Symptoms In Mothers Research Articles

Relationship of depressive symptoms in mothers and adolescents with adolescent suicides

Amac: Bu calismanin amaci intihar girisiminde bulunan ergenlerde ve annelerinde, intihar girisiminde onemli bir risk faktoru olan depresif belirtilerin varligini arastirmaktir. Gerec ve yontem: Calismaya intihar girisimi ile basvuran 141 ergen ve anneleri alinmistir. Olgularin sosyodemografik ozellikleri kaydedilmis, hastalara ve annelerine Beck Depresyon Olcegi ve Beck Umutsuzluk Olcegi uygulanmistir. Bulgular: Olgularin %81,6\'i kiz; %41,1\'i 13-15 yas, %51,8\'i ≥16 yas idi. Olgularin %94,3\'u ilac icerek intihar girisiminde bulunmustu. Aile problemi intihar girisim nedenleri arasinda %46,1 olarak saptandi. Intihar girisimi ile basvuran hastalarin 65\'nin annesinde depresif belirtiler saptanmistir. Depresif belirtileri olan annelerin cocuklarinin da %83,1\'inde depresif belirtiler saptanmistir. Intihar girisiminde bulunan 141 hastanin %60\'inda depresif belirtiler saptanmis olup, ergenlerin depresyon/umitsizlik olcegi ile annelerinin depresyon/umitsizlik olcegi arasinda pozitif korelasyon gozlenmistir (p=0,001, r= 0,362). Ailesinde psikiyatrik bozukluk tanisi olan birey bulunan ergenlerin %70,8\'inde, kendisinde psikiyatrik bozukluk tanisi olan ergenlerin %86,8\'inde diger gruplara gore depresif belirtilerin daha fazla oldugu saptanmistir. Daha onceden intihar girisiminde bulunan olgularin %81,8\'nin annesinde, esinden ayri olan annelerin %68\'inde, daha onceden psikiyatrik bozukluk tanisi olan ergenlerin %73,7\'nin annesinde depresif belirtiler saptanmistir. Sonuc: Calismamizda; ergen yas grubunda intihar girisimlerinin giderek arttigi, intihar girisim nedenlerinin basinda ailesel problemlerin geldigi saptanirken, depresif belirtilerin de intihar girisimlerinde ergenler icin onemli bir faktor oldugu gorulmustur.

The influence of stress and social support on depressive symptoms in mothers with young children

Limited research has examined the associations of stress, social support, and depression among mothers with young children over time. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify risk and protective factors for maternal depression given that depression can be cyclical and may affect women through the early years of their children’s development. This study examined the relationships among stress, social support, and depressive symptoms in a national sample of low-income urban American women with young children. A secondary data analysis of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a national longitudinal panel study of nearly 5000 births across 20 cities with populations of 200,000 or more in the United States, was conducted. The analytic sample included all mothers (N = 3675) who completed assessments at baseline through year 5 of the study between 1998 and 2005. Multivariate models using generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the probability of being depressed as a function of stress-related risk factors, social support factors, and sociodemographic variables. The rate of depression each year ranged from 15% to 21%. The results suggest that stress related to economic hardship, parenting, and poor physical health increases the risk of depression among low-income urban mothers with young children. Instrumental and partner support were found to be potential protective factors in reducing the negative effects of stress, but only to a certain degree. Future efforts are needed to strengthen social support and mitigate chronic stressors that contribute to mental health problems in low-income communities.

Regional variations in prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms: Population‐based survey

The purpose of the present study was to verify that there are regional variations in the detection rate of postpartum depressive symptoms in mothers. A population-based survey of all women who gave birth in Fushimi Ward, Kyoto City during the period 1 December 2008-31 October 2010 was carried out. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was completed by 2567 mothers of infants to measure postpartum depressive symptoms. The detection rate of postpartum depressive symptoms was compared between five localities. A significant difference was found between the lowest detection rate of postpartum depressive symptoms (8.4%) and the highest (18.1%; P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between the proportion of houses in the locality receiving public assistance and the detection rate of postpartum depressive symptoms. The detection rate of postpartum depressive symptoms shows regional variations, suggesting a relationship with the poverty rate.

Post-traumatic stress symptoms in mothers of children with leukaemia undergoing the first 12 months of therapy: Predictive models

The aim of this study consists in the measurement of psychological health and adaptation in mothers of children during the first 12 months of treatment for leukaemia and in the identification of possible early predictors. Ninety-four mothers were followed longitudinally at one week (T1), one month (T2), six months (T3) and 12 months (T4) post-diagnosis. The instruments used were: PTSD symptom checklist, BSI-18, Problem Scale, Ladder of life and an in-depth interview (EFI-C). Couple connectedness, family routine reorganisation, parental communication around the child's illness and trust in the medical care significantly increased from T1 to T4. Two models are proposed concerning possible predictors of mothers’ PTSS at T2 and at T3. Clinical suggestions are proposed on the basis of our empirical findings in order to plan informative, clinical and practical interventions for mothers of children under treatment for leukaemia.

Prevalence and trajectories of depressive symptoms in mothers of children newly diagnosed with epilepsy

Prevalence and trajectories of depressive symptoms in mothers of children newly diagnosed with epilepsy

Borderline Personality Disorder Features and History of Childhood Maltreatment in Mothers Involved With Child Protective Services

This study examines the history of childhood maltreatment and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptoms in mothers whose children were removed from the home by Child Protective Services (CPS) to identify potential targets for future intervention efforts. Forty-one mothers of children removed from the home due to abuse and/or neglect and 58 community-control mothers without CPS involvement were assessed for history of childhood maltreatment, alcohol and drug use, and BPD features. CPS-involved mothers scored significantly higher on measures of childhood maltreatment history and BPD features than did control mothers. The highest BPD scores were associated with the most severe histories of mothers' childhood maltreatment. In total, 50% of CPS-involved mothers reported elevated BPD features, compared with 15% of control mothers. Further, 19% of CPS-involved mothers had self-reported scores consistent with a BPD diagnosis, compared with 4% of control mothers. BPD features rather than maltreatment history per se predicted maternal involvement with CPS, controlling for alcohol and drug use predictors. The present data suggest that evidence-based treatments to address BPD symptoms may be indicated for some CPS-involved parents.

Is the cognitive-behavioural therapy an effective strategy also in the prevention of post partum depression? a critical review

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in the prevention of post partum depression (PPD) in pregnant women at risk. PubMed, Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched from January 1991 to June 2011 to review studies on the efficacy of CBT in the prevention of PD. The literature analyzed recommends that depression in pregnancy requires an efficient management to provide mother's symptoms relief as well as to prevent PD. While several studies demonstrated the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of PD, only a few controlled studies focused on its efficacy in the prevention of PD in women identified at risk during pregnancy. The efficacy of CBT in preventing PD in pregnant women at risk is supported by only a few studies, presenting some methodological flaws. Better designed trials are needed to strongly support the efficacy of such psychotherapeutic preventive strategy in women at risk for PD.

Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Factors Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Mothers of Children with Type 1 Diabetes

The experience of having a child diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) can negatively impact on the mother's well-being and trigger posttraumatic stress symptoms. To date, only one study has examined the role of non-cognitive factors in predicting the occurrence of PTSD in parents of children diagnosed with diabetes. However, in the broader PTSD literature is has been shown that both non-cognitive variables and cognitive variables predict PTSD in traumatized populations. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship of both non-cognitive (trauma severity, psychiatric history and social support) and cognitive variables (negative cognitive appraisals and dysfunctional cognitive appraisals) with PTSD in mothers of children recently diagnosed with diabetes. A single group survey design and self-report questionnaires were used to investigate the relationship between both non-cognitive (trauma severity, psychiatric history and history of trauma, and social support) and cognitive factors (negative cognitive appraisals and dysfunctional strategies) and PTSD symptoms in mothers of children who had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in the last 5 years. All cognitive variables were positively associated with PTSD symptoms. In contrast, of the non-cognitive variables, only social support was significantly (negatively) associated with PTSD symptoms. Moreover, regression analysis found that cognitive variables explained variance in PTSD symptoms over and above that contributed by the non-cognitive variables. This supports the cognitive model of PTSD. The implications of the study with regards to early detection of and therapies for PTSD in this population are discussed.

Symptoms of Depression Postpartum and 12 years Later-Associations to Child Mental Health at 12 years of Age

Children of depressed mothers have been shown to express behaviour problems to a greater extent than children of non-depressed mothers. The purpose of this study was to examine the persistence of depressive symptoms in mothers and to evaluate the relative importance of symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD) and concurrent maternal symptoms of depression, on child behaviour at age 12. A birth cohort of 1,707 children and their mothers was followed from 3 months after birth to 12 years after birth. Self-reported symptoms of depression in mothers were assessed at baseline and 12-year follow-up where 893 mothers (52.3 %) and their children participated. The mothers' reports on the behaviour of their children at age 12 were used. Multivariate analysis was used to assess factors that increased the risk of child behaviour problems. At baseline, 10.4 % scored above the cutoff for symptoms of postpartum depression. At follow up, 18.2 % scored above the cutoff for depressive symptoms. Multivariate analysis showed that ongoing maternal symptoms of depression, as distinct from PPD-symptoms, was the strongest predictor of child behaviour problems at age 12. The gender of the child and socio-demographic factors at baseline were additional factors that affected the risk of behaviour problems in the 12 year old children. Children of mothers who reported symptoms of depression, both postpartum and at follow-up, were at a greater risk of behaviour problems compared to children of women with no depressive symptoms on either occasion. Our findings indicate that recurrent and ongoing maternal depressive symptoms significantly increase the risk of child behaviour problems as reported by mothers, while symptoms of PPD do not seem to result in an increased risk of behaviour problems in 12 year olds. High maternal socio-demographic life stress at childbirth constitutes an important risk factor for later child behaviour problems.

Is the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy an Effective Intervention to Prevent the Postnatal Depression? A Critical Review

The aim of this article is to review and discuss the efficacy of the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), in the prevention of postnatal depression (PD) in pregnant women at risk. PubMed, Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched from February 1991 to February 2011. Eight Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) on the prevention of PD with the CBT were selected and their data were analyzed. The literature analyzed recommends that depression in pregnancy requires an efficient management to provide mother's symptoms relief as well as to prevent the PD. While several studies demonstrated the efficacy of the CBT in the treatment of PD, the efficacy of the CBT in preventing PD in pregnant women at risk has been investigated only by a few studies, presenting a number of methodological flaws. Better designed RCT are needed to support the efficacy of such psychotherapeutic preventive strategy in women at risk for PD.

Depressive symptoms in mothers of children with epilepsy: a comparison of growth curve and latent class modeling

Two common approaches for studying trajectories of change are standard growth curve modeling (GCM) and latent class growth modeling (LCM) (Singer and Willett, Applied longitudinal data analysis. Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press, New York, 2003; Nagin, Group-based modeling of development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2005). The objectives were to compare the results obtained using GCM and LCM in modeling trajectories of depressive symptoms in a sample of mothers of children with epilepsy; compare the methods in predicting average trajectory and individual trajectories, and; provide general guidelines for implementing these approaches. Findings from the two modeling strategies were different: GCM suggested a quadratic change in depressive symptoms over time. Addition of the time-varying covariate, family functioning, produced a final model that explained 25, 20, 31, and 18% of the residual intra-individual, as well as inter-individual variation in the intercept and slope (linear, quadratic), respectively. Results from the LCM suggested five distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms: low stable (30%), sub-clinical (39%), moderate decreasing (15%), moderate increasing (9%), and high decreasing (7%). Adding the family functioning variable resulted in a model that replaced the sub-clinical trajectory with borderline and moderate decreasing with high increasing. Both the GCM and LCM adequately described the average trajectory of maternal depressive symptoms with signed differences of 0.61 and 0.75 and −2.39 and −2.54 for the unconditional and conditional models, respectively. There was considerable variation in capturing individual trajectories. For approximately 14 and 9% of individuals, both models under and overestimated depression scores by at least five points. Although GCM and LCM perform equally well in predicting average and individual trajectories of change, they are used most efficiently under different circumstances. Where individuals are expected to share a homogeneous trajectory, GCM should be used; however, where individuals do not follow a common trajectory, LCM is more appropriate.

Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy

To briefly review results of the latest research on the contributions of depression, anxiety, and stress exposures in pregnancy to adverse maternal and child outcomes, and to direct attention to new findings on pregnancy anxiety, a potent maternal risk factor. Anxiety, depression, and stress in pregnancy are risk factors for adverse outcomes for mothers and children. Anxiety in pregnancy is associated with shorter gestation and has adverse implications for fetal neurodevelopment and child outcomes. Anxiety about a particular pregnancy is especially potent. Chronic strain, exposure to racism, and depressive symptoms in mothers during pregnancy are associated with lower birth weight infants with consequences for infant development. These distinguishable risk factors and related pathways to distinct birth outcomes merit further investigation. This body of evidence, and the developing consensus regarding biological and behavioral mechanisms, sets the stage for a next era of psychiatric and collaborative interdisciplinary research on pregnancy to reduce the burden of maternal stress, depression, and anxiety in the perinatal period. It is critical to identify the signs, symptoms, and diagnostic thresholds that warrant prenatal intervention and to develop efficient, effective and ecologically valid screening and intervention strategies to be used widely.

Relation of work family conflict and role quality on depressive symptoms in mothers

Aim The purpose of this study was to further investigate the relationship between perceived role quality (of the mother, partner, work and homemaker role), work family conflict (WFC) and maternal depression. We assume that role quality moderates the relation between WFC and depressive symptoms in working mothers.

“Smile through It!” Keeping up the Facade While Suffering from Postnatal Depressive Symptoms and Feelings of Loss: Findings of a Qualitative Study

This qualitative study describes a research project in Norway comprising 15 mothers with postnatal depression and/or depressive symptoms and their experiences of loss in the early period following childbirth. During in-depth interviews, the mothers provided detailed descriptions of various loss subjects. Qualitative analysis revealed three global themes: loss of former identity, loss of self-reliance and lack of capacity for self-care. The analysis and discussions include perspectives from medicine and sociology. The descriptions may be valuable for health professionals’ understanding and assessment of postnatal depressive symptoms in mothers. The findings may also help to bridge the gap between medicine and sociology; furthermore, the results demonstrate the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to this multifaceted and complex phenomenon.

Maternal ADHD: Parent-Child Interactions and Relations With Child Disruptive Behavior

This study examined how ADHD symptoms in mothers of children with ADHD relate to their behavior during parent-child interactions and to their children's disruptive behavior. Findings indicated that mothers’ retrospective self-ratings of ADHD symptoms were related to their present negativity during parent-led play. Mothers’ self-ratings of current inattentive symptoms were related to their impatience during child-led play. Maternal ADHD symptoms were also related to their ratings of their children's ADHD and oppositional-defiant behaviors. Identifying relations between maternal psychopathology, such as ADHD symptomatology, and behaviors during parent-child interactions may yield clues to additional parent behavioral changes that would enhance treatment outcomes for young children with ADHD.

Family Functions and Levels of Anxiety-Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Family Functions and Levels of Anxiety-Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Paternal involvement in pediatric Type 1 diabetes: Fathers' and mothers' psychological functioning and disease management.

Psychological functioning in fathers of children with Type 1 diabetes has received relatively little attention compared to mothers. This study examined fathers' perceived involvement in their children's diabetes care as it related to mothers' and fathers' pediatric parenting stress, depression, anxiety, marital satisfaction, and sleep, and to their children's diabetes regimen adherence and glycemic control. Eighty-two mothers and 43 fathers completed questionnaires. Multivariate linear regressions were conducted separately for mothers and fathers to determine the relationships between the perceived amount and the perceived helpfulness of father involvement in child diabetes care on parental psychosocial functioning and child diabetes control. Maternal perceptions of father helpfulness and amount of involvement in illness care were related to improved marital satisfaction and fewer depressive symptoms in mothers. In fathers, perception of their own amount of involvement was related to increased pediatric parenting stress and anxiety. Better child regimen adherence was associated with maternal perceptions of father helpfulness but not the amount of their involvement, while paternal perceptions of their own helpfulness were related to poorer glycemic control. These findings suggest that fathers and mothers may react differently to their roles in childhood illness and that perceptions of their involvement may be differently associated with children's glycemic control and regimen adherence.

Examining clinically relevant levels of depressive symptoms in mothers following a diagnosis of epilepsy in their children: a prospective analysis

The objectives were to (1) document the risk of clinical depression in mothers in the 24 months after epilepsy diagnosis in their children, (2) determine whether the probability of risk of clinical depression changes over time, and (3) identify factors predictive of risk of clinical depression. Data were obtained from the Health Related Quality of Life in Children with Epilepsy Study, a national prospective study of children 4-12 years old with new-onset epilepsy followed for 24 months. Risk-free survival was calculated using the life table approach. Binary sequence modeling for longitudinal data was implemented to identify risk factors. A total of 210 mothers were included in the analysis. Twenty-eight percent of mothers without clinically relevant levels of depressive symptoms at baseline were at risk for clinical depression by 24 months. The probability for risk of clinical depression and associated 95% confidence intervals by 6, 12, and 24 months was 0.13 (0.08, 0.18), 0.12 (0.07, 0.17), and 0.19 (0.10, 0.27), respectively. Significant predictors (p < 0.01) of risk of clinical depression during follow-up quantified using odds ratios (OR) were maternal age (OR = 0.94), number of anti-epileptic drugs child was prescribed (OR = 1.41), family functioning (OR = 0.83), family resources (OR = 0.93), and family demands (OR = 1.10). Risk of clinical depression in mothers after their child is diagnosed with epilepsy is common and relatively stable over time. Modifiable risk factors may present avenues for intervention to improve the mental health of mothers of children with epilepsy.

Depressive Symptoms in Mothers: The Role of Employment and Role Quality

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether paid employment of mothers in Austria with children up to 10 years of age is related to depressive symptoms (N = 248). Three contrasting theories—scarcity theory, role enhancement theory, and role quality theory—have been discussed to explain the relation of multiple-role occupation and depressive symptoms. Results indicate that (a) in accordance with the assumptions of scarcity theory working mothers have higher levels of depressive symptoms than not-working mothers; (b) in accordance with role quality theory only mothers with low work-role quality have higher rates of depressive symptoms; and (c) besides work status the perceived quality of the mother role was significantly related to depressive symptoms.

The Effects of Parental Depressive Symptoms, Appraisals, and Physical Punishment on Later Child Externalizing Behavior

Examined a cognitive-behavioral pathway by which depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers increase risk for later child externalizing problem behavior via parents' appraisals of child behavior and physical discipline. Participants were 245 children (118 girls) at risk for school-age conduct problems, and their parents and teachers. Children were approximately 3 years old at Time 1 (T1) and 5 ½ years old at Time 2 (T2). At T1, mothers and fathers reported their depressive symptoms, perceptions of their child's reciprocal affection and responsiveness, frequency of physical punishment, and child externalizing problems. Mothers, fathers, and teachers provided ratings of externalizing behavior at T2. Structural equation modeling revealed that parents' negative attributions mediated positive relations between their depressive symptoms and frequency of physical punishment for both fathers and mothers. More frequent physical punishment, in turn, predicted increased child externalizing behavior at T2. In future research, transactional mechanisms underlying effects of clinical depression on child conduct problems should be explored at multiple stages of development. For parents showing depressive symptoms, restructuring distorted perceptions about their children's behavior may be an important component of intervention programs.