Predominance Of Sympathetic Nervous System Research Articles

Sympathetic Nervous System Predominance in Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators After Coping With Acute Stress

It has been suggested that intimate partner violence (IPV) against women perpetrators present emotional dysregulations when dealing with acute stress, which in turn could help to explain their proneness to violence. Emotional regulation can be objectively measured by means of psychophysiological parameters/variables/indicators of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, such as cardiorespiratory (heart rate [HR], pre-ejection period [PEP] and respiratory sinus arrythmia [RSA]) and electrodermal (skin conductance levels [SCL]) signals. Therefore, this study aims to assess whether IPV perpetrators (n = 107) present differential psychophysiological and psychological state changes when coping with an acute cognitive laboratory stressor (a set of cognitive tests performed in front of an expert committee) in comparison with nonviolent men (n = 87). Moreover, the study assesses whether psychological state variables foster the psychophysiological response to acute stress. Our results demonstrate that, compared to nonviolent controls, IPV perpetrators showed higher HR and SCL values, shorter PEP, and lower RSA values during recovery from stress. They also presented higher negative affect (i.e., more anger and worse mood) after stress. Thus, high baseline anger explained the increases in emotional arousal when measured as SCL increases. The present study contributes evidence showing that IPV perpetrators and nonviolent men cope differently with stress. These findings might help forensic science to identify characteristics of violent individuals to establish their therapeutic needs. Furthermore, it would be appropriate to combine psychophysiological measurements with self-reports, thus increasing the reliability of the assessment of violent individuals.

Supressão do apetite induzida pelo exercício físico

Objetivo: Discutir os mecanismos pelos quais o exercício físico pode modular a produção de Interleucina-6, lactato sanguíneo, sistema nervoso autônomo, redistribuição do fluxo sanguíneo, motilidade gástrica e temperatura corporal induzindo a supressão do apetite. Resultados e Discussão: O exercício físico, quando realizado em alta intensidade, parece modular as concentrações dos hormônios envolvidos no controle da ingestão alimentar, como, por exemplo, aumentando a produção de peptídeos anorexígenos e diminuindo a produção de orexígenos, como a grelina acilada. Além da importância das concentrações hormonais no controle da ingestão alimentar, outros fatores secundários, como a redistribuição de fluxo sanguíneo, o aumento nas concentrações de lactato e Interleucina-6, a predominância do sistema nervoso simpático em detrimento ao parassimpático, alterações na motilidade gástrica e concentrações de glicose e insulina no sangue são fatores que sofrem influência direta do exercício físico e podem influenciar a resposta hormonal, tendo como consequência a supressão do apetite. Conclusão: A supressão do apetite parece ser influenciada pela intensidade do exercício físico, na qual, estes efeitos podem ser atribuídos ao aumento da resposta inflamatória e metabólica.

Heart rate variability, the dynamic nature of the retinal microvasculature and cardiac stress: providing insight into the brain-retina-heart link: the SABPA study.

Decreased heart-rate-variability (HRV) indicates increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and modulation with a shift in the sympatho-vagal balance towards SNS predominance. Increased SNS activity may precede volume-loading hypertension, contribute to increases in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), endothelial dysfunction and small vessel disease. Therefore, we investigated the retinal vasculature, HRV during flicker-light-induced-provocation (FLIP) and systemic cTnT, a marker of cardiac stress, to provide further evidence in support of the brain-retina-heart link. Cross-sectional observations were obtained from a bi-ethnic cohort (N = 264), aged 23-68 years. Fasting serum samples for cTnT were obtained. Retinal vascular calibres were quantified from mydriatic eye fundus images and dynamic retinal vessel calibre responses were determined during FLIP. Time-and frequency domain parameters of HRV were calculated during FLIP for each participant. Africans had wider venules and attenuated time domain parameters during FLIP. In Africans, inverse associations emerged between arteriolar dilation and both cTnT and root-mean squared of the standard deviations of successive RR-intervals (rMSSD) (p = 0.030), and between arteriolar constriction and both low-frequency expressed in normalised units (LFnu) (p = 0.003) and high-frequency expressed in normalised units (p = 0.021). Wider venules inversely associated with standard deviation of the NN intervals (SDNN) as well as LFnu (p = 0.009) in Africans. An opposite profile was observed in Caucasians with both time-and frequency domain parameters of HRV in relation to retinal vessel structure and function. FLIP elicited increased SNS activity and modulation in this bi-ethnic cohort. In Africans, decreased HRV during FLIP accompanied arteriolar and venular responses and elevated systemic levels of cTnT, implying that the SNS exerted a significant effect on the smooth muscle tone of the retinal vasculature. Disrupted retinal autoregulation may imply general autonomic nervous system dysfunction; exemplifying central control by the brain on all systemic regulatory functions, across different vascular beds.

Ефективність комплексного лікування генералізованого пародонтита у хворих з переважанням симпатичної нервової системи з використанням Тантум Верде® у віддалені строки спостережень

Актуальність. У патогенезі генералізованого пародонтита значне місце належить різноманітним загальним захворюванням. Останніми роками зростає цікавість до вивчення особливостей впливу вегетативної нервової системи на розвиток генералізованого пародонтита. Відмічено певні особливості перебігу різних патологічних станів залежно від стану вегетативної нервової системи пацієнта, що необхідно враховувати під час їх лікування. Ураховуючи це, запропонована медика- ментозна схема лікування хворих на генералізований пародонтит з переважанням симпатичної вегетативної нервової системи.Мета дослідження – визначення клінічної ефективності застосування запропонованого комплексного лікування генералізованого пародонтита у хворих з переважанням симпатичної нервової системи у віддалені строки спостережень.Матеріали та методи. Для даного дослідження були відібрані 25 хворих на генералізований пародонтит з переважанням симпатичної нервової системи. Медикаментозне лікування проводили з використанням запропонованої премедикації та розчину для полоскання «Тантум Верде®». Було проведено комплексне обстеження стану тканин пародонта пацієнтів до лікування та після нього. Для оцінки клінічної ефективності лікування використовували пробу Шіллєра Писарева (1962), індекс РМА C. Parma (1961), гігієнічний індекс ОНІ-S Green-Vermillion (1964), вакуумну пробу за Кулаженком (1961).Результати. Було показано, що включення запропонованої премедикації в комплексну терапію хворих на генералізований пародонтит з переважанням симпатичної нервової системи дозволяє ефективно пригнічувати дистрофічно-запальний процес у тканинах пародонта у віддалені строки спостережень. Застосування протизапального препарату «Тантум Верде®» підвищує ефективність лікування. Це підтверджує зниження індексу РМА, збільшення часу утворення гематоми при проведенні вакуумної проби за Кулаженком, покращення рівня гігієни порожнини рота.Висновки. Застосування запропонованої премедикації із включенням препарату «Тантум Верде®» дозволяє підвищити ефективність лікування генералізованого пародонтита в пацієнтівз переважанням симпатичної нервової системи у віддалені строки спостережень.Ключові слова: генералізований пародонтит, пацієнти з переважанням симпатичної нервової системи, Тантум Верде®.

Increase in Operator's Sympathetic Nerve Activity during Complicated Hepatobiliary Surgery: Evidence for Surgeons' Mental Stress.

Surgeons often experience stress during operations. The heart rate variability (HRV) is the variability in the beat-to-beat interval, which has been used as parameters of stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mental stress of surgeons before, during and after operations, especially during pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Additionally, the parameters were compared in various procedures during the operations. By frequency domain method using electrocardiograph, we measured the high frequency (HF) component, representing the parasympathetic activity, and the low frequency (LF)/HF ratio, representing the sympathetic activity. In all 5 cases of PD, the surgeon showed significantly lower HF component and higher LF/HF during operation, indicating predominance of sympathetic nervous system and increased stress, than those before the operation (p < 0.01) and these did not return to the baseline level one hour after the operation. Out of the 4 LDLT cases, the value of HF was decreased in two and the LF/HF increased in three cases (p < 0.01) during the operation compared to those before the operation. In all cases, the value of HF was decreased and/or the LF/HF increased significantly during the reconstruction of the vessels or bile ducts than during the removal of the liver. Thus, sympathetic nerve activity increased during hepatobiliary surgery compared with the level before the operation, and various procedures during the operations induced diverse changes in the autonomic nervous activities. The HRV analysis could assess the chronological changes of mental stress by measuring the autonomic nervous balances.

Sympathetic Nervous System Dysfunction in Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Interstitial Cystitis

Fibromyalgia often coexists and overlaps with other syndromes such as chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis. Chronic stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these illnesses. The sympathetic nervous system is a key element of the stress response system. Sympathetic dysfunction has been reported in these syndromes, raising the possibility that such dysautonomia could be their common clustering underlying pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to carry out a review of all published comparative case-control studies investigating sympathetic nervous system performance in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis. Online databases PubMed and EMBASE were accessed using the following key words: autonomic (OR) sympathetic (AND) fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis. All entries up to December 10th 2012 were reviewed by 2 independent investigators searching for case-control studies in humans. The Method for Evaluating Research and Guidelines Evidence adapted to the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network was used to rank the level of evidence contained in the selected articles. A total of 196 articles are included in this review. The most often used methods to assess sympathetic functionality were heart rate variability analysis, sympathetic skin response, tilt table testing, and genetic studies. The majority of studies (65%) described sympathetic nervous system predominance in these overlapping syndromes. In contrast, 7% of the studies found parasympathetic predominance. This review demonstrates that sympathetic nervous system predominance is common in fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis. This concordance raises the possibility that sympathetic dysfunction could be their common underlying pathogenesis that brings on overlapping clinical features. The recognition of sympathetic predominance in these 4 syndromes may have potential clinical implications. It may be worth exploring the use of nonpharmacological measures as well as drug therapies aimed to regain autonomic balance.

Sympathetic System Activity in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Obesity is a very common disease worldwide, resulting from a disturbance in the energy balance. The metabolic syndrome is also a cluster of abnormalities with basic characteristics being insulin resistance and visceral obesity. The major concerns of obesity and metabolic syndrome are the comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and certain types of cancers. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity is associated with both energy balance and metabolic syndrome. Sympathomimetic medications decrease food intake, increase resting metabolic rate (RMR), and thermogenic responses, whereas blockage of the SNS exerts opposite effects. The contribution of the SNS to the daily energy expenditure, however, is small ( approximately 5%) in normal subjects consuming a weight maintenance diet. Fasting suppresses, whereas meal ingestion induces SNS activity. Most of the data agree that obesity is characterized by SNS predominance in the basal state and reduced SNS responsiveness after various sympathetic stimuli. Weight loss reduces SNS overactivity in obesity. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by enhanced SNS activity. Most of the indices used for the assessment of its activity are better associated with visceral fat than with total fat mass. Visceral fat is prone to lipolysis: this effect is mediated by catecholamine action on the sensitive beta(3)-adrenoceptors found in the intraabdominal fat. In addition, central fat distribution is associated with disturbances in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, suggesting that a disturbed axis may be implicated in the development of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, SNS activity induces a proinflammatory state by IL-6 production, which in turn results in an acute phase response. The increased levels of inflammatory markers seen in the metabolic syndrome may be elicited, at least in part, by SNS overactivity. Intervention studies showed that the disturbances of the autonomic nervous system seen in the metabolic syndrome are reversible.