Sympathetic Interaction Research Articles

Qing (情), Gan (感), and Tong (通): Decolonizing the Universal from a Chinese Perspective: Part 1

ABSTRACT The theoretical and moral bedrock of Western colonialism has been its claim to “universalism.” Central to this universalism is a Cartesian dualism in which only the disembodied mind has access to the universal, and the body, as a mere particular, does not. This paper (Part 1) and the following paper (Part 2) propose an alternative model of “universalism” as the totality of interactions between embodied particulars. This model of “universalism” is based on the relationship between the classical Chinese philosophical concepts of “feeling” (qing, 情), interaction (gan, 感), and the unimpeded free-flow (tong, 通) that results. This Chinese model of universalism is ultimately based on the organicist metaphysics of life that understands meaning and order to be the result of organic interaction between bodies. this paper will show how the dominant Chinese tradition understood the universal as a result of the sympathetic interaction between embodied particulars.

Zero-Mode Inrush Current Characteristics and Zero-Sequence Protection Countermeasure Under Sympathetic Interaction

When the transformer is energized, the three-phase inrush current with the zero-mode component named zero-mode inrush current (ZMIC) will be generated due to the inconsistent saturation of the three-phase iron core. From the on-site waveform record, the ZMIC attenuates very slowly and leads to the zero-sequence zone Ⅲ backup protection malfunction of the upstream transmission line of the transformer. The malfunction expands outages and has an adverse effect on the equipment safety and system stability. To solve this problem, an ZMIC analytical model under the sympathetic interaction considering residual flux, closing angles, transformer types, and other factors is constructed to analyze the characteristics of the ZMIC. Subsequently, a protection countermeasure based on the third harmonic component of the ZMIC to prevent the zero-sequence protection malfunction under the sympathetic interaction is proposed. The countermeasure is simple in principle and only uses the information of its own substation. However, it can deal with various energization and complex failure situations even the situation that the transformer is energized to the minor internal fault effectively. Besides, it is less affected by transition resistance and CT saturation. The effectiveness of countermeasure has been verified by the digital simulations, dynamic physical simulation tests and field wave recording tests.

Adam Smith’s Cosmopolitan Liberalism: Taste, Political Economy, and Objectification

The cosmopolitan character of liberalism has been debated since its beginnings. The status of mercantilism, colonialism, and market relations is central to this debate. While most scholars agree that among eighteenth-century thinkers in the liberal tradition, Adam Smith is remarkably anti-colonial on both moral and economic grounds, they do not engage his theory of taste as part of his normative critique of the mercantilist and colonial projects and argument for free trade. Smith’s theory of taste, largely developed in Theory of Moral Sentiments and History of Astronomy, highlights the importance he placed on connecting with distant others despite the limitations of sympathy. I argue that for Smith, aesthetic judgment acts as an impetus to moral judgment because taste can overcome barriers to sympathy. However, taste has a dual-nature in Smith’s political economy. Bad taste widens the sympathetic gap. I show that the framework of taste in Smith’s moral theory applied to mercantilism and colonization demonstrates that substituting poor aesthetic judgment—love of order instead of true beauty—for sympathy objectifies distant others and prevents them from developing moral judgment through freely engaging in the market and sympathetic interaction.

Virtual Resistance Control for Sequential Green-Start of Offshore Wind Power Plants

The changing energy landscape due to the large scale integration of renewable energy and shutting down of conventional thermal plants has opened up the potential of alternate sources in the blackstart services market. Grid forming wind turbines can do controlled islanded operation independent of an external grid voltage and thus participate in network restoration from the start. However, it is necessary to study the capability of wind turbines to deal with the demanding energization transients in a controlled and stable manner. This work investigates the feasibility of using virtual resistance in the wind turbine converter control to reduce transients during self-transformer inrush and sympathetic interaction from downstream string transformers. This can eliminate the need for pre-insertion resistors during sequential energization. The sensitivity of the AC current and voltage output along with DC link transient to the virtual resistance parameters has also been analyzed using PSCAD simulations. Finally the effectiveness of the proposed method for offshore network energization by a grid forming wind power plant has been tested by comparing to results for a pre-insertion resistor.

Soka education and the land ethic: educational leadership toward the ‘creative co-existence of nature and humanity’[1

As research has shown, the kind and degree of environmental ethics and eco-philosophy (or the lack thereof) may determine the effectiveness of pre-service teacher training in education for sustainable development. This is especially the case where in the ethical substratum of the conservationist Aldo Leopold and his Japanese precursor, the human geographer, Tsunesburo Makiguchi, sustainability is understood as the joint growth and development, the interconnected safety and protection of humans and non-humans alike, members of the biosphere. In reducing human beings to their own existence, anthropocentrism limits the parameters of that existence to the lesser self, when in Leopoldian and Makiguchian terms a greater self permeates and encompasses natural laws and principles over all time and space. Two global initiatives of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and more recently the UN Agenda for Sustainable Development (2005) and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), counterintuitively run against this non-anthropocentric environmental ethics. The search for a ‘creative co-existence of nature and humanity’ lies, on the other hand, at the heart of Soka education, a philosophy of education founded by Makiguchi and implemented worldwide at K-12 and tertiary schools by his successor, Daisaku Ikeda, a philosophy calling instead for the ‘sympathetic interaction’ of self and the environment. This is the epistemological revolution that environmentalists need to undergo for the sake not simply of sustainability but to decolonize and extend the Land Ethic from place-based to truly land-based in both theory and practice, the planet earth and the surrounding universe laying the foundation.

Caressing the Earth

This joint article draws on artistic practices that showcase how relations to nature can articulate rituals of care and reciprocity in embodied experiences and sympoesis. It discusses active approaches to practicing sympathetic interaction with Nature by challenging our habitual processes of forming connection. The paper revolves around modes of exploitation in animal experiments and the lack of emotional knowledge and connection in science, in The Touch ofSoil by Dominik Fleischmann; and advocates for attention to soil, in Palpating Landscape by celine s diaz, as ritualistic extension of inclusiveness for thelandscape. Through creative writing, theoretic reflection and the photographic medium, both unravel deep concerns for the human-centred approach of viewing and engaging with the natural world and its habitants and advocate for a broader agency, action invoked in caring. Finding overlapping questions, this paper shows two practices of responsibility as empathy and care are evermore significant in our relationship with nature. These vulnerable acts comprehenddisruptive temporalities and propose a kinder but equally relevant message: “I care”.

Study on zero-mode inrush current characteristics and its influence on protection under sympathetic interaction

When the transformer is energized, the three-phase inrush current with the zero-mode component named zero-mode inrush current (ZMIC) will be generated due to the inconsistent saturation of the three-phase iron core. The on-site waveform record demonstrates that the ZMIC with a large amplitude and very slow attenuation is generated, and it leads to the malfunction of the line zero-sequence backup protection. To explain the mechanism of the uncommon phenomenon and prevent the protection malfunction, this paper investigates the ZMIC characteristics under sympathetic interaction and its impaction on the protection of the upstream line. First, a zero-mode equivalent circuit that can reflect the transformer winding arrangement structure and sympathetic interaction is proposed for mechanism analysis. It explores that the “complementary effect” between the zero-mode potential causes the slow attenuation of the ZMIC of the line. Then, the simulation in the case of the on-site protection malfunction is implemented to discover that the sympathetic interaction is the main reason for the protection malfunction on-site. Moreover, the further simulation analysis also reveals sympathetic interaction may lead to the long-delay zero-sequence backup protection malfunction of the upstream line of the operating transformer. Furthermore, the inrush current restraint principle based on the second and third harmonics of ZMIC is discussed to improve the anti-malfunction performance of protection.

A new scheme of zero-sequence overcurrent protection of converter transformer based on zero-mode inrush current characteristics in station area

Under the development trend of AC/DC hybrid power grids, converter transformers are indispensable as AC/DC conversion equipment, whose safety and stability are particularly important. There have been many serious accidents where the zero-mode inrush current(abbreviated as ZMIC) of high-impedance transformers caused the zero-sequence backup protection of the transformer and even the upper-level line to malfunction. As a type of high-impedance transformer, the converter transformer may cause the existing zero-sequence protection(abbreviated as ZSP) to malfunction due to the ZMIC generated during no-load operation. However, its winding connection form and no-load operation method are different from ordinary high-impedance transformers. There may be sympathetic interaction between multiple transformers. So, it is necessary to analyze the ZMIC separately.Through the existing ZMIC equivalent circuit of converter transformer, the amplitude relationship and attenuation characteristics of four bipolar converter transformer ZMIC are clear, which lay the foundation of the following protection scheme.The fact that ZMIC may cause the zero-sequence overcurrent protection to malfunction is found through PSCAD (Power Systems Computer-Aided Design) simulation. An inrush current identification scheme based on the station area information of the relationship between zero-mode inrush fundamental wave and harmonic amplitude is proposed. Considering the system resistance, closing angle, CT saturation, and fault conditions, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and its superiority compared with the existing inrush current identification methods are verified.

Numerical analysis of motional mode coupling of sympathetically cooled two-ion crystals* *Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11803023), the Equipment Pre-research Foundation (Grant No. 6142411196406), and Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2017ZDXM-GY-113).

A two-ion pair in a linear Paul trap is extensively used in the research of the simplest quantum-logic system; however, there are few quantitative and comprehensive studies on the motional mode coupling of two-ion systems yet. This study proposes a method to investigate the motional mode coupling of sympathetically cooled two-ion crystals by quantifying three-dimensional (3D) secular spectra of trapped ions using molecular dynamics simulations. The 3D resonance peaks of the 40Ca+–27Al+ pair obtained by using this method were in good agreement with the 3D in- and out-of-phase modes predicted by the mode coupling theory for two ions in equilibrium and the frequency matching errors were lower than 2%. The obtained and predicted amplitudes of these modes were also qualitatively similar. It was observed that the strength of the sympathetic interaction of the 40Ca+–27Al+ pair was primarily determined by its axial in-phase coupling. In addition, the frequencies and amplitudes of the ion pair’s resonance modes (in all dimensions) were sensitive to the relative masses of the ion pair, and a decrease in the mass mismatch enhanced the sympathetic cooling rates. The sympathetic interactions of the 40Ca+–27Al+ pair were slightly weaker than those of the 24Mg+–27Al+ pair, but significantly stronger than those of 9Be+–27Al+. However, the Doppler cooling limit temperature of 40Ca+ is comparable to that of 9Be+ but lower than approximately half of that of 24Mg+. Furthermore, laser cooling systems for 40Ca+ are more reliable than those for 24Mg+ and 9Be+. Therefore, 40Ca+ is probably the best laser-cooled ion for sympathetic cooling and quantum-logic operations of 27Al+ and has particularly more notable comprehensive advantages in the development of high reliability, compact, and transportable 27Al+ optical clocks. This methodology may be extended to multi-ion systems, and it will greatly aid efforts to control the dynamic behaviors of sympathetic cooling as well as the development of low-heating-rate quantum logic clocks.

A Reconstruction of the WAMS-Detected Transformer Sympathetic Inrush Phenomenon

The transformer-energization inrush phenomenon is to be expected in cases when a single transformer is connected to an ac voltage source. The most commonly employed mitigation technique is to use mechanisms that enable per-phase controlled switching based on a residual magnetic-flux estimation in the transformer’s ferromagnetic iron core. However, the time scale of the phenomenon is relatively short and imposes no extremely critical issues to wide-scale power-system operation. On the other hand, the sympathetic inrush phenomenon that might occur among several parallel transformers exhibits much longer time constants (several seconds and even tens of seconds). The resulting system impact becomes longer lasting. Recently, national wide area monitoring system (WAMS) measurements indicated that a sympathetic interaction occurred between two parallel 400/110-kV transformers in the Slovenian power system. The cause was the magnetization of a second transformer in parallel to the already operational and fully loaded one in the substation in electrical vicinity to a large power plant. Apart from the WAMS, the event was also captured by the transformer’s over-current protection relay. The specifics of the event are described in this paper together with a dynamic-simulation-based reconstruction that is very important for the operator’s understanding of on-line, WAMS-provided, and system measurements.

An Identification Method Based on Mathematical Morphology for Sympathetic Inrush

Sympathetic interaction between transformers is a quite normal phenomenon in power systems. For the purpose of preventing transformer differential protection relays from malfunction, this paper proposes a morphological method for the identification of sympathetic inrush, which is the first time when mathematical morphology is applied in this field. Since the waveform of differential current is symmetrical in an internal fault case while asymmetrical in a sympathetic inrush case, the proposed method uses a morphological operator to extract the peaks and valleys of the differential current to distinguish sympathetic inrush. Considering the possible current-transformer (CT) saturation conditions, this paper combines a morphological gradient with a weighted mathematical morphological operator to improve the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed method is evaluated on data collected from simulation cases established in PSCAD/EMTDC and from laboratory experiments, respectively. Identification results have verified that by comparing with the traditional second harmonic restrain method, the proposed method can distinguish sympathetic inrush from an internal fault current more accurately and more effectively, even when the CT is fully saturated.

Sympathetic inrush current in a transformer and a method for its identification

This paper studies the sympathetic interaction between transformers. The influencing factors of the sympathetic inrush current, including the system impedance, closing angle and the initial remnant flux of the added transformer, the system voltage, and the neutral grounding mode of the transformers, are analyzed in detail through dynamic simulation. Based on this, a method for identifying the sympathetic inrush current is proposed based on the essential curve feature of the magnetizing currents of the transformers during the sympathetic interaction, taking advantage of the information sharing between substations. The results from dynamic simulation and field‐recorded data show the validity of the proposed method. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Assessment on energization sequence for reducing sympathetic interaction between wind turbine transformers

Increasing installations of large offshore wind farms are being designed and commissioned. The collection grids of these wind farms usually accommodate hundreds of wind turbine transformers. Energization of these transformers is likely to cause sympathetic inrush due to the close electrical distances between them. The wind turbine transformers are consequently subjected to long duration mechanical and thermal stresses under various energization conditions. In this paper, a network model of wind farm collection grid, developed and validated against field measurement results, is utilized to assess various energization sequences for reducing the sympathetic inrush. Deterministic assessment under a critical energization condition and stochastic assessment under stochastic energization condition were conducted. Both indicate that the optimum sequence is to energize wind turbine transformer from the one closest to the offshore platform to the one farthest from the platform. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Циркадианные особенности симпатико-парасимпатического взаимодействия по данным спектральных составляющих ритма сердца у беременных и родильниц в перинатальном периоде

By means of daily ECG monitoring on the device “Kardiоtechnika-06” (Inkart Ltd, St. Petersburg, Russia) the authors studied the character of sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction as correlation of the percentage inputs of high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and very low frequency (VLF) spectrum components of the heart rate variability in 73 pregnant women aged of 27.7+6.1 years in perinatal period (before and after the delivery). The control group consisted of 30 healthy non-pregnant women aged 32.8+7.6 years on average. It was revealed that the daily dynamics of sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction in pregnant and the puerperas in perinatal period was similar to the control group of women provided that the delivery was without complications. The dynamics was characterized by the increase of parasympathetic effects at the night time and the increase of sympathetic ones at the day time. The time period between 6.00 a.m. and 9.00 a.m. is especially important for the functional condition of the vegetative nervous system in the perinatal period of both pregnant women and puerperas as far as sharp changes in the sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction were noted. Throughout 24 hours period in the perinatal period, the sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction is characterized by considerable changes in the puerperas in comparison with the pregnant women. The revealed feature of daily dynamics of heart rate variability in the pregnant women and the puerperas provide the physiological conditions to optimize the cycle of sleeping and wakeful states in the women in perinatal period.

Influence of sympathetic inrush on voltage dips caused by transformer energisation

Energising a transformer with other adjacent transformers in service may induce sympathetic inrush that could lead to long duration voltage dips. This study addresses this issue through analysing voltage dip events observed on a 400/132 kV grid when energisations of several generator step-up transformers were performed. With the help of a number of field measurements of voltage dips involving sympathetic inrush, a detailed network model in alternative transients program/electromagnetic transients program has been developed and validated. Based on the network model, comprehensive simulation studies have been performed. In addition, because of the nature of multiple controlling parameters, sensitivity assessment has been carried out to identify the key influential parameters. It is found that the sympathetic inrush, although does not affect voltage dip magnitude, can prolong voltage dip duration by 143% under the worst energisation condition. The sympathetic inrush occurring in substation transformers gives rise to a network-wide sympathetic interaction, resulting in further prolonged voltage dips on the 132 kV grid. Finally, it is proven that application of static var compensator is able to speed up the voltage dip recovery.

Evaluation of the Sympathetic Interaction between Three 150MVA Power Transformers During Energizing the Third Transformer in Shahr-e-Kord 400/63kV Substation

When a transformer is switched on in a power system network containing other transformers, sympathetic inrush current phenomenon occurs. 400/63kV had two 150MVA power transformer in the past. During the extension of the another 150MVA power transformer is paralleled with the other ones. One of the main concerns in energizing new power transformer is the sympathetic inrush current in the two other transformers. In this paper, the inrush current of the new transformer will be analyzed, then the phenomenon of sympathetic inrush current in two other transformers will be investigated. Details of the system components modeling are outlined. In this study Unified Magnetic Equivalent Circuit is applied to model the power transformer. System components are implemented in EMTDC/PSCAD software. Simulations are executed for Shahr-e-Kord 400/63kV substation during design period. The results of simulations are analyzed and discussed in detail

Casting Curricular Circles, or The Sorcerer, the Phantom and the Troubadour

Even a top-shelf shaman needs a spell. As any curandera knows, invoking a spirit or opening a door to the unknowable requires ritual order—celestial scope and sequence— struck against the anomie of deep disorder. The magic resides in the sympathetic interaction between the incantation and its performance, and in the tense transaction among form and content. Scientists and teachers know this too. What follows is a vignette describing a particular sequence of curricular rituals involving people who are scientists and teachers both, trying to bring forth knowledge that is at once old and new.

Mechanism of Occurring Over-Voltage Phenomena in Distributed Power System on Energization of Transformers

This paper verifies the mechanism of occurring over voltage phenomena in the distributed power system on energizing the transformer. This over-voltage, which is observed at the actual distributed power system, with heavy inrush current is found to occur at about 0.1-0.2sec after the energizing and continue for a duration of more than 0.1[sec]. There is a concern that this over-voltage may operate the protection relay and deteriorate the insulation of apparatus. It is basically caused by the resonance between the shunt capacitors and saturated/unsaturated magnetizing inductance of transformer, system inductance. By using analytical formulation of a simple equivalent circuit, its mechanism has been verified through simulations carried out by using EMTP. Moreover, the sympathetic interaction between transformers is prolonged the duration of the over-voltage by the field test data is discussed in this paper.

Abstract 2404: Sympathetic Cardiorenal Interaction Becomes Exaggerated When Cardiac and Renal Functions Are Both Deteriorated

The pathophysiology of the cardiorenal interaction remains poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that renal insufficiency (RI) and cardiac dysfunction would contribute to the elevated sympathetic activity in patients with heart failure. In 79 patients with heart failure (ejection fraction (EF) < 0.45), the resting muscle nerve sympathetic activity (MSNA), plasma norepinephrine (NE), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were determined. Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) less than 60ml/min/1.73m 2 measured by simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation for Japanese was used to identify RI. Although NE and BNP were comparable between RI group (n = 30, eGFR 45 ± 10) and no RI group (n = 49, eGFR 76 ± 10), MSNA was higher in RI group (burst rate, 54 ± 14 versus 46 ± 14 bursts/minute, p < 0.05; burst incidence, 77 ± 19 versus 68 ± 18 bursts/100beats, p < 0.05). For patients with preserved EF (≥ 0.30), MSNA was similar between those with and without RI, while for patients with low EF (< 0.30), MSNA was significantly higher in those with RI than in those without RI (burst rate, 62 ± 10 versus 49 ± 15 bursts/minute, p < 0.01; burst incidence, 88 ± 12 versus 68 ± 18 bursts/ 100beats, p < 0.01). The difference of MSNA between patients with low EF and with preserved EF was significantly greater in RI group than in no RI group (interaction, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that sympathetic cardiorenal interaction might become exaggerated when cardiac and renal functions are both deteriorated.

11.12 Retinol Binding Protein (RBP-4) and Sympathetic Interaction in Overweight Hypertensives: Effect of Intensive Dietetic Treatment

11.12 Retinol Binding Protein (RBP-4) and Sympathetic Interaction in Overweight Hypertensives: Effect of Intensive Dietetic Treatment