Engorgement Symptoms Research Articles

Influence of Hot Compresses Versus Cabbage Leaves on Engorged Breast in Early Puerperium

Breast engorgement is а common issue affecting breastfeeding initiation and length. There are minimal options for relieving the pain associated with breast engorgement. Therefore, further study of strategies to achieve successful pain relief is crucial to promoting progress in breastfeeding. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of compressed cold cabbage leaves versus hot compresses among postnatal mothers in relieving breast engorgement. Αn interventional quasi-experimental study design used to conduct this study. The study was carried out in the postnatal wards of Ismailia & port-Said general hospitals, and Suez Canal University Hospital. Α convenient sample study was 60 breast-engorgement postnatal mothers. Tools of data collection were; an interviewing questionnaire sheet included socio-demographic and obstetrical data, Visual Analogue Scale, and Six-point engorgement scale. The results showed that before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups linked to breast engorgement symptoms & body temperature. But body temperature, scores of breast engorgement and pain were statistically significant differentiated between the two groups’ pre and post-intervention. Significant improvement in the breast engorgement and pain scales after the intervention was found, (p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study revealed that hot compresses and cabbage leaves compresses, as well, for relieving breast engorgement; are time-efficient and easy to perform. However, hot compresses are better than compresses of raw cabbage leaves to minimize discomfort among postnatal mothers and to alleviate breast engorgement. Additional randomized controlled trials with potential placebo treatment should be performed to elucidate the unspecific effects of the application of hot compress and cold Cabbage leaves.

A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial, Evaluating the Efficacy of Commiphora Mukul Cream in Improving Breast Engorgement in Breastfeeding Women

Breast engorgement is a common problem during breastfeeding that can lead to early discontinuation of breastfeeding. Commiphora Mukul (C. Mukul) is a medicinal plant with analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of C. Mukul on improving breast engorgement in breastfeeding women. This study was a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial conducted with 100 breastfeeding women, whose symptoms of breast engorgement were randomly allocated to C. Mukul cream group or placebo. Both groups were to rub one fingertip of cream on each breast after nursing 8 times a day for 2 days. The breast engorgement symptoms) severity index = erythema + tension + pain) were assessed by the validated breast engorgement checklist. The severity of breast engorgement before the intervention was not significantly different between the two drug and placebo groups (breast erythema (P=0.78), tension (P=0.85) and pain (P=0.06)), but two days after the intervention, 60% of women in the drug group and 22% of them in the placebo group scored zero in breast engorgement checklist, though there was a significant difference between the groups (P<0.001). No side effects were observed or reported in either group. According to the findings, Commiphora Mukul cream can improve breast engorgement.

Hyperproliferative syndrome in gynecology and obesity

The article deals the problem of obesity in the aspect of development of hyperproliferative pathology of the reproductive system. Article shows the efficiency and safety of treatment of comorbid pathology via targeted phytonutrients, particularly the combination of indole-3-carbinol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate.The study involved 50 women of reproductive age with adenomyosis, diffuse form of fibrocystic breast disease, and obesity. The study group consisted of 25 patients who received lynestrenol (5.0 mg per day from 5 to 25 day of menstrual cycle) and Epigalin® (2 capsules twice a day), the comparison group – patients with lynestrenol monotherapy (5.0 mg per day from 5 to 25 day of menstrual cycle). Treatment duration was 6 months.All the examined patients complained of increase in breast volume, increased sensitivity and soreness of the breasts in the second phase of the menstrual cycle. Women are also worried about the pain of aching in the lower abdomen, which prevailed before menstruation, menstrual dysfunction, spotting before and after menstruation. Evaluation of anthropometric data showed that waist circumference (a marker of excess visceral fat associated with the presence of insulin resistance) in all studied patients exceeded 85 cm. The presence of visceral obesity was associated with signs of dyslipidemia (high cholesterol, increased levels of low-density lipoproteins) and violation of carbohydrate metabolism, which manifested in increase in fasting glucose and HOMA-IR index.After completion of treatment in all patients decreased symptoms of engorgement, increased sensitivity and breast tenderness in the second phase of the menstrual cycle. Normalization of menstrual function noted at 82.0% of women. In addition, in women of main group significantly decreased levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol; improved carbohydrate metabolism, recorded a significant decrease in HOMA-IR index.The study authors conclude that multi-target therapy (indole-3-carbinol – 200 mg and epigallocatechin-3-gallate – 45 mg) not only carries a complex effect on the body, which manifests itself in the inhibition of pathological hyperplastic processes in the hormone-dependent tissues and organs of the female reproductive system, but also is an optimal and safe in the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases of the female reproductive system in the background of obesity, because it promotes the normalization of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in this group of patients.

Mothers Value and Utilize Early Outpatient Education on Breast Massage and Hand Expression in Their Self-Management of Engorgement.

Breast engorgement is a major cause of pain and weaning in the early postpartum period. While protocols reinforce the need for anticipatory engorgement advice and continued outpatient health professional breastfeeding support, there remains limited information on the efficacy of focused postdischarge engorgement education. This study sought to explore if outpatient postpartum engorgement education changed mothers' home management and if mothers found instruction on specific massage and hand expression techniques helpful. This was a prospective descriptive cohort study. Subjects received engorgement-specific postpartum support from a healthcare professional at the posthospital discharge (PD) newborn visit. Email surveys at 1, 2, and 12 weeks postpartum collected data on engorgement home management, clinical course, and postpartum education. After the office visit, mothers changed their engorgement home management. Significantly more mothers utilized massage toward the axillae (25% versus 1%, p ≤ 0.001), reverse pressure softening (18% versus 3%, p = 0.001), and feeding more frequently (32% versus 16%, p = 0.04). Sixty-one percent would not have used massage and hand expression before education in the office. At 12 weeks, 96% of women reported massage and hand expression instruction as helpful. Mothers reported engorgement peaked at a median of 5 days postpartum, corresponding well to the office visit at a median of 4 days postpartum. Maternal engorgement symptoms are commonly present at the PD newborn visit. Education on engorgement, massage, and hand expression at this visit significantly changes home management strategies. Mothers find massage and hand expression instruction helpful.

Terapêutica não-farmacológica para alívio do ingurgitamento mamário durante a lactação: revisão integrativa da literatura

O ingurgitamento mamário afeta a amamentação e causa o desmame precoce. A literatura apresenta técnicas de tratamento do ingurgitamento, entretanto há conflitos quanto à melhor terapêutica. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e analisar as evidências encontradas na literatura da terapêutica não-farmacológica para alívio de sintomas de ingurgitamento mamário durante a amamentação. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura com estudos publicados a partir de 1990, nas bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS utilizando as palavras chaves: aleitamento materno, transtorno da lactação e terapia. Foram encontrados dez estudos, sendo dois de revisão sistemática da literatura, sete ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados e um estudo quase-experimental. Os estudos analisados apresentam resultados divergentes e não há evidências suficientes para recomendar a implementação dos tratamentos avaliados. São necessários mais estudos controlados randomizados para verificar terapias eficazes para o tratamento do ingurgitamento mamário.

Effects of Gua-Sha Therapy on Breast Engorgement

Breast engorgement is a common problem that affects the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Limited solutions are available to relieve the discomfort associated with breast engorgement. Thus, further investigation of methods to achieve effective relief of symptoms is critical to promote breastfeeding success. : The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two breast care methods, that is, scraping (Gua-Sha) therapy (administered to the experimental group) and traditional breast care (i.e., massage and heating; administered to the control group). A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 54 postpartum women at a Level III medical teaching hospital. Participant inclusion criteria included postpartum breastfeeding women (a) who had an uncomplicated delivery and (b) who were experiencing breast engorgement problems. The Gua-Sha protocol selected appropriate acupoint positions, which included ST16, ST18, SP17, and CV17. Each position was lightly scraped seven times in two cycles. For the control group, we used hot packs and massage for 20 min in accordance with recommendations given in an obstetrical technique textbook. Results showed no statistical differences between the two groups at baseline. Body temperature, breast temperature, breast engorgement, pain levels, and discomforting levels were statistically different between the two groups at 5 and 30 min after intervention (p < .001). The results of generalized estimating equation analysis indicated that, with the exception of body temperature, all variables remained more significant (p < .0001) to improving engorgement symptoms in the experimental group than those in the control group, after taking related variables into account. Our findings provided empirical evidence supporting that Gua-Sha therapy may be used as an effective technique in the management of breast engorgement. By using Gua-Sha therapy, nurses can handle breast engorgement problems more effectively in primary care and hence help patients both physically and psychologically.

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation.

National surveys have shown that painful breasts are the second most common reason for giving up breastfeeding in the first two weeks after birth in the UK. One factor contributing to such pain can be breast engorgement. Views differ as to how engorgement arises, although restrictive feeding patterns in hospital are likely to have contributed in the past. These differing views are reflected in the range of solutions offered to treat engorgement in breastfeeding mothers and these treatments are assessed in this review. To determine the effects of any proposed intervention to relieve symptoms of breast engorgement among breastfeeding women. The register of clinical trials maintained and updated by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. CINAHL and MEDLINE were also searched. Date of last search: December 2000. All randomised and 'quasi-randomised' controlled trials, with or without blinding, that assess the effectiveness of treatments for the alleviation of symptoms in breastfeeding women experiencing engorgement. Data were extracted by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. Eight trials, involving 424 women, were included. Three different studies were identified which used cabbage leaves or cabbage leaf extracts;. no overall benefit was found. Ultrasound treatment and placebo were equally effective. Use of Danzen (an anti-inflammatory agent) significantly improved the total symptoms of engorgement when compared to placebo (odds ratio (OR) 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 - 10.3) as did bromelain/trypsin complex (OR 8.02, 95% CI 2.8-23.3). Oxytocin and cold packs had no demonstrable effect on engorgement symptoms. Cabbage leaves and gel packs were equally effective in the treatment of engorgement. Since both cabbage extract and placebo cream were equally effective, the alleviation in symptoms may be brought about by other factors, such as breast massage. Ultrasound treatment is equally effective with or without the ultra-wave emitting crystal, therefore its effectiveness is more likely to be due to the effect of radiant heat or massage. Pharmacologically, oxytocin was not an effective engorgement treatment while Danzen and bromelain/trypsin complex significantly improved the symptoms of engorgement. Initial prevention of breast engorgement should remain the key priority.

WITHDRAWN: Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation.

National surveys have shown that painful breasts are the second most common reason for giving up breastfeeding in the first two weeks after birth in the UK. One factor contributing to such pain can be breast engorgement. Views differ as to how engorgement arises, although restrictive feeding patterns in hospital are likely to have contributed in the past. These differing views are reflected in the range of solutions offered to treat engorgement in breastfeeding mothers and these treatments are assessed in this review. To determine the effects of any proposed intervention to relieve symptoms of breast engorgement among breastfeeding women. The register of clinical trials maintained and updated by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. CINAHL and MEDLINE were also searched. Date of last search: December 2000. All randomised and 'quasi-randomised' controlled trials, with or without blinding, that assess the effectiveness of treatments for the alleviation of symptoms in breastfeeding women experiencing engorgement . Data were extracted by one reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. Eight trials, involving 424 women, were included. Three different studies were identified which used cabbage leaves or cabbage leaf extracts;. no overall benefit was found. Ultrasound treatment and placebo were equally effective. Use of Danzen (an anti-inflammatory agent) significantly improved the total symptoms of engorgement when compared to placebo (odds ratio (OR) 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 - 10.3) as did bromelain/trypsin complex (OR 8.02, 95% CI 2.8-23.3). Oxytocin and cold packs had no demonstrable effect on engorgement symptoms. Cabbage leaves and gel packs were equally effective in the treatment of engorgement. Since both cabbage extract and placebo cream were equally effective, the alleviation in symptoms may be brought about by other factors, such as breast massage. Ultrasound treatment is equally effective with or without the ultra-wave emitting crystal, therefore its effectiveness is more likely to be due to the effect of radiant heat or massage. Pharmacologically, oxytocin was not an effective engorgement treatment while Danzen and bromelain/trypsin complex significantly improved the symptoms of engorgement. Initial prevention of breast engorgement should remain the key priority.

Management of postpartum breast engorgement in nonbreastfeeding women by mechanical extraction of milk

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of milk removal as a method of reducing the discomfort of postpartum breast engorgement in nonbreastfeeding women. The course of breast involution was followed in 13 women. Minimal engorgement was experienced by 46% of the subjects. A control group ( N = 3) who experienced engorgement and followed standard management practice was compared to an experimental group ( N = 4) who used a hand-operated pump to relieve engorgement symptoms. The subjects in the experimental group experienced a shorter, more comfortable course of breast involution. They took no analgesia and used no other treatment for breast discomfort. There was no evidence of rebound engorgement or lactation stimulation. Although statistical inference is not possible due to a small sample, the results suggest that mechanical removal of milk is an effective way to increase the comfort and decrease the symptoms of engorgement in women who do not breastfeed their infants.