Symmetric Bracket Research Articles

Metriplectic geometry for gravitational subsystems

In general relativity, it is difficult to localise observables such as energy, angular momentum, or centre of mass in a bounded region. The difficulty is that there is dissipation. A self-gravitating system, confined by its own gravity to a bounded region, radiates some of the charges away into the environment. At a formal level, dissipation implies that some diffeomorphisms are not Hamiltonian. In fact, there is no Hamiltonian on phase space that would move the region relative to the fields. Recently, an extension of the covariant phase space has been introduced to resolve the issue. On the extended phase space, the Komar charges are Hamiltonian. They are generators of dressed diffeomorphisms. While the construction is sound, the physical significance is unclear. We provide a critical review before developing a geometric approach that takes into account dissipation in a novel way. Our approach is based on metriplectic geometry, a framework used in the description of dissipative systems. Instead of the Poisson bracket, we introduce a Leibniz bracket - a sum of a skew-symmetric and a symmetric bracket. The symmetric term accounts for the loss of charge due to radiation. On the metriplectic space, the charges are Hamiltonian, yet they are not conserved under their own flow.

On Symmetric Brackets Induced by Linear Connections

In this note, we discuss symmetric brackets on skew-symmetric algebroids associated with metric or symplectic structures. Given a pseudo-Riemannian metric structure, we describe the symmetric brackets induced by connections with totally skew-symmetric torsion in the language of Lie derivatives and differentials of functions. We formulate a generalization of the fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry. In particular, we obtain an explicit formula of the Levi-Civita connection. We also present some symmetric brackets on almost Hermitian manifolds and discuss the first canonical Hermitian connection. Given a symplectic structure, we describe symplectic connections using symmetric brackets. We define a symmetric bracket of smooth functions on skew-symmetric algebroids with the metric structure and show that it has properties analogous to the Lie bracket of Hamiltonian vector fields on symplectic manifolds.

Double bracket formulation for the distribution function approach to multibead-chain suspensions

A suspension of elastic chains of small beads in a Newtonian fluid is a common model for a viscoelastic polymer solution. The configuration of these multibead chains is described by a distribution function that evolves according to a Liouville or Fokker–Planck equation. The evolution of these multibead-chain suspensions is described using a double bracket formulation with a Hamiltonian functional. The conservative part of the dynamics is described by a Poisson bracket, and the dissipative part by an additional symmetric bracket. We treat the configuration space of multibead chains as a higher order tangent bundle. Lifting the fluid velocity field to the bundle leads naturally to a semidirect product Lie–Poisson bracket for the conservative dynamics. The elastic stress exerted by the multibead chains on the fluid then follows directly from the same Hamiltonian functional that governs the internal dissipative mechanics of the multibead chains. For chains with three or more beads, the possible bending of the chain introduces an angular momentum flux that is absent for chains with two beads. This flux appear as an asymmetric elastic stress whose antisymmetric part is the divergence of a rank-3 tensor, as in the Cosserats’ theory of couple stresses in media with no internal angular momentum density. We investigate the possibility of an exact closure, passing from a distribution function description to a closed internal state variable description of the fluid suspension, and obtain some sufficient conditions for their existence. The resulting exactly closable models are generalisations of the upper-convected Maxwell model to Hookean bead–spring chains instead of Hookean bead–spring pairs.

Functional data analysis for assessing the fatigue life of construction equipment attachments

In construction machinery, attachments, such as buckets and breakers, that are mounted on the equipment convert the fluid energy of the construction machine into impact energy, vibration energy, etc., depending on the purpose. To ensure the reliability of such attachments under repeated or excessive stress, the fatigue life of the structure must be evaluated in terms of strength and rigidity. The present study focused on symmetric structures. A functional analysis was performed on the field data obtained from the construction machine with an attached vibration hammer, and the fatigue life of the symmetric bracket was assessed. The results were used to develop an accelerated fatigue-life test algorithm for the prediction and health management. Residual-useful-life prognostics of basic data in the prediction of life and failure of attachments used in construction machinery as well as the integrity management of their symmetric structures.

Combinatorial algorithm for the computation of cyclically standard regular bracket monomials

The ring of covariants of binary form is isomorphic to the ring of regular symmetric bracket polynomials in homogenized roots, which are obtained by symmetrization of regular bracket polynomials. In this paper, we give an algorithm for computing all cyclically standard bracket monomials of arbitrary degree. These monomials form a basis of the vector space of the regular bracket polynomials of a given degree. We also characterize the elemental bracket monomial of degree 2 in terms of graph theory.

L∞-algebras and their cohomology

We give an overview of different characterisations of L∞-structures in terms of symmetric brackets and (co)differentials on the symmetric (co)algebra. We then do the same for their representations (up to homotopy) and approach L∞-algebra cohomology using the commutator bracket on the space of coderivations of the symmetric coalgebra. This leads to abelian extensions of L∞-algebras by 2-cocycles.

Algebrizing friction: a brief look at the Metriplectic Formalism

The formulation of Action Principles in Physics, and the introduction of the Hamiltonian framework, reduced dynamics to bracket algebra of observables. Such a framework has great potentialities, to understand the role of symmetries, or to give rise to the quantization rule of modern microscopic Physics. Conservative systems are easily algebrized via the Hamiltonian dynamics: a conserved observable H generates the variation of any quantity f via the Poisson bracket {f,H}. Recently, dissipative dynamical systems have been algebrized in the scheme presented here, referred to as metriplectic framework: the dynamics of an isolated system with dissipation is regarded as the sum of a Hamiltonian component, generated by H via a Poisson bracket algebra; plus dissipation terms, produced by a certain quantity S via a new symmetric bracket. This S is in involution with any other observable and is interpreted as the entropy of those degrees of freedom statistically encoded in friction. In the present paper, the metriplectic framework is shown for two original “textbook” examples. Then, dissipative Magneto-Hydrodynamics (MHD), a theory of major use in many space physics and nuclear fusion applications, is reformulated in metriplectic terms.

Metriplectic framework for dissipative magneto-hydrodynamics

The metriplectic framework, which allows for the formulation of an algebraic structure for dissipative systems, is applied to visco-resistive Magneto-Hydrodynamics (MHD), adapting what had already been done for non-ideal Hydrodynamics (HD). The result is obtained by extending the HD symmetric bracket and free energy to include magnetic field dynamics and resistive dissipation. The correct equations of motion are obtained once one of the Casimirs of the Poisson bracket for ideal MHD is identified with the total thermodynamic entropy of the plasma. The metriplectic framework of MHD is shown to be invariant under the Galileo Group. The metriplectic structure also permits us to obtain the asymptotic equilibria toward which the dynamics of the system evolves. This scheme is finally adapted to the two-dimensional incompressible resistive MHD, that is of major use in many applications.

Hamiltonian–Dirac simulated annealing: Application to the calculation of vortex states

A simulated annealing method for calculating stationary states for models that describe continuous media is proposed. The method is based on the noncanonical Poisson bracket formulation of media, which is used to construct Dirac brackets with desired constraints, and symmetric brackets that cause relaxation with the desired constraints. The method is applied to two-dimensional vortex dynamics and a variety of numerical examples is given, including the calculation of monopole and dipole vortex states.

Nonholonomic double-bracket equations and the Gauss thermostat

In this Rapid Communication we consider certain equations that arise from imposing a constant kinetic-energy constraint on a one-dimensional set of oscillators. This is a nonlinear nonholonomic constraint on these oscillators and the dynamics are consistent with Gauss's law of least constraint. Dynamics of this sort are of interest in nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. We show that under certain choices of external potential these equations give rise to a generalization of the so-called double-bracket equations which are of interest in studying gradient flows and integrable systems such as the Toda lattice. In the case of harmonic potentials the flow is described by a symmetric bracket and periodic solutions are obtained.

Deforming a Lie algebra by means of a 2-form

We consider a vector space V over K = R or C , equipped with a skew symmetric bracket [ ⋅ , ⋅ ] : V × V → V and a 2-form ω : V × V → K . A simple change of the Jacobi identity to the form [ A , [ B , C ] ] + [ C , [ A , B ] ] + [ B , [ C , A ] ] = ω ( B , C ) A + ω ( A , B ) C + ω ( C , A ) B opens up new possibilities, which shed new light on the Bianchi classification of three-dimensional Lie algebras.

Principle of Symmetric Bracket Invariance as the Origin of First and Second Quantization

The principle of invariance of the c-number symmetric bracket is used to derive both the quantum operator commutator relation \([\hat q,\hat p] = i\rlap{--} h\) and the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. A c-number dynamical equation is found, which leads to the second quantized field theory of bosons and fermions.

DIFFEOMORPHISMS FROM HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL W-ALGEBRAS

Classical W-algebras in higher dimensions have recently been constructed. In this letter we show that there is a finitely generated subalgebra which is isomorphic to the algebra of local diffeomorphisms in D dimensions. Moreover, there is a tower of infinitely many fields transforming under this subalgebra as symmetric tensorial one-densities. We also unravel a structure isomorphic to the Schouten symmetric bracket, providing a natural generalization of w∞ in higher dimensions.

On Fermi-like quantisation of classical mechanics

In this work we generalise some previously obtained results concerning the quantisation of classical finite models according to the symmetric (Fermi-like) scheme of quantisation. We consider models whose dynamics is defined through some non-singular Lie bracket and show that we can make the dynamics with any prescribed bracket relations, as defined by a certain type ofnon-singular symmetric brackets, coexist. The quantisation scheme established is: (a) defined up to an arbitrary factor and, (b) sensitive to the addition of total time derivatives to the corresponding Lagrangian. Both unconstrained and constrained models are considered.

The electron field and the Dirac bracket

A recent quantization rule of Fermi systems starts from the new symmetric brackets of classical mechanics. As a consequence, Fermi and Bose quantization can be put on an equal footing, instead of the standardad hoc procedure. We prove that the rule gives the right anticommutation relations when applied to the case of the relativistic electron. We show that this is a crucial test of the rule.

Symmetric Dirac Bracket in Classical Mechanics

It is known that, in classical systems that have second-class constraints which relate the canonical coordinates and momentum, the ordinary skew-symmetric Poisson bracket must be replaced by the skew-symmetric Dirac bracket. It is also known that in the process of quantization of such systems, the Dirac bracket replaces the Poisson bracket in its correspondence with the quantum commutators. In this paper we obtain the symmetric partner of the Dirac bracket, which is of interest not only to classical mechanics but also in regard to the quantization procedure; i.e., the quantization rules for systems which are restricted by second-class constraints such that the commutation rules involve anticommutators (instead of commutators, as in certain fields with Fermi-Dirac statistics) can be given in terms of this new symmetric bracket. This symmetric bracket is related to the Poisson-Droz-Vincent symmetric bracket.