and 21.2 (I) kcal/mol, respectively, which are larger than the corresponding experimental values for the C-side attack. The polarization effect of water molecules causing solute polarization contributes to the activation barrier in the order of F > Cl > Br > I. The solvent energy contribution to the activation barrier is in the order of F < Cl < Br < I because the F leaving group has the most compact transition state structure and the I leaving group has the loosest transition state structure. As a result, the total contributions of the solvent effects to the activation barriers are 7.9 (F), 10.7 (Cl), 15.3 (Br), and 15.7 (I) kcal/mol. Our results show that the solvent effects have a significant influence on both the structure and the energetics of the N-side attack reactions in aqueous solution.

Plasmon-Enhanced Optoelectronic Graded Neurons for Dual-Waveband Image Fusion and Motion Perception.

Motion recognition based on vision detectors requires the synchronous encoding and processing of temporal and spatial information in wide wavebands. Here, the dual-waveband sensitive optoelectronic synapses performing as graded neurons are reported for high-accuracy motion recognition and perception. Wedge-shaped nanostructures are designed and fabricated on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayers, leading to plasmon-enhanced wideband absorption across the visible to near-infrared spectral range. Due to the charge trapping and release at shallow trapping centers within the device channel, the optoelectronic graded neurons demonstrate remarkable photo-induced conductance plasticity at both 633 and 980nm wavelengths. A dynamic vision system consisting of 20 × 20 optoelectronic neurons demonstrates remarkable capabilities in the precise detection and perception of various motions. Moreover, neural network computing systems have been built as visual motion perceptron to identify target object movement. The recognition accuracy of dual-wavelength fused images for various motion trajectories has experienced a remarkable enhancement, transcending the previous level of less than 80% to impressive values exceeding 99%.

Globally Exponential Synchronization of Delayed Complex Dynamic Networks With Average Impulsive Delay‐Gain

ABSTRACTIn this article, we investigate globally exponential synchronization problems in delayed complex dynamic networks (DCDNs) characterized by both time‐varying impulsive delay and gain (TIDG). Our research is grounded on the Halanay inequality, which serves as the keystone of our analysis. Adopting the method of average impulsive delay‐gain (AIDG), we formulate criteria for globally exponential synchronization dependent on the overall impulsive disturbances. Our criteria reveal the negative effect of AIDG on synchronization, which hinders the synchronization process. Additionally, we refine the concept of average impulsive gain to enhance its applicability. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that even in the simultaneous presence of desynchronizing and synchronizing impulses, along with time‐varying impulsive delays, DCDNs are able to maintain the original synchronization under appropriate conditions, irrespective of whether the average impulsive interval is finite or not. Finally, we validate our theoretical findings by applying them to network examples.

An aperiodically intermittent control for finite-time and fixed-time synchronization of stochastic FCNN with switching parameters

The main objective of this paper is to design an aperiodically intermittent control to ensure the finite and fixed time synchronization of fuzzy cellular neural networks (FCNNs) involving switching parameters with threshold properties, time-dependent discrete, continuous-type delays, and stochastic disturbances during transmission. Cellular neural networks (CNNs), with their grid-like structure, excel in image-processing tasks. Incorporating the fuzziness in the CNNs may handle the uncertainties and incomplete information in an effective manner. Furthermore, this paper introduces the concept of user-controlled FCNNs, which retain the dynamic properties of conventional FCNNs while incorporating significant factors that could potentially degrade the performance of the considered model. Due to randomness, FCNNs are framed as a set of stochastic differential equations with memristors. Generally, a memristor functions as a non-volatile memory device, reserving past data and utilizing it in the event of transmission failure. Further, the synchronization process is an effective approach that helps to ensure the dynamical behaviors of two different models; hence, the paper formulates the synchronization problem for the FCNN model with control (response) and without control input (drive). In terms of control design, this paper also considers the aperiodically intermittent control (APIC) scheme that can drive the user-controlled FCNN solution trajectories onto conventional FCNN solution trajectories within a prescribed time. Additionally, the APIC scheme incorporates an adaptive mechanism that effectively manages switching behaviors and uncertainties. Furthermore, this study proposes a theoretical framework in the form of sufficient stability conditions that helps to ensure the synchronization of the drive-response model via the global asymptotical stability of the stochastic error model derived from the drive-response model under the APIC scheme in the mean square. The proposed stochastic FCNN model is numerically simulated, and the corresponding outcomes are graphically illustrated.

Simultaneous Fabrication of P and M Helices in One‐component Chiral System by Methanol‐Water Mediated Dual Assembly Pathway

The synergetic evolution of multiple chiral structures stemmed from same building units is ubiquitous in nature and vital to living systems, but achieving it in artificial systems remains a challenge. Herein, we report a methanol‐water mediated dual assembly pathway strategy for simultaneous construction of P and M helices in one‐component chiral system. The conformation of l‐phenylaniline derivates (LBpyF) is controlled to folded state in CH3OH due to the hydrogen bonds as well as C‐H···π interaction between LBpyF and CH3OH. Addition of H2O into above CH3OH solution of LBpyF results in the simultaneous occurrence of two self‐assembly pathways and double networks of P and M helices were therefore formed, due to the synchronous process of 1) self‐assembly of folded LBpyF into M‐helices and 2) H2O induced unfolding of folded LBpyF molecules followed by self‐assembly of them into P‐helices. The bipyridine core, phenyl ring, amide unit all adapted into different stacking modes in M‐helices and P‐helices, and energy analysis indicated that the minority M‐helices were more thermodynamically favored products. This study provides an approach to explore synergetic evolution of multiple chiral structures by manipulating the multiple assembly pathway.

A Framework for Evaluating the Reasonable Internal Force State of the Cable-Stayed Bridge Without Backstays

The synchronous construction of the pylon and cables of a cable-stayed bridge without backstays has the characteristics of a short construction period and reduced support costs. However, it also increases the difficulty of construction control, making the reasonable completion state of the bridge more complex. To investigate the impact of various load parameters on the structural state of a cable-stayed bridge without backstays during the synchronous construction process, and to ensure a rational final bridge state, this study proposes an assessment framework for evaluating the internal forces of the bridge. The framework initially uses the response surface method to establish explicit equations relating the control indicators of the bridge’s final state to various load parameters. Subsequently, through sensitivity analysis, the degree of influence of each load parameter on the structural response of the cable-stayed bridge without backstays is examined. The most sensitive factors are identified to create a bridge parameter influence library, which helps reduce computational costs. Based on this, a method for controlling construction errors and predicting cable forces is proposed. This method utilizes the pre-established bridge parameter influence library, combined with the internal force state of the bridge at the current construction stage, to accurately predict the tension force of the stay cables in the subsequent stage, thereby ensuring a rational final bridge state. The framework is ultimately validated through a case study of the Longgun River Bridge to assess its rationality and effectiveness.

Accuracy study for over-the-air frequency synchronization of continuous wave signals

Abstract Future communication and radar sensing systems will require synchronization methods which are more versatile in terms of the systems involved in the synchronization process. We present an over-the-air frequency synchronization algorithm based on the standard and the generalized Kuramoto model which uses continuous wave (CW) signals. In contrast to other approaches, all nodes of the network participate equally, and synchronization can even be achieved in presence of a non-cooperative node. By changing the parameters of the radar or by modifying the synchronization algorithm, synchronization accuracy can be adjusted as well. All claims are supported by measurements conducted with CW radars. It will be demonstrated that our algorithm enables synchronization accuracies down to 1.92 ppb and thus could provide sufficient accuracy for velocity measurements on pedestrians.

Dispersion on the Complete Graph

ABSTRACTWe consider a synchronous process of particles moving on the vertices of a graph , introduced by Cooper et al. Initially, particles are placed on a vertex of . At the beginning of each time step, for every vertex inhabited by at least two particles, each of these particles moves independently to a neighbor chosen uniformly at random. The process ends at the first step when no vertex is inhabited by more than one particle. Cooper et al. showed that when the underlying graph is the complete graph on vertices, then there is a phase transition when the number of particles . They showed that if for some fixed , then the process finishes in a logarithmic number of steps, while if , an exponential number of steps are required with high probability. Here we provide a thorough asymptotic analysis of the dispersion time around criticality, where , and describe the transition from logarithmic to exponential time. As a consequence of our results we establish, for example, that the dispersion time is in probability and in expectation in when , and provide qualitative bounds for its tail behavior.

A Fast Converter Synchronization Speed Method Based on the Frequency Difference on Both Sides of the Grid Connection Point

The challenge of achieving a reliable and safe synchronization process for microgrids under weak communication conditions is a significant issue in distributed grid-connected energy storage. This is also the core motivation of this study. First, the concept of weak communication is introduced, and weak communication conditions are simulated by limiting the number of communications. Additionally, a fast synchronization method based on the frequency difference at the grid connection point is proposed, which allows for the rapid synchronization of converters under weak communication conditions. This method also includes an analysis of the range for key parameters, providing practical and feasible guidance for its real-world application. Finally, the validity of the theory is verified through PSCAD/EMTDC simulations and physical experiments.

A missed regular sound change between Latin and French

Abstract This paper presents evidence for a regular sound change in 12th-century Old French where word-initial /k/ voiced to /ɡ/ before /la/ or /ra/. My treatment is the first to propose a unified account, as due to a regular sound change, for 13 reflexes of inherited etyma and 4 reflexes of Germanic borrowings that all exhibit velar onset voicing (VOV) contemporaneously. A dating in the late 12th century for VOV is supported by both corpus evidence and how it is bled, counterbled, and fed by other sound changes whose dating is established in prior literature. The ultimate origins of this Old French velar onset voicing most likely lie in an older and phonetically conditioned synchronic voicing process that originally operated both word-internally and at boundaries. Word-internally, where conditioning was static, the alternation became a phonemic difference and thereafter lost productivity relatively early. But synchronic alternation continued at boundaries, where its conditioning continued to depend on the adjacent word. It survived in a progressively reshaped manner word-initially, until the late 12th century, when this voicing alternation, now much narrower in scope, gave rise to VOV as a regular diachronic sound change. Previous treatment of the words in question considered each only in isolation, bypassing the chance to consider the proposed regular sound change as a possibility. Thus, this study shows the importance of considering both lexically focused approaches and the probing for regular sound changes as necessarily complementary methods.

Characteristics of phase synchronization in electrohysterography and tocodynamometry for preterm birth prediction

Preterm birth prediction is important in prenatal care; however, it remains a significant challenge due to the complex physiological mechanisms involved. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of phase synchronization of multiple oscillatory components across electrohysterography (EHG) and tocodynamometry (TOCO) signals to identify preterm births using advanced machine-learning techniques. Using an open-access EHG dataset, we first assessed the degree of phase synchronization of five specified frequency ranges from 0.08 to 5.0 Hz in three individual EHG signals by constructing two distinct sets of mean phase coherence: the inclusion or exclusion of TOCO signals. We then employed two machine-learning models, XGBoost and TabNet, to classify preterm and term delivery conditions and analyze the predictive potential of these features. The models’ performance was evaluated by considering varying lengths of time windows and the use of overlapping windows. Our results demonstrate the importance of lower-frequency EHG signals and synchronization patterns across the horizontal plane of the abdomen, particularly synchronization between the upper and lower regions of the uterus. Furthermore, we observed a distinctive pattern in the high-frequency band (1.0–2.2 Hz), emphasizing the important role of the lower horizontal regions with other sites in the synchronization process. Interestingly, our findings indicated that TOCO signals, while not substantially enhancing the overall prediction performance, contributed to slightly improved accuracy rates when combined with EHG signals. This study suggests the critical role of EHG signals and their intricate spatiotemporal patterns in predicting preterm birth, providing insights for the development of more accurate and efficient prediction models.

Implementing the procedure of measurement phase difference of the model signals using a virtual laboratory practicum

As this virtual laboratory practicum, which is a tool for mastering theoretical principles and practical skills in digital signal processing, was developed, users (mainly students) were given the possibility to parameterize harmonic signals. It includes the determination of the number of samples, sampling rate, amplitudes, initial phases, and other characteristics necessary for accurate metrological measurements. This publication presents the structure of the virtual workshop and the mathematical model underlying it, with an emphasis on aspects of analyzing the procedures for measuring the phase difference of harmonic signal models using the Discrete Fourier Transform. Particular attention is focused on the phase correction algorithm, which is aimed at improving the accuracy of measurements of the phase difference of signals. The presented methodology describes in detail the measurement process, estimation of errors arising from limited measurement time due to non-synchronization, the influence of the initial phase values of signals, and shows how the synchronization process contributes to a significant increase in the accuracy of measuring informative parameters.

A novel adaptive parameter zeroing neural network for the synchronization of complex chaotic systems and its field programmable gate array implementation

This article proposes a novel adaptive-parameter zeroing neural network (NAP-ZNN) to control the synchronization of complex chaotic systems. Different from previous zeroing neural networks (ZNNs), the NAP-ZNN model incorporates adaptive-parameter, a unique blend of time-varying convergence factor and fuzzy control parameter, which is adjusted continuously according to the real-time synchronizing error, offering greater flexibility. The NAP-ZNN model aims to address the time-varying problem in complex-valued domain, which is scarcely explored, it rapidly impels two complex chaotic systems to synchronize within predetermined time and effectively mitigates noise interference. Moreover, the upper bound of the convergence time is theoretically calculated in noiseless environments, and the disturbance-resistant property is demonstrated under various noisy disturbances. The control performance of NAP-ZNN model has been separately compared to other general ZNNs (NAP-ZNN synchronizes at 0.097 s while three general ZNNs spend 0.43 s, 0.78 s and 0.84 s, and only NAP-ZNN complete synchronization within 0.1 s under noisy interferences while general ZNNs fail) and the traditional adaptive control method through two synchronization simulation (RMSE of NAP-ZNN under sinusoidal noise is 3.165 × 10-3 while traditional is 3.383 at t = 1 s). The numerical outcomes clearly illustrate the superior performance of the NAP-ZNN model in comparison to other synchronization strategies. The hardware implementation of the NAP-ZNN model has been successfully realized through the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and the chaos synchronization process has been vividly captured via an oscilloscope, further reinforcing the practicality and effectiveness of the NAP-ZNN model.

A young child formula supplemented with a synbiotic mixture of scGOS/lcFOS and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V improves the gut microbiota and iron status in healthy toddlers.

Early-life gut microbiota development depends on a highly synchronized microbial colonization process in which diet is a key regulator. Microbiota transition toward a more adult-like state in toddlerhood goes hand in hand with the transition from a milk-based diet to a family diet. Microbiota development during the first year of life has been extensively researched; however, studies during toddlerhood remain sparse. Young children's requirement for micronutrients, such as dietary iron, is higher than adults. However, their intake is usually sub-optimal based on regular dietary consumption. The Child Health and Residence Microbes (CHaRM) study, conducted as an adjunct to the GUMLi (Growing Up Milk "Lite") trial, was a double-blind randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects on body composition of toddler milk compared to unfortified standard cow's milk in healthy children between 1 and 2 years of age in Brisbane (Australia). In this trial, fortified milk with reduced protein content and added synbiotics [Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, short-chain galactooligosaccharides, and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (ratio 9:1)] and micronutrients were compared to standard unfortified cow's milk. In the present study, the effects of the intervention on the gut microbiota and its relationship with iron status in toddlers were investigated in a subset of 29 children (18 in the Active group and 11 in the Control group) who completed the CHaRM study. The toddler microbiota consisted mainly of members of the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota. The abundance of the B. breve species was quantified and was found to be lower in the Control group than in the Active group. Analysis of blood iron markers showed an improved iron status in the Active group. We observed a positive correlation between Bifidobacterium abundance and blood iron status. PICRUSt, a predictive functionality algorithm based on 16S ribosomal gene sequencing, was used to correlate potential microbial functions with iron status measurements. This analysis showed that the abundance of predicted genes encoding for enterobactin, a class of siderophores specific to Enterobacteriaceae, is inversely correlated with the relative abundance of members of the genus Bifidobacterium. These findings suggest that healthy children who consume a young child formula fortified with synbiotics as part of a healthy diet have improved iron availability and absorption in the gut and an increased abundance of Bifidobacterium in their gut microbiome.

Pyramid quaternion discrete cosine transform based ConvNet for cancelable face recognition

The current face scanning era can quickly and conveniently attain identity authentication, but face images imply sensitive information simultaneously. Under such context, we introduce a novel cancelable face recognition methodology by using quaternion transform based convolutional network. Firstly, face images in different modalities (e.g., RGB and depth or near-infrared) are encoded into full quaternion matrix for synchronous processing. Based on the designed multiresolution quaternion singular value decomposition, we can obtain pyramid representation. Then they are transformed through random projection for making the process noninvertible. Even if the feature template is compromised, a new one can be generated. Subsequently, a three-stream convolutional network is developed to learn features, where predefined filters are stemmed from quaternion two-dimensional discrete cosine transform basis. Extensive experiments on the TIII-D, NVIE and CASIA datasets have demonstrated that the proposed method obtains competitive performance, also satisfies redistributable and irreversible.

A novel hybrid PD-FEM-FVM approach for simulating hydraulic fracture propagation in saturated porous media

To enhance the computational efficiency of fluid–solid coupling in peridynamics (PD), a hybrid modeling approach based on the classical Biot theory is proposed for simulating hydraulic crack propagation in saturated porous media. The deformation and damage of solids are described by the coupling of the finite element method (FEM) and PD. Based on Darcy’s law, the finite volume method (FVM) is used to describe fluid seepage and calculate pore water pressure. The mutual transfer of fluid pressure and solid deformation is realized through the transition layer between the solid layer and the fluid layer. Firstly, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by a porous media seepage simulation example. Secondly, the ability and efficiency of this method to simulate crack propagation in saturated porous media are verified by several examples of hydraulic fracturing of rock with a single pre-existing crack. Finally, the synchronous hydraulic fracturing process of rock with double cracks is simulated. The ability of this method to simulate the simultaneous propagation of multiple fractures in the rock under fluid–solid coupling is further illustrated. The aforementioned studies demonstrate that the novel hybrid PD-FEM-FVM approach not only ensures computational accuracy and effectiveness but also significantly enhances computational efficiency.

Numerical investigation of steering synchronization dynamics of laterally coupled laser array with monolithically-integrated external cold cavity.

This study numerically explores the synchronization dynamics of a one-dimension edge-emitting laser array monolithically-integrated with an external cold cavity comprehensively, aiming to achieve an in-phase mode optical field. By employing the optical feedback rate equation, the impact of mutual feedback coefficient and coupling coefficient on the synchronization process are investigated thoroughly. The proposed external cold cavity, designed according to the Talbot effect, could significantly diminish the reflectivity of front facet through separated electrode structure, therefore facilitating the phase-locking process. Consequently, the study uncovers the effective regime for establishing in-phase mode operation. Additionally, the numerical analysis also reveals the vivid synchronization dynamic from a chaotic state to partially-phase-locked, then completely-phase-locked, and ultimately periodic oscillation. Furthermore, the impact of practical fabrication tolerances on the synchronization process are explored as well. Based on the simulation results, our work could offer valuable insights for steering the on-chip optical field and developing novel laser arrays with high beam quality.

Optimization of the Synchronous Pressurization Process for the Elimination of Double-Layer Oxide Film Defects

Optimization of the Synchronous Pressurization Process for the Elimination of Double-Layer Oxide Film Defects