Attention-deficit Disorder Symptoms Research Articles

Reducing symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in elementary students: the effectiveness of neurofeedback.

This research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of neurofeedback on the symptoms of hyperactivity and attention deficit in primary school students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) disorder. The present study utilized a randomized clinical trial with pre-test and post-test measurements and included a control group. The research population included all primary school students with ADHD in 2023; 50 of these children were selected as the experimental group based on the accessible sampling method, and 50 were also included in the control group. Neurofeedback treatment sessions for the experimental group were 30 sessions. Research data were collected in three stages: pre-test and post-test, using a questionnaire based on the Conners rating scale from parents. SPSS-25 analyzed the data. The results showed that neurofeedback is associated with significant effectiveness in the symptoms of attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity of students (P<0.05). Based on the findings of this research, it can be said that neurofeedback treatment is effective in reducing attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms of students with ADHD disorder. It is suggested to widely use neurofeedback to reduce the symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.

Porucha pozornosti u vysokoškolských študentov: prehľadová štúdia

Attention deficit disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the mental and social functioning of an individual not only in childhood. Its impact on higher education and work life has been studied intensively over the last two decades. This review aims to analyse, which variables related to attention deficit disorder are studied among university students, which methods are used to identify individuals with attention deficit disorder symptoms in higher education, and which inhibitors and facilitators may affect university studies of individuals with attention deficit disorder symptomatology.Authors searched Web of Science – Core Collection from 1. 1. 2011 to 31. 12. 2020 for studies that investigated study-related variables in students with attention deficit disorder. The initial search identified 307 studies, 41 of them were eligible for further analysis. To identify the individuals with attention deficit disorder, the researchers used a combination of methods including self-report of previously diagnosed disorder, expert confirmation, and self-report scales of attention deficit disorder symptoms. The studied variables were merged into seven content categories. The results of the studies show that university students with attention deficit disorders make a vulnerable group, studies mainly focused on inhibiting factors rather than those that facilitate students´ performance and success. Further research should focus on the facilitating variables and the effectiveness of accommodations and interventions provided by universities for this particular target group of students.

Memories and self-efficacy among adults with attention deficit disorder symptoms

ABSTRACT Research has already demonstrated the impact of positive and negative social interactions on one’s self-efficacy. In particular, empowering or degrading messages from school teachers may have a significant long-term effect on students’ self- efficacy. This is especially pertinent to students with ADHD symptoms, since they face increased challenges during childhood in school environment. The goals of the present study are to examine the relationships between memories of adults with ADHD and their social support and self-efficacy. 319 participants (253 (79.3%) females) reported their positive and negative memories of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ teachers, as well as current levels of perceived social support, ADHD symptoms’ severity and self-efficacy. Results indicated a serial mediation model, in which the positive and negative memories, family support and peer support mediated the relations between ADHD symptoms and self-efficacy. In addition, ADHD symptoms predicted fewer positive memories, and more negative memories, and social support mediated their relations with self-efficacy.

Design and validation of Virtual Reality software package with Real images for treatment of attention deficit disorder symptoms

Design and validation of Virtual Reality software package with Real images for treatment of attention deficit disorder symptoms

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Clients Diagnosed with a Substance Use Disorder in the Therapeutic Communities: Prevalence and Psychiatric Comorbidity

Background: Most severe substance use disorders (SUDs) are connected with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other mental health problems. Therapeutic communities (TCs) provide a suitable option for the treatment of severe SUDs. The relationship between ADHD, the severity of the SUD, and other comorbidities in residential TCs is unknown. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of ADHD among clients with an SUD in residential rehab, and to compare the mental health of clients with and without ADHD. Methods: A cohort study was conducted in 5 residential TCs (N = 180, 76.7% male, 53.9% 25–34 years, 79.2% diagnosed with methamphetamine use disorder). We assessed ADHD symptoms, substance use, mental health problems, and psychiatric symptoms. Results: ADHD was found in 51% of the clients who showed significantly higher scores for their psychiatric status composite score (ASI-PSY) (F = 9.08, p < 0.001; t = 5.05, p < 0.001), the positive psychiatric symptoms total (SCL-PST) (F = 3.36, p < 0.05; t = 3.15, p < 0.01), and the global severity index (SCL-GSI) (F = 3.27, p < 0.05; t = 3.18, p < 0.01). The ASI-PSY and SCL correlated significantly with the symptoms of attention deficit disorder (Pearson’s r’s = 0.30–0.42, p’s < 0.001) and the symptoms of hyperactivity disorder (r’s = 0.24–0.30, p’s < 0.01). Even when severity of substance use was accounted for, ADHD was confirmed as a significant predictor of ASI-PSY (B= 0.14, p < 0.001 for combined disorder; B = 0.20, p < 0.001 for attention disorder) and partially of SCL-PST (B = 8.12, p < 0.05 for attention disorder). Conclusions: The ADHD prevalence in TCs was nearly 10-fold compared to the globally recorded values. ADHD diagnostic procedures and interventions should become an integral part of the standard diagnostic and treatment process.

0462 Identifying and Characterizing Insomnia Symptom Groups Across the Deployment Cycle in Current Army Soldiers

Abstract Introduction Most research conducted on insomnia and its development in military personnel focuses on cross-sectional data, precluding examination of the course of sleep changes over time. The present study characterized Army Soldiers based on insomnia symptom status trajectory from pre to post-deployment and explored baseline factors predictive of these trajectories in a sample of 7,245 soldiers across 3 Brigade Combat Teams. Methods Data were analyzed from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Service members (STARRS)-All-Army Study (AAS) Pre Post Deployment Study, using surveys that captured 1-2 months pre-deployment, during deployment, and 6-months post-deployment. Insomnia symptom status was defined at each timepoint as insomnia symptoms that interfered with one or more domains of functioning at least some of the time in the past month. Theoretically-derived variables linked to sleep disturbance were selected as predictors of insomnia symptom trajectory and evaluated using a general linear selection model. Results Four trajectories characterized the majority of the sample: ‘good sleepers’ (no insomnia symptoms across time; 44.4%), ‘non-remitting new onset insomnia’ (no pre-deployment insomnia, developed insomnia symptoms during deployment that remained at 6 months; 22.8%), ‘deployment-only insomnia symptoms’ (no pre-deployment insomnia, developed insomnia during deployment but recovered by follow-up; 12.8%), and ‘chronic insomnia’ (insomnia both pre- and post-deployment; 7.4%). Several pre-deployment factors predicted insomnia trajectory, the strongest of which were past six-month attention deficit disorder symptoms, number of lifetime exposures to potentially traumatic events, and past month depression symptoms. Conclusion Insomnia is one of the most common reasons that military personnel seek behavioral health treatment and is associated with poorer military readiness. Better characterization and identification of insomnia symptoms over time can improve intervention during post-deployment transitions, particularly for those with new onset insomnia that does not remit. Support Cooperative agreement U01MH087981 (Department of the Army; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Clinical Science Research and Development-IK2CX001874-PI:Katherine E. Miller, IK2CX001501-PI:Elaine M. Boland; Rehabilitation Research and Development-1IK2RX001836-PI:Elizabeth A. Klingaman. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not represent the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Psychophysiological characteristics of students with the symptoms of attention deficit disorder under the conditions of combined mental and physical loads

Psychophysiological characteristics of students with the symptoms of attention deficit disorder under the conditions of combined mental and physical loads

Ginkgo biloba as an adjunct to methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: review of articles

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood. The medications which inhibit the reuptake of noradrenline and dopamine including psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine and non-stimulating pre-frontal cortex noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor such as atomoxetine, are the standard treatment of ADHD. Adverse effects of stimulants have been reported in thirty percent of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. More than fifty percent of the parents of these children have tried one or more complementary or alternative medicines including vitamins in their children. Ginkgo biloba has been described to be effective for various neuropsychiatric symptoms. It was assumed that ginkgo biloba might improve some symptoms of attention deficit disorder as well. Nevertheless, no systematic study reported a possible efficacy of ginkgo biloba in attention deficit disorder. This review article evaluates the available evidence on the efficacy of ginkgo biloba medication in Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder children to present an appropriate guidance for this common child disorder.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Stereotypy

The official symptoms of attention deficit disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as first codified in the 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders bear an uneasy resemblance to potent caricatures of Blacks that had long been in circulation in the United States. In effect, traits such as laziness and troublesomeness persistently associated with Blacks became symptoms that could be had by anyone, Black, White, or other. But just as racial imagery plays on stereotypes, the ADHD diagnosis itself has become a stereotype. Only stereotyped figures have the telltale marks of identity that children with ADHD are said to have. As we have known at least since the time of the prejudice studies cited by the United States Supreme Court in 1954, stereotypes can be highly injurious, especially if they are internalized by their objects. Children who grow with the diagnosis of ADHD, incorporating it into their sense of self even while it is under construction, may well internalize its messages. That in turn may have something to do with the dismal long-term outcomes of ADHD despite the relative rarity of severe cases.

A chaotic model of sustaining attention problem in attention deficit disorder

The problem of keeping an attention level is one of the common symptoms of attention deficit disorder. Dopamine deficiency is introduced as one of the causes of this disorder. Based on some physiological facts about the attention control mechanism and chaos intermittency, a behavioral model is presented in this paper. This model represents the problem of undesired alternation of attention level, and can also suggest different valuable predictions about a possible cause of attention deficit disorder. The proposed model reveals that there is a possible interaction between different neurotransmitters which help the individual to adaptively inhibit the attention switching over time. The result of this study can be used to examine and develop a new practical and more appropriate treatment for the problem of sustaining attention.

Characteristic of symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD): Severity, frequency, areas of dysfunction and symptoms associated thresholds. Clinical population study of Latin-American child and adolescent

Characteristic of symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD): Severity, frequency, areas of dysfunction and symptoms associated thresholds. Clinical population study of Latin-American child and adolescent

Correlation Between Symptoms of Voiding Dysfunction and Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity in Children With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

We clarified correlations between symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and voiding dysfunction in children. The study sample consisted of 92 boys and 38 girls 4 to 14 years old who presented at pediatric urology clinics with untreated lower urinary tract symptoms. Parents completed the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV scale. Each subject with a combined score in the first 2 subscales (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity) at or above the 90th percentile was classified as having symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. All other cases were classified as nonattention deficit disorder. Voiding dysfunction symptoms were assessed by the Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Scale. Sleep quality was assessed by the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. We then analyzed correlations between Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Scale and symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. The group with symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity had significantly higher scores on the Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Scale overall and in the "cannot wait" subscale compared to the group without attention deficit disorder, as well as poorer sleep quality and lower voiding volumes. Overall Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Scale scores were significantly correlated with overall Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV scale scores and also significantly correlated with each of the 3 Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV subscales (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity and oppositional defiant). Overall Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Scale scores and scores on the "cannot wait" and "hurt when pee" subscales were significantly higher for males than for females. Boys with higher scores of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity symptoms tend to have higher Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Scale scores. Lower urinary tract symptoms were significantly correlated with overall Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV scores and significantly correlated with each of the 3 subscales. Evaluation of concomitant symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children with lower urinary tract symptoms is an important clinical concern.

Tying the Arts Together

The Houston Cinema Arts Festival Houston, Texas November 11-15, 2009 Houston stands larger than the Texas plains in the national imagination with its big oil, big energy, big medicine, NASA, cutting-edge technology, and a penchant for plastic surgery, But Houston--the third largest, fastest-growing city in the United Stales--offers something more: it vibrant and diverse arts community. Although many might think it unimaginable to launch a new film festival during a crushing recession, it seems perfectly logical in economically robust Houston. Elegantly curated by Richard Herskowitz, former director of the Virginia Film Festival, the Houston Cinema Arts Festival unspooled more than forty films and events, cross-fertilizing the arts and cinema. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] It's the only U.S. film festival devoted to films by and about artists of all stripes, says Herskowitz. (1) Ours is also conceived as a multimedia arts event, surrounding its films with live performances, installations, and outdoor projections. A citywide celebration at eight venues (including the historic Alabama Theatre, Rice Media Center, the Miller Outdoor Theatre, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston), the festival provocatively torqued preconceptions of films about the arts--a genre stereotypically linked to flat, monotone explanations of paintings. Herskowitz's rigorous, surprising curation, however, prompted audiences to consider the migrations, flirtations, and infiltrations between different artistic outlets such as writing, painting, sculpture, performance, photography, and cinema. Exploring the interstices between the arts, commercial cinema, and public media cultures, the program was both eye-opening and heterogeneous, combining narrative, documentary, experimental, performance, and installation film. The festival opened with two sold-out screenings of films adapted from novels. Leading Texas maverick filmmaker Richard Linklater presented Me and Orson Welles (2008, UK), the fictionalized story of Welles's production of Julius Caesar on Broadway in 1937, based on Robert Kaplow's novel of the same name. Precious (2009, directed by Lee Daniels), which won three awards at the Sundance Film Festival, is the story of a Harlem teenager who overcomes enormous obstacles to discover her own potential. Mexican screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga screened his landmark Mexican New Wave film, Amores Perros (2000, directed by Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu) and The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2006, directed by Tommy Lee Jones, U.S./France). Warm, welcoming, and wry, Arriaga (also an established novelist) shared how his non-linear narrative structures emerged out of his Attention Deficit Disorder symptoms, saying, You are unable to understand logic, but it develops intuition. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Documentaries featured at the festival included What If, Why Not?: Underground Adventures with Ant Farm (2009, directed by Beth Federici and Laura Harrison, U.S.), the first film to chronicle the radical Ant Farm architectural group that made such works as the land art piece Cadillac Ranch in Amarillo, Texas; La Danse: Le Ballet de L'Opera de Paris (2009, directed by Frederick Wiseman, France/U. …

Validation of Self-Report Instruments to Assess Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adults Attending Community Drug and Alcohol Services

: Symptoms of attention deficit disorder of predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype, or combined (hereafter referred to as ADHD), may persist into adulthood, although the diagnosis in adults remains controversial. The study aimed to validate self-report instruments for assessment of adult ADHD in a sample of treatment-seeking adults attending community drug and alcohol teams. : Adult patients attending 3 National Health Service (NHS) community drug and alcohol teams in England completed several self-report instruments for assessment of adult ADHD symptoms, and a diagnosis of adult ADHD was determined using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition criteria with an interview with both the patient and an informant. : One hundred seven subjects completed the project. Thirty-nine percent of subjects had an undisputed diagnosis of adult ADHD. The most accurate self-report instrument for diagnosis of adult ADHD was the Connors Adult ADHD Rating Scale Self-report Long version-a cutoff of 91 of 198 gave a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 83%. Analysis of the WHO Adult ADHD Self-report Screener confirmed the optimal recommended cutoff as 12 of 13 giving 89% sensitivity and 83% specificity for adult ADHD against diagnostic interview. Although the Wender Utah adult ADHD scale is designed to retrospectively assess symptoms of ADHD in childhood it gave a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 70% for diagnosis of ADHD in adults. : The symptoms of ADHD in adults can be reliably assessed by self-report instruments.

Anatoxin-a and Its Metabolites in Blue-Green Algae Food Supplements from Canada and Portugal

Blue-green algae and spirulina are marketed in health food stores and over the Internet as food supplements in Canada, the United States, and Europe. The reported benefits of consuming these products include improved digestion, strengthening of the immune system, and relief from the symptoms of attention deficit disorder. Some of these products have been found to contain elevated concentrations of microcystins, which are known hepatotoxins. In addition to producing microcystins, Anabaena sp. and Aphanizomenon sp. also produce the potent neurotoxin anatoxin-a. Samples of food supplements containing blue-green algae and spirulina were collected in Portugal and from urban centers across Canada in 2005. Extracts of these supplements were analyzed to determine the presence and concentrations of anatoxin-a and its two main metabolites, dihydroanatoxin-a and epoxyanatoxin-a. Initial analyses were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, and confirmation required the use of LC with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The HPLC with fluorescence detection indicated no anatoxin-a, but four samples were suspected to contain either dihydroanatoxin-a or epoxyanatoxin-a at 0.1 to 0.2 μg/g. LC-MS-MS results, however, indicated no trace of either transformation product in any sample analyzed. The detection limits for anatoxin-a, dihydroanatoxin-a, and epoxyanatoxin-a were similar for both fluorescence detection (0.2 to 0.3, 0.4 to 1.4, and 0.2 to 1.5pg on the column, respectively) and mass spectrometry (0.3 to 1.5, 0.3 to 0.8, and 0.5 to 0.8pg on the column, respectively). Because of the higher specificity of the LC-MS-MS analysis, all tested food supplement samples were considered free of anatoxin-a and its transformation products.

Prevalence of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in opiate-dependent adults

Background. There is a clear association between childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders in adulthood. Symptoms of attention deficit disorder may also persist into adulthood. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of childhood ADHD in a sample of treatment seeking opiate-dependent adults. Methods. Treatment-seeking opiate-dependent subjects completed the Utah adult ADHD screening test and the self-report early delinquency scale. Results. A total of 15% were “likely” and 49 were “highly likely” to have suffered ADHD in childhood. The averages scores for the delinquency scales were over 6 times those reported from population norms. Conclusion. Symptoms of childhood ADHD is common in adults with opiate dependence. The residual symptoms in adults should be investigated as may be amenable to newer treatments for adult attention deficit disorder.

No child left indoors

Coming home late one Halloween eve after a long laboratory class, I stopped at the mailbox and found a hand-written note in my then 6-year-old son James's nearly illegible script. It read “Caution – black widow inside”. At first, I thought it was a prank, but squinting hard, I was flabbergasted to see the characteristic tiny red hourglass of this venomous spider in the beam of my flashlight. James was delighted. I never knew that black widow spiders habitually seek out mailboxes in Florida until we looked it up in the encyclopedia that night. My son proudly told me that he had learned to identify spiders from our family walks in the woods, peering at insects and studying their colorful markings. This bit of nature knowledge proved to be a potentially life-saving skill. Kids need to know about nature. It nurtures and educates them, as well as instilling a sense of stewardship for the environment. A survey (Balmford et al. 2002; Science 295: 2367) found that more children knew the characters in the electronic game Pokémon than could identify an otter, a beetle, or an oak tree. Nationwide, the science literacy of citizens – both young and old – has been eroded. Federal funding for science education has not kept pace with other science-dependent portfolios such as homeland security or petroleum exploration. The implications of this oversight represent a critical global challenge which our country cannot afford to overlook. Richard Louv's recent book, Last child in the woods – saving our children from nature-deficit disorder (Algonquin Books 2005) analyzes the societal problems that have arisen in the latest generations of children, who have essentially lost contact with nature. Louv quotes a fifth grader, who stated, “I like to play indoors better ‘cause that's where all the electrical outlets are”. The author cites recent studies where environmental education programs provided important therapeutic value to troubled youth, substantial reduction in symptoms of attention-deficit disorder, and statistical gains in academic grades, problem solving, and SAT scores. Nature-deficit disorder not only damages children, but also affects adults, families, even whole communities, and inevitably shapes the future of nature itself. In the ESA report, Profiles of ecologists – results of a survey of the membership of the ESA (http://esa.org/education/diversity/), 58% of respondents developed a passion for ecology before college, and 38% were hooked by the sixth grade. Almost 70% cited experiences not connected with a classroom or teacher that led to their love of science. In summary, early experiences outside of school influenced many ecologists to seek a nature-based career. In my recent book, It's a jungle up there (Yale University Press [2006], co-authored with my two sons) we expand Louv's platform by advocating nature-based immersion for entire families, not just children, to encourage a family conservation ethic. When baby boomers think back to their childhood, they can probably recall a tree house, a scout camping trip, or neighborhood picnics. In today's world, many parents are rightfully reluctant to give their children unsupervised time outdoors, due to dangers ranging from global threats to distrust of strangers. But knowledge of nature is their best weapon if young people are to ultimately make good decisions about personal health, climate change, and land-use management. They need to touch flowers and know why some plants cannot survive without insect pollinators, walk in a forest and understand how many millions of years were required to create petroleum from dead plants – and it doesn't hurt to know how to identify a venomous spider! As ecologists, we must lead by example in order to prioritize linking young people with their environment. This can be achieved by dedicating a portion of our research time to ecology education and outreach to youth. Science outreach projects can be planned in conjunction with ongoing research, and may include activities such as leading hikes for families, creating a nature trail at a local park, championing ecotourism, or bringing an insect collection to your child's science class. Over the next 2 years, the ESA annual meetings will feature informal science education sessions, where innovative case studies will illustrate how ecologists can promote K–12 and citizen science education as part of their work ethic. Our goal is to have “no child left indoors” by 2015. Please join the ESA Education and Human Resource Committee in working together as responsible ecologists to meet this target. Not only will the next generation benefit, but the future of the planet depends on it. Meg Lowman, Professor of Biology and Environmental Studies, New College of Florida, Vice President for Education, ESA

Train Your Brain

Mental Exercises With Neurofeedback May Ease Symptoms Of Attention-Deficit Disorder, Epilepsy And Depression—And Even Boost Cognition In Healthy Brains

What Do We Know for Sure About Bipolar Disorder?

What Do We Know for Sure About Bipolar Disorder?

Substance use problems and associated psychiatric symptoms among adolescents in primary care.

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with other mental disorders in adolescence, but it is unclear whether less severe substance use problems (SUPs) also increase risk. Because youths with SUPs are most likely to present first to their site of primary care, it is important to establish the presence and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity among adolescent primary care patients with subdiagnostic use of alcohol or other drugs. The objective of this study was to determine the association between level of substance use and psychiatric symptoms among adolescents in a primary care setting. Patients who were aged 14 to 18 years and receiving routine care at a hospital-based adolescent clinic were eligible. Participants completed the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers Substance Use/Abuse scale, which is designed to detect social and legal problems associated with alcohol and other drugs, and the Adolescent Diagnostic Interview, which evaluates for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnoses of substance abuse/dependence and 8 types of psychiatric symptoms. We examined gender-specific associations of no/nonproblematic substance use (NSU), SUP, and SUD with psychiatric symptom presence (any symptoms within each type), score (symptom scores summed across all types), and number of types (number of different symptom types endorsed). Of 538 adolescents (68% female; mean +/- standard deviation age: 16.6 +/- 1.4 years), 66% were classified with NSU, 18% with SUP, and 16% with SUD, and 80% reported having at least 1 type of psychiatric symptom in the previous 12 months. Symptoms of anxiety were most common (60% of both boys and girls), followed by symptoms of depression among girls (51%) and symptoms of attention-deficit disorder (ADD) among boys (47%). Compared with those with NSU, youths with SUP and those with SUD were more likely to report symptom presence for several types of psychiatric symptoms. Girls with SUP or SUD had increased odds of reporting symptoms of mania, ADD, and conduct disorder; girls with SUD were at increased risk for symptoms of depression, eating disorders, and hallucinations or delusions. Boys with SUP had increased odds of ADD symptoms, whereas boys with SUD had increased odds of reporting hallucinations or delusions. Boys with SUP or SUD had increased odds of reporting symptoms of conduct disorder. Youths with SUP and SUD also had higher psychiatric symptom scores and reported a wider range of psychiatric symptom types (number of types) compared with youths with NSU. Like those with SUD, adolescents with subdiagnostic SUP were at increased risk for experiencing a greater number of psychiatric symptoms and a wider range of psychiatric symptom types than youths with NSU. Specifically, adolescents with SUP are at increased risk for symptoms of mood (girls) and disruptive behavior disorders (girls and boys). These findings suggest the clinical importance of SUP and support the concept of a continuum between subthreshold and diagnostic substance use among adolescents in primary care. Identification of youths with SUP may allow for intervention before either the substance use or any associated psychiatric problems progress to more severe levels.