Memory Impairment Symptoms Research Articles

The Impact of Acute COVID-19 Infection on Sleep Disorders: A Real-life Descriptive Study during the Outbreak of COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam

Background: Sleep has an essential role in restoring brain activity and balancing physiological, immune, and metabolic factors in the body. Individuals, after being infected with COVID-19, have been reported to have quite a lot of symptoms related to sleep disorders, so we conducted this study to evaluate sleep disorders in patients with COVID-19. Methods: This study involved a cross-sectional design; 547 patients hospitalised due to COVID-19 and aged 18 years and above were included. The study used the questionnaire designed by the Vietnam Society of Sleep Medicine (VSSM). Collected data were statistically analyzed and results have been obtained using SPSS software version 22.0. Results: Nightmares have been found to be increased by 10.1%, sleep quality decreased by 51.2%, and insomnia increased by 19%, compared to pre-infection. There were 24% of participants with daytime sleepiness syndrome, 23% with symptoms of memory impairment, 17% with unexplained anxiety and frustration, and 10% with loud snoring. In addition, the manifestations of sleep disorders also became more and more severe than before the infection. 68.4% of subjects were not satisfied with their current sleeping, 29.1% had sleep difficulties, including maintaining sleep, and 19.4% had trouble falling asleep. Conclusion: Sleep disturbance is a critical and common medical condition in COVID-19 patients. It is necessary to have appropriate treatment measures for insomnia in COVID-19 patients to help improve their health status and avoid post-COVID-19 sequelae.

Impacts of Game-based psychotherapy intervention to elderly with memory disorder

Pharmacological treatments for memory disorder are known as costly and giving adverse effects. Alternatively, game has been proposed to be incorporated in intervention plan for elderly with memory disorder based on its strengths. Playing games require mental concentration, memory and quick motor reaction in simulating brain to work and gain memory back. In this study, a game-based psychotherapy has been conducted involving a group of elderly who show some symptoms of memory disorder. Prior to the intervention session, a puzzle-based game namely Neuro-therapy has been designed and developed as a proof of concept for game-based psychotherapy intervention. It is developed based on the proposed guideline which comprises of 34 criteria. Findings show the impacts of game-based intervention in terms of cognitive improvement, improved memory recall proven through the improved time in assembling the puzzle, and improved skills and IT literacy among elderly. Eight dimensions of cog-nitive improvement which have been derived from performance metrics of the EEG reader headset are engagement, relaxation, stress, focus, excitement, and interest. The intriguing and encouraging results can be attributed to the combination of digital gaming and psychotherapy for the elderly, particularly those suffering from memory impairment symptoms.

Insilico Bimolecular Interaction Studies of Natural Compounds for Treatment of Alzheimers Disease

Abstract: To determine the natural composites that can be used as implicit medicines towards Alzheimer’s complaint. Alzheimer’s complaint is a nonstop progressive and multi-factored neurodegenerative complaint that's known to be the sixth leading cause of death and the most common cause of madness in old, aged people. Alzheimer’s complaint is related to increased situations of the amyloid β peptide( Aβ) along with loss of neurons and synapses. The complaint process is largely associated with amyloid pillars, neurofibrillary befuddlements, and loss of neuronal connections in the brain. In our study, we will be exercising the structural and natural exertion information on specific ligands and compactly study the vital targets that are believed to be effective against Alzheimer’s complaint. The early onset of the domestic Alzheimer's complaint is considered to do due to the mutations in one of three genes those garbling amyloid- beta precursor protein( APP) and Presenilins PSEN1 and PSEN2. utmost mutations in the APP and presenilin genes increase the product of the small proteins known as the amyloid beta( Aβ) 42 proteins, are the main element of the forming amyloid pillars. There are numerous selective targets for the event of antiAD( Alzheimer’s complaint) medicines, and thus the multi-factorial nature of this complaint involves multi-target-directed composites which may be salutary for announcement treatment. The complaint which is known to target the hippocampus that is associated with our memory, further this becomes responsible to instigate the first symptoms of memory impairment. As the complaint progresses so does the degree of memory impairment. The natural emulsion models were considered as multi-target leads using molecular docking ways and also completely analysed grounded on the list affinity values, RMSD values, stability and molecular interactivity studies for the determination of implicit medicine composites to make medicinals. Eventually, the foremost implicit multi-target natural composites against Alzheimer’s complaint are determined and farther validated through the corresponding invitro studies

Long-covid cognitive impairment: Cognitive assessment and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping correlation in a Brazilian cohort.

IntroductionFew studies have objectively evaluated cognitive deficits after the acute phase of COVID-19 disease. Moreover, the role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes in cognitive decline in patients with COVID-19 has not been evaluated yet.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in confirmed cases of COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms that persisted for more than 3 months from the onset. We determined APOE genotypes.ResultsThe final sample consisted of 141 patients. The most frequent APOE genotype was E3/E3 (N = 95; 67.3%). In total, 93 patients (65.9%) had memory impairment symptoms as the main complaint, objectively confirmed through screening tests in 25 patients (17.7%). Patients with cognitive impairment had a lower frequency of anosmia than the normal and subjective cognitive decline (SCD) groups (p = 0.005). In addition, depression was recurrent in the cognitive impairment group and the SCD group (p = 0.046). Cognitive impairment was significantly more frequent in hospitalized patients and those with a lower education level. Cognitive status was not associated with APOE genotypes.DiscussionHospitalized patients had more severe infection with a greater possibility of systemic complications, greater inflammatory response, and prolonged hospitalization, which could impact cognitive performance. Cognitive impairment in patients with COVID-19 does not necessarily involve specific APOE polymorphisms. However, psychiatric disorders may also be responsible for cognitive complaints. Cognitive complaints are frequent in patients with COVID-19, even after the acute phase of the disease and in mild cases. Hospitalized participants and depressed patients may have a higher risk of cognitive impairment. APOE genotypes or haplotypes may not significantly play a role in COVID-19 cognitive impairment.

Lead acetate induces hippocampal pyramidal neuron degeneration in mice via up-regulation of executioner caspase-3, oxido-inflammatory stress expression and decreased BDNF and cholinergic activity: Reversal effects of Gingko biloba supplement

PurposeIt has been hypothesized that compounds with strong anti-oxidant activity might mitigate lead-induced neurotoxicity that resulted to neuronal degeneration.Ginkgo biloba supplement (GB-S) is a neuroactive supplement which has been reported to demonstrate neuroprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the reversal effect and the underlying mechanism of GB-S following lead-induced neurotoxicity in mice. MethodsMale Swiss mice (n = 8) were pre-treated with lead acetate (100 mg/kg) for 30 min before GB-S (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) or Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 14 consecutive days. Memory impairment symptoms were evaluated on day 13 and 14 using Y-maze and Novel object recognition test (NORT) respectively. Thereafter, spectrophotometry, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and histomorphormetry were used to estimate the degree and expression of biomarkers of neuronal inflammation: oxido-inflammatory stress, apoptosis and degeneration in the hippocampus (HC). ResultsLead acetate treatment significantly (p < 0.05) induced neurobehavioral impairment which was reversed by GB-S as evident in increased percentage alternation and discrimination index. GB-S significantly (p < 0.05) reduced lipid peroxidation and nitrite level, inhibited TNF-α and acetylcholinesterase activity and improved glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in the HC. Moreover, GB-S inhibited hippocampal apoptosis via elevated expression of caspase-3 with marked increase level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Also, the histomorphormetric study showed that GB-S rescued death of pyramidal neurons (CA3) in the HC. ConclusionOur findings however suggest that GB-S decreased memory impairment progression induced by lead acetate via mechanisms connected to inhibition of oxido-inflammatory stress mediators, restrained acetylcholinesterase activity, up-regulated BDNF/Caspase-3 expression and suppression of hippocampal pyramidal neuron degeneration in mice.

Understanding Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an uncertain pathogenesis. It is characterised by symptoms of memory impairment, executive dysfunction and visuospatial impairment. Management goals and interventions should be based on a solid alliance with the patient and family and on thorough psychiatric, neurological and general medical evaluations of the nature and cause of cognitive deficits and associated non-cognitive symptoms. There are currently three cholinesterase inhibitors and one N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist indicated in the treatment of AD as monotherapy or in combination. Cholinesterase inhibitors remain the first-line therapy in patients with mild to moderate AD, which may stabilise the symptomatic cognitive and functional decline. Other pharmacotherapy options include the use of memantine which may be used by itself or in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors. These treatments are for symptomatic relief and are not disease modifying in preventing the progression of the disease.

The Role of Ephs and Ephrins in Memory Formation.

The ability to efficiently store memories in the brain is a fundamental process and its impairment is associated with multiple human mental disorders. Evidence indicates that long-term memory formation involves alterations of synaptic efficacy produced by modifications in neural transmission and morphology. The Eph receptors and their cognate ephrin ligands have been shown to be involved in these key neuronal processes by regulating events such as presynaptic transmitter release, postsynaptic glutamate receptor conductance and trafficking, synaptic glutamate reuptake, and dendritic spine morphogenesis. Recent findings show that Ephs and ephrins are needed for memory formation in different organisms. These proteins participate in the formation of various types of memories that are subserved by different neurons and brain regions. Ephs and ephrins are involved in brain disorders and diseases with memory impairment symptoms, including Alzheimer’s disease and anxiety. Drugs that agonize or antagonize Ephs/ephrins signaling have been developed and could serve as therapeutic agents to treat such diseases. Ephs and ephrins may therefore induce cellular alterations mandatory for memory formation and serve as a target for pharmacological intervention for treatment of memory-related brain diseases.

Functional abnormalities of the medial temporal lobe memory system in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Insights from functional MRI studies

Functional MRI (fMRI) studies of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have begun to reveal abnormalities in memory circuit function in humans suffering from memory disorders. Since the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system is a site of very early pathology in AD, a number of studies, reviewed here, have focused on this region of the brain. By the time individuals are diagnosed clinically with AD dementia, the substantial memory impairments appear to be associated with not only MTL atrophy but also hypoactivation during memory task performance. Prior to dementia, when individuals are beginning to manifest signs and symptoms of memory impairment, the hippocampal formation and other components of the MTL memory system exhibit substantial functional abnormalities during memory task performance. It appears that, early in the course of MCI when memory deficits and hippocampal atrophy are less prominent, there may be hyperactivation of MTL circuits, possibly representing inefficient compensatory activity. Later in the course of MCI, when considerable memory deficits are present, MTL regions are no longer able to activate during attempted learning, as is the case in AD dementia. Recent fMRI data in MCI and AD are beginning to reveal relationships between abnormalities of functional activity in the MTL memory system and in functionally connected brain regions, such as the precuneus. As this work continues to mature, it will likely contribute to our understanding of fundamental memory processes in the human brain and how these are perturbed in memory disorders. We hope these insights will translate into the incorporation of measures of task-related brain function into diagnostic assessment or therapeutic monitoring, such as for use in clinical trials.

Musculoskeletal and neurologic outcomes in patients with previously treated Lyme disease.

Previous follow-up studies of patients with Lyme disease suggest that disseminated infection may be associated with long-term neurologic and musculoskeletal morbidity. To determine clinical and functional outcomes in persons who were treated for Lyme disease in the late 1980s. Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. 186 persons who had a history of Lyme disease (case-patients) and 167 persons who did not (controls). Standardized medical history, physical examination, functional status measure (Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]), mood state assessment (Profile of Mood States), neurocognitive tests, and serologic examination. The prevalence of Lyme disease among adults on Nantucket Island was estimated to be 14.3% (95% CI, 9.3% to 19.1%). In multivariate analyses, persons with previous Lyme disease (mean time from infection to study evaluation, 6.0 years) had more joint pain (odds ratio for having joint pain in any joint, 2.1 [CI, 1.2 to 3.5]; P = 0.007), more symptoms of memory impairment (odds ratio for having any memory problem, 1.9 [CI, 1.1 to 3.5]; P = 0.003), and poorer functional status due to pain (odds ratio for 1 point on the SF-36 scale, 1.02 [CI, 1.01 to 1.03]; P < 0.001) than persons without previous Lyme disease. However, on physical examination, case-patients and controls did not differ in musculoskeletal abnormalities, neurologic abnormalities, or neurocognitive performance. Persons with previous Lyme disease who had persistent symptoms after receiving treatment (n = 67) were more likely than those who had completely recovered to have had fever, headache, photosensitivity, or neck stiffness during their acute illness (87% compared with 13%; odds ratio, 2.4 [CI, 1.0 to 5.5]; P = 0.045); however, the performance of the two groups on neurocognitive tests did not significantly differ. Because persons with previous Lyme disease exhibited no sequelae on physical examination and neurocognitive tests a mean of 6.0 years after infection, musculoskeletal and neurocognitive outcomes seem to be favorable. However, long-term impairment of functional status can occur.