Symmetric Key Cryptographic Algorithm Research Articles

AI-Driven Innovations in Cryptography: Enhancing Key Generation and Security

In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for securing confidential data through a symmetric key cryptographic algorithm called the modified Hill Cipher by utilizing rhotrices. We provide a step-by-step procedure to implement this method and elucidate the process through an example. The modified Hill Cipher technique uses AI to generate key rhotrix and incorporates the use of rhotrices and rhotrix algebra to encrypt plain text and decrypt cipher text.

Text Encryption Analysis of Modified Symmetric Keys using Genetic Algorithm on Caesar Cipher and One Time Pad

<span lang="EN-US">The problem of data security is essential because data must be maintained securely and in its integrity, starting with the sending procedure and ending with the intended recipient. One way to maintain data security is to use cryptographic techniques, which use data encryption characteristics to transmit messages in secret (information encoding). Information can be encrypted using the Caesar Cipher and One Time Pad, symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. The key must be changed as a critical component of the cryptographic procedure to enhance the data or text's security. This study aims to analyse text encryption on the Caesar Cipher and One Time Pad (OTP) algorithms using a modified symmetric key by implementing a Genetic Algorithm, an optimisation algorithm. The research phase begins by adjusting the key using two types of Genetic Algorithm crossover operators, one-point crossover and two-point crossover, applied to the Caesar Cipher and OTP algorithms. Then testing and analysis of the ciphertext strength are carried out by comparing the frequency of character repetition with the results of implementing the two modification keys to determine which encoding model provides a better data security strength.</span>

Tiny encryption algorithm (TEA) for analysis and implementation of cryptool2-based text message encryption and decryption processes

Data security is one of the main factors in the world of information technology. The human need for information is increasing along with the changing times today. To maintain the authenticity of the information presented, it is necessary to have a high level of security. In this study, a data security simulation will be designed using the TEA (Tiny Encryption Algorithm) algorithm which includes a block cipher encryption algorithm and includes a symmetric key cryptography algorithm with the advantage of being on the Feistel network. The practicum was analyzed based on the process of encrypting and decrypting messages in text format. The software used to simulate the TEA (Tiny Encryption Algorithm) algorithm using Cryptool2 software which is open source software is used to explain the concept of cryptography. This research is used to decipher, schema, and implement the TEA (Tiny Encryption Algorithm) algorithm in the form of simulating encryption and decryption of text messages (both text and text files) so that text messages are sent in the safest way from the sender to the recipient.

Discrete Wavelet Transform based Cryptosystem

In this article, the authors proposed, implemented and analysed a symmetric key cryptographic algorithm that can be considered as a lossless encryption and decryption technique, advantageous especially in situations where, even a slight marginal distortion is not tolerable. In the proposed system, Haar wavelet is used initially, to transform the original target image into its frequency domain, followed by encrypting the resulting sub-bands, so as to obtain a secure and reliable encrypted image. The resulting coefficients after Haar decomposition is scattered using a reversible weighing factor, suitably reversed and swapped to get the secure encrypted image. The encrypted image is then correspondingly decrypted, by the reverse process to get back the original decrypted image. Statistical testing and security methods were used to evaluate and analyse the proposed cryptosystem and the results showed that the proposed system is cryptographically resistant to attacks and is also highly secure when compared to other cryptographic systems in the frequency domain.

Penggabungan Algoritma Hill Cipher dan ElGamal untuk Mengamankan Pesan teks

Hill Cipher is a one of the symmetric key cryptography algorithm that using an invertible matrix with an order n×n as a key to encrypt and decrypt plaintext. Meanwhile, ElGamal is other asymmetric key cryptography algorithm that use the complexity of discrete logarithms in the encryption and decryption process. In this study, the authors are interest in combine the Hill Cipher and ElGamal algorithms to secure text messages. The author use the matrix as a symmetric key and converts the plaintext in the table of ASCII 256. Then encrypt using the Hill Cipher algorithm which results the ciphertext from messages and ElGamal algorithm results the ciphertext of the symmetric key. In processing decryption using the ElGamal algorithm to determine the symmetric key that will be used as a key in the decryption process with the Hill Cipher algorithm so that the original plaintext is obtained. Then the results obtained are that the combination of the Hill Cipher and ElGamal algorithms to secure text messages can be done it well.

A Study on Scalar Multiplication Parallel Processing for X25519 Decryption of 5G Core Network SIDF Function for mMTC IoT Environment

When 5G telecommunication becomes a standardized and widely used communication medium, it must be implemented in coherence with certain 5G network standards and requirements. One such requirement is a Subscription Concealed Identifier called SUCI. SUCI prevents the exposure of international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), which was a vulnerability in previous generation mobile telecommunication networks. Unlike IMSI, SUCI is encrypted and transmitted using a symmetric key cryptographic algorithm, to prevent the aforementioned vulnerabilities. However, for the first terminal to be encrypted, it is necessary to exchange a key with the home network, and this key exchange for SUCI encryption is performed through the Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) key exchange algorithm, which is a public-key encryption scheme. However, ECIES uses more computing resources compared to a symmetric key cryptographic algorithm. Additionally, for 5G Subscriber Identity Deconcealing Function (SIDF) to satisfy the massive machine-type communication (mMTC) requirements of 5G, it is necessary to decrypt at least a million SUCIs within a short time. This puts a great burden on the 5G home network to provide the mMTC service for IoT. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method of constructing 5G SIDF in an mMTC IoT environment. A key method of the proposed 5G SIDF configuration is the use of GPUs. This proposal was aimed at reducing the load in the mMTC environment by performing parallel processing of all cryptographic operations performed in the SIDF using a GPU. In particular, we focused on parallelization of public-key encryption algorithms. In addition, we also compared the method proposed in this paper through a survey of various 5G security products.

Implementation of Speed-Efficient Key-Scheduling Process of AES for Secure Storage and Transmission of Data.

Nowadays, a large number of digital data are transmitted worldwide using wireless communications. Therefore, data security is a significant task in communication to prevent cybercrimes and avoid information loss. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a highly efficient secure mechanism that outperforms other symmetric key cryptographic algorithms using message secrecy. However, AES is efficient in terms of software and hardware implementation, and numerous modifications are done in the conventional AES architecture to improve the performance. This research article proposes a significant modification to the AES architecture’s key expansion section to increase the speed of producing subkeys. The fork–join model of key expansion (FJMKE) architecture is developed to improve the speed of the subkey generation process, whereas the hardware resources of AES are minimized by avoiding the frequent computation of secret keys. The AES-FJMKE architecture generates all of the required subkeys in less than half the time required by the conventional architecture. The proposed AES-FJMKE architecture is designed and simulated using the Xilinx ISE 5.1 software. The Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) behaviour of the AES-FJMKE architecture is analysed by means of performance count for hardware resources, delay, and operating frequency. The existing AES architectures such as typical AES, AES-PNSG, AES-AT, AES-BE, ISAES, AES-RS, and AES-MPPRM are used to evaluate the efficiency of AES-FJMKE. The AES-FJMKE implemented using Spartan 6 FPGA used fewer slices (i.e., 76) than the AES-RS.

S-box Construction Method Based on the Combination of Quantum Chaos and PWLCM Chaotic Map

For a security system built on symmetric-key cryptography algorithms, the substitution box (S-box) plays a crucial role to resist cryptanalysis. In this article, we incorporate quantum chaos and PWLCM chaotic map into a new method of S-box design. The secret key is transformed to generate a six tuple system parameter, which is involved in the generation process of chaotic sequences of two chaotic systems. The output of one chaotic system will disturb the parameters of another chaotic system in order to improve the complexity of encryption sequence. S-box is obtained by XOR operation of the output of two chaotic systems. Over the obtained 500 key-dependent S-boxes, we test the S-box cryptographical properties on bijection, nonlinearity, SAC, BIC, differential approximation probability, respectively. Performance comparison of proposed S-box with those chaos-based one in the literature has been made. The results show that the cryptographic characteristics of proposed S-box has met our design objectives and can be applied to data encryption, user authentication and system access control.

S-Box Construction Method Based on the Combination of Quantum Chaos and PWLCM Chaotic Map

For a security system built on symmetric-key cryptography algorithms, the substitution box (S-box) plays a crucial role to resist cryptanalysis. In this article, we incorporate quantum chaos and PWLCM chaotic map into a new method of S-box design. The secret key is transformed to generate a six tuple system parameter, which is involved in the generation process of chaotic sequences of two chaotic systems. The output of one chaotic system will disturb the parameters of another chaotic system in order to improve the complexity of encryption sequence. S-box is obtained by XOR operation of the output of two chaotic systems. Over the obtained 500 key-dependent S-boxes, we test the S-box cryptographical properties on bijection, nonlinearity, SAC, BIC, differential approximation probability, respectively. Performance comparison of proposed S-box with those chaos-based one in the literature has been made. The results show that the cryptographic characteristics of proposed S-box has met our design objectives and can be applied to data encryption, user authentication and system access control.

Secure File Storage On Cloud Using Hybrid Cryptography

The servers that are accessed over the web and the software and databases that run on those servers are together known as "The Cloud". The amount of data needing storage is increasing every day and thus, there is a requirement for increased storage space. Cloud allows us to do the same. Storage of data on the cloud is done for various companies, colleges, for military purposes, etc. The data on the cloud is susceptible to various risks such as lack of backup services, data leakage, lack of control over your data being stored, etc. To provide a solution to these risks over cloud storage there are several ways, which include Cryptography and Steganography. Cryptography is quite popular for data security. The Cryptography technique translates original data into an unreadable form known as ciphertext. Text is converted into an unreadable form using keys. This ensures that only an authorized entity with the right key, can access the data from the cloud server. Ciphertext data is visible for everyone. There are two types of cryptography algorithms namely Symmetric Key cryptography and Asymmetric Key Cryptography. The use of a single cryptography algorithm provides basic security. In this paper, we have suggested the use of a combination of symmetric key cryptography algorithms namely: AES-GCM, Fernet, AES-CCM, CHACHA20_POLY1305 algorithm, which help to provide high-level security to the data. Here, the key is also secured using the Fernet algorithm. The file is split into N parts. Each part is encrypted simultaneously. For the file decryption purpose reverse process of encryption is applied.

VARIANT OF OTP CIPHER WITH SYMMETRIC KEY SOLUTION

The paper proposes a solution to construct symmetric–key cryptographic algorithms based on OTP cipher developed based on the cipher One – Time Pad (OTP). Advantages of the algorithms built according to the proposed new solution is to have secure and efficient implementation as OTP cipher, but the establishment, management - distribution and usage of keys are exactly the same as the Symmetric key cryptosystems in practice (DES, AES,. . . ).

RSA Encryption and Decryption System

For communication in the wireless networking, transmission of data over network sometimes is not safe. In such case security of network is one of the essential aspect in computer networking. Cryptography is antechnique of transforming an plaindata into encrypted one, and then retransform that encrypted data back to its plain (original) form. In this we authenticate the sender to whom you want to send that data file. There are two different techniques of cryptography, symmetric key cryptography (called public-key cryptography) algorithms and asymmetric key cryptography (called public-key cryptography) algorithms. There are also various algorithms for encrypted data using either public or private key or both. This paper describes RSA algorithm which first convert our data into other form and then encrypt it using RSA public key encryption at sender side & at receiver side, first it authenticate the receiver then decrypt the data/ file and convert into original form.

Symmetric-Key Cryptographic Routine Detection in Anti-Reverse Engineered Binaries Using Hardware Tracing

Software uses cryptography to provide confidentiality in communication and to provide authentication. Additionally, cryptographic algorithms can be used to protect software against cracking core algorithms in software implementation. Recently, malware and ransomware have begun to use encryption to protect their codes from analysis. As for the detection of cryptographic algorithms, previous works have had demerits in analyzing anti-reverse engineered binaries that can detect differences in analysis environments and normal execution. Here, we present a new symmetric-key cryptographic routine detection scheme using hardware tracing. In our experiments, patterns were successfully generated and detected for nine symmetric-key cryptographic algorithms. Additionally, the experimental results show that the false positive rate of our scheme is extremely low and the prototype implementation successfully bypasses anti-reversing techniques. Our work can be used to detect symmetric-key cryptographic routines in malware/ransomware with anti-reversing techniques.

Two Layer Image Encryption using Symmetric Key Algorithms

Security of data (text, audio, and images) is becoming more complex with the increment in its amount. In order to upsurge the reliability, the captcha (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is used to ensure authenticity. In contrast, even these captchas can be hacked and security can be easily impeached, aim of these captchas is to identify if the user is genuine or else if it is just a robot trying to spam the system. This paper presents auxiliary hybridization of AES and Blowfish cryptographic algorithms for image encipherment and decipherment. Here, AES is using Blowfish as its subroutine where Blowfish encrypts and decrypts the AES encoded image. This is then handed to AES for second level decryption. Here the image which is to be encrypted is applied to AES algorithm, its output is further used as an input for Blowfish algorithm. Output of this doubly encrypted image is then decrypted in the reverse order of encipherment. This auxiliary hybridization adds security to the image rendering it the capacity to become useful in highly important organizations. Private key cryptography uses single secret key at both, the sender and the receiver end. Using symmetric key cryptographic algorithm for this process makes the complete process fast and more secure in comparison to when asymmetric cryptographic algorithms are used for the same purpose. Moreover, symmetric key cryptographic algorithms are more suitable for larger files and images. These also help in maintaining the confidentiality of the data.

Survey on Asymmetric Key Cryptographic Algorithms

Cryptography is an essential and effective method for securing information’s and data. Several symmetric and asymmetric key cryptographic algorithms are used for securing the data. Symmetric key cryptography uses the same key for both encryption and decryption. Asymmetric Key Cryptography also known as public key cryptography uses two different keys – a public key and a private key. The public key is used for encryption and the private key is used for decryption. In this paper, certain asymmetric key algorithms such as RSA, Rabin, Diffie-Hellman, ElGamal and Elliptical curve cryptosystem, their security aspects and the processes involved in design and implementation of these algorithms are examined.

Data security system using hybrid cryptosystem RC4A-RSA algorithm

Data confidentiality is an important aspect of information systems. In case of that we need an application to maintain data confidentiality. This study aims to compare two methods of data security systems, namely using the RC4A algorithm which is a symmetric key cryptographic algorithm and the RSA algorithm which is an asymmetric algorithm with a hybrid process on the RC4A and RSA algorithms to secure the secret key of RC4A and speed up the encryption process of RSA. The study uses a comparative test on two algorithm methods, according to data security system parameters. Data is encrypted with the RC4A algorithm and the RC4A key obtained from KSA RC4A will be encrypted with RSA before sending to the receiver. The test results get Hybrid cryptosystem RC4A-RSA faster in completing the encryption process than RSA. Furthermore, the RC4A key can be secured by being encrypted using the RSA algorithm.

DNA Computing Based Encryption Algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Communication System

Transmission of digital images for wireless multimedia communication system requires reliable security in storage which is a challenging task. So many works are carried out to develop and implement the cryptographic techniques for a wireless multimedia communication system. A traditional symmetric key cryptographic algorithm such as Light weight Data Encryption Standard cipher, Advanced Encryption Standard cipher, Triple-DES, Twofish, Blowfish, RC5 etc played a major role to transmit and receive the multimedia (text, image and video) data. Proposed DNA computing based authentication algorithm provides secure transmission of multimedia data by using symmetric key cryptography techniques. DNA computing techniques provides a higher level of security and enables the user to store a large amount of data. Finally, it shows the implemented result analysis the performance of different symmetric key cryptographic techniques using the simulation parameters such as power consumption, key size, processing time, memory space, speed and latency. It also improves the security level by incorporating the advantage of DNA cryptography to achieve a high level of security against various attacks.

Low‐power and area‐efficient design of AES S‐Box using enhanced transformation method for security application

SummaryIn implementing well‐known advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm, the main part for constructing the hardware is S‐Box, which is abbreviated from substitution box. This is the basic component of symmetric key cryptographic algorithm, and it requires in AES because of its nonlinear organization with multiplicative inversion. This S‐Box is designed by two transformations, ie, inversing the multiplication part in Galois field directed with modified affine transformation. The limitation of S‐Box is more time and power consumption. This limitation has to be overcome by doing slight modification in affine and inverse affine transform. The time consumption for AES S‐Box is decreased by the proposed transformation method. The proposed system achieved 39% power when compared with the existing system; the proposed system is efficient.

The Implementation of the RC4 algorithm For Sale and Purchase Agreements Data Security On Notary Office

Ksecurity wheel is one of the essential needs of the data, or information. With this regard the importance of the information or data by the party or person of interest. This research aims to design and build a system for data security deed of sale that can help the Notary / PPAT. The system was built using the RC4 (Rivest Code 4) which is a symmetric key cryptographic algorithms and is stream cipher, there is a process of encryption and decryption. The encryption is the process of encoding the original message or plaintext into ciphertext encrypted text. While decryption is the process of encoding back to cipherteksmenjadiplainteks (original data). This research resulted in a system that is able to change the data that can be read into the data that is not easily understood.

Advances in Discrete Mathematics: From Combinatorics to Cryptography

Discrete mathematics forms the foundation for various fields, including computer science and cryptography, by providing essential tools for problem-solving in discrete structures. This paper explores the advancements in discrete mathematics, focusing on combinatorics and cryptography. It discusses the basic concepts of combinatorics, such as permutations, combinations, and graph theory, along with their applications in modern cryptography. The paper also examines symmetric and public key cryptography algorithms, including DES, AES, RSA, and ECC, highlighting their key features and security mechanisms. Furthermore, it explores the role of discrete structures, such as sets, relations, functions, and lattices, in cryptography, emphasizing their importance in designing secure cryptographic systems. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in discrete mathematics and their applications in modern cryptography.