Switch Box Research Articles

A scalable and aging-resistant film for radiative cooling

Passive radiative cooling could reduce energy consumption by reflecting sunlight and radiating heat into outer space at long wave infrared. However, it is challenging that development of environmentally stable radiation-cooled materials that are easy to manufacture and have good weathering resistance. In this work, we developed a scalable radiative-cooling porous film of doped BaSO4 cellulose acetate(BSCA) with good environmental stability. The reflectivity was 0.94 with BSCA film to scatter most of the sun’s rays efficiently and an emissivity of 0.98 to radiate heat rapidly. The maximum temperature different with BSCA film were reduced by 8 ℃ less than the porous cellulose acetate (PCA) film, 13 ℃ than the commercial white paint (CWP) film. Meanwhile, in the switch boxes testing, the surface maximum temperature of the switch box coated with BSCA film were reduced by 9.9 ℃ than the switch box coated with CWP film, which were reduced by 14.7 ℃ than the original switch box. The simulated cooling power of BSCA film was 140.23 W·m−2. The BSCA film shows good optical performance and cooling performance after 3 months of outdoor aging test. The BSCA film is aging-resistant, easy to prepare and convenient for scalable production.

Empowering Homes with Esp-32

Smartboard system utilizing an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with various sensors and electric sockets. The system aims to enhance safety, convenience, and energy efficiency in residential environments. Initially, an electric switch box was fitted with two sockets, and an ESP32 microcontroller was integrated to control them. The system further includes a smoke sensor for gas leakage detection, water level magnetic sensors for automatic water pump control, a DHT sensor for temperature and humidity monitoring, a display for real-time data visualization, and a Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) for protection. Through integration with the Blynk app, users can remotely monitor and control the system, including supplying power to sockets and detecting gas leaks. Additionally, Bluetooth connectivity is incorporated for added convenience, particularly for electric scooter users in complex living environments. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the integrated system in providing remote control, safety monitoring, and automation features. KeyWords: Smartphone-based, Mobile application, an automated system (ESP32), Wifi Network

The OptoReg system: a simple and inexpensive solution for regulating water oxygen.

This paper describes an optocoupler-based regulation apparatus for saturation manipulation of oxygen in water (OptoReg). This system enables control of solenoid valves for oxygen and nitrogen gases using a FireSting-O2 meter, an optocoupler box and an electronic switch box. The hardware components connect to a computer through Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables. The control software is free and has a graphical user interface, making it easy to use. With the OptoReg system, any lab with a computer running Microsoft Windows operating system and a 4-channel FireSting-O2 meter can easily and cheaply set up four independently controlled systems for regulating water oxygen levels. Here, we describe how to assemble and run the OptoReg system and present a data set demonstrating the high precision and stability of the OptoReg system during static acclimation experiments and dynamic warming trials.

Safety and efficacy of bipolar radiofrequency catheter ablation in ventricular arrhythmias of mural vs non-mural origin

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Bipolar radiofrequency catheter ablation (B-RFA) has shown promising results in refractory ventricular arrhythmia (VA) of septal origin and underlying non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). However, its efficacy and safety in other locations such as the free wall and papillary muscles (PM) has not yet been fully determined. Purpose To describe and analyse the procedural data, safety and efficacy results of B-RFA in a cohort of patients with VA of different locations and underlying substrate. Methods We enrolled 21 patients with recurrent VA after prior failed ablation into this study, of whom 16 patients required B-RFA for effective ablation. Seven of the patients had ventricular ectopy (VE) and 9 presented with ventricular tachycardia (VT). During B-RFA, a contact-force-sensing, saline-irrigated catheter was connected to the ablation catheter connection on the radiofrequency generator and a second ablation catheter (saline-irrigated in 6 of the cases) was connected to the ground patch terminal through a custom-made switch box. This allowed visualization of both catheters on the 3D mapping system and acquisition of electrograms from both simultaneously. Procedure data, related complications and acute and long-term outcomes during follow-up were assessed. Results The VA distribution was septal (31.3%, n=5), PM (31.3%, n=5), right ventricle free wall (18.8%, n=3), left ventricle (LV) free wall (12.5%, n=2) and LV summit (6.3%, n=1). Compared to septal ablation, contact force obtained during B-RFA ablation was significantly lower in PM ablation (p=0.01), as was the impedance drop (p=0.03). There were no significant differences in the number of energy applications, their mean duration, the total ablation time, the power and the temperature among locations. Acute success was achieved in 15 patients (93.6%). Long-term success, defined as no recurrence of sustained VT or less than 1% VE burden on 24-hour Holter at 12-month follow up, was achieved in 11 patients (68.8%), and another 2 patients (12.5%) had partial success. Papillary muscle VA had lower acute and long-term success (80% and 60%, respectively) after B-RFA. On the other hand, patients with NICM appeared to have superior outcomes (figure 1). No steam pops or major peri-procedural complications were observed. However, the use of a non-irrigated indifferent electrode resulted in char formation. Conclusions B-RFA can be used successfully and safely in NICM involving the septum and free walls but has limited use for PM arrhythmias. This could be related to a lack of catheter stability and reduced energy transfer. In addition, when using B-RFA, any catheter in the circulatory system should be irrigated.

Canal: A Flexible Interconnect Generator for Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays

The architecture of a coarse-grained reconfigurable array (CGRA) interconnect has a significant effect on not only the flexibility of the resulting accelerator, but also its power, performance, and area. Design decisions that have complex trade-offs need to be explored to maintain efficiency and performance across a variety of evolving applications. This paper presents Canal, a Python-embedded domain-specific language (eDSL) and compiler for specifying and generating reconfigurable interconnects for CGRAs. Canal uses a graph-based intermediate representation (IR) that allows for easy hardware generation and tight integration with place and route tools. We evaluate Canal by constructing both a fully static interconnect and a hybrid interconnect with ready-valid signaling, and by conducting design space exploration of the interconnect architecture by modifying the switch box topology, the number of routing tracks, and the interconnect tile connections. Through the use of a graph-based IR for CGRA interconnects, the eDSL, and the interconnect generation system, Canal enables fast design space exploration and creation of CGRA interconnects.

Precise high resistance comparison between the NMIJ traveling dual source bridge and the NIST adapted Wheatstone bridge

A precise high resistance comparison was performed between the traveling dual source bridge developed by the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) and the adapted Wheatstone bridge of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) from 10 MΩ to 100 TΩ at NIST. The NMIJ traveling bridge was shipped to NIST Gaithersburg and was installed right next to the NIST bridge and these bridges alternately measured the resistance ratio of the high resistance standards, without moving the location of the resistors inside the temperature controlled air-bath. Having the bridges and resistance standards in the same location for the comparison decreased the transportation and temperature coefficient effects on the resistance standards, contributing to the excellent agreement of the measured values. The NMIJ traveling bridge used an 8.5-digit digital multimeter and a relay switch box to determine a resistance ratio by measuring the ratio of the voltages applied to the resistors. The comparison was started from 10 MΩ based on the same 1 MΩ standard resistor calibrated using a NIST two-terminal cryogenic current comparator bridge, and standard resistors from 10 MΩ to 100 TΩ were calibrated by repeating 10:1 scaling measurements with both systems. Excellent agreement was obtained within the uncertainty of all resistance ranges and the difference between both systems was less than 1 μΩ Ω−1 up to 1 TΩ and the degrees of equivalence for 10 TΩ and 100 TΩ were less than 6 μΩ Ω−1.

"Smart" electric devices for household switch box with remote control: market overview, directions for further improvement and research

“Smart home” systems are becoming increasingly common in modern society. There are a significant number of "smart" electrical devices on the market: relay switches with electromagnetic or solid-state relays; as well as circuit breakers. The purpose of the work is a comparative analysis of the principles of operation, technical characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of "smart" electric devices for household switch box with remote control that are present at the modern markets and the formulation of proposals to eliminate the identified shortcomings by conducting research and development work. From a generalized comparison, this is concluded that the technical solutions of "smart" devices based on relays are still generally inferior to their "brothers"-circuit breakers, mainly in types of protection. It is proposed to eliminate this significant drawback by using a power supply (AC-DC converter) that supports the appropriate types of protection.

Development of 5-DOF Piezoelectric Actuator for Planar—Angular Positioning

A novel five degrees of freedom (5-DOF) piezoelectric actuator is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The actuator can provide unlimited self-motion in the plane and angular positioning of the spherical payload. The actuator is composed of a cylindrical bronze frame and a piezo ceramic ring glued on top of the cylinder. The cylinder has three cut-outs used to form three supports. The top electrode of the piezo ceramic ring is divided into six equal sections. Three electrodes are used to control the direction of the planar motion, while the remaining three electrodes allow controlling angular motion. The planar motion of the actuator is induced by employing radial vibrations of the supports, while the rotational motion of the sphere is obtained when radial vibrations of the corresponding sections of the piezo ceramic ring are excited. The proposed design of the actuator allows reducing coupling between vibrations of the different segments and ensures the possibility to obtain 5-DOF motion. The piezoelectric actuator is excited using a single harmonic signal switched between electrodes via a digitally controlled switch box. The numerical and experimental studies of the actuator were performed, and the operating principle was validated. The maximum linear velocity of 19.8 mm/s and angular speed of 31.3 RPM were obtained when the payload of 55.68 g and excitation voltage of 200 Vp-p was applied.

Gesture-Based Smart Switch

The project aims at making old/dum electric appliances smart for controlling remotely for easy and touchless/contactless operations via software operations. As in this era of covid-19, a button is the most common interface to interact with the digital world. It could be as simple as a light/fan switch. So our Smart Switch box can be used to replace the existing switches in home which produces sparks and results in fire accidents in a few situations. Considering the advantages of Wi-Fi, an advanced automation system was developed to control the appliances in the house.

Development of a Small-Scale Electromechanical Mobile Fish Feeder

The aim of the present study was to develop and test a simple small-scale electromechanical mobile fish feeder to control feeding in indoor or outdoor fish ponds. Fish feeder spreader consists of a solid frame, fish feed hopper, distributing disc with spreading fins, transmission system and electrical components. The electrical components include the rotational speed motor, distribution switch box, battery, dosage bar release motor, and transmission system dc brushed motors. Analysis and evaluation of distribution pattern of fish feed done under two different spreading disk rotational speeds of 1000 and 1250 rpm (17.3 and 21.6 ms-1), two feed outlet control slide settings for fish feed rate and three different fish feed types. The developed prototype can achieve 4.9 and 5.8 kg/min distribution rate of fish feed type 1 (sizes from 1 to 2 mm and average bulk density of 530 kg m-3) under two distribution disc rotational speed of 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm respectively. Variation on distribution of feed material type 1 in both sides of the developed prototype was 8.4 and 14.7 % for disk rotational speed 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm respectively with at most good distribution pattern. Feed distribution uniformity for feed type 2 (sizes from 2 to 3 mm and average bulk density of 720 kg m-3) was much better compare to the distribution pattern of feed type. Where, there was variation on distribution of feed material type 2 in both sides of the developed prototype by 3.5 and 3.11 % for disk rotational speed 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm respectively under outlet slide settings 2. Even with outlet slide settings 2 (only half of the outlet opening), distribution of feed material type 2 in both sides of the developed prototype was better and recorded 2.21 and 2.61 % for disk rotational speed 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm respectively. Using fish feed material with size bigger than 3 mm will lead to uneven distribution using current developed prototype.

Design and Fabrication of a Work Desk with Integrated Charging Ports, Desk Lamp and Storage Capability

This paper presents the design, development, and fabrication of a new work desk with integrated charging ports, desk lamp and storage capability for students’ use at the Outdoor Discovery Centre (ODC) hub at Jerudong International School (JIS), Brunei Darussalam. It contains a solar-powered lamp to provide light for students while conducting projects in the hub and storage compartments for students to place their belongings. It can organize and store wires, solar charge controllers, and switch box of a solar power system. Removable fans can be connected to the desk for students’ comfort. Charging ports are provided in the desk to charge electronic devices. The dimensions of the desk are based on anthropometric data of students of ages 14 - 18 years old. Feasible concepts of the product are generated and the final concept is selected based on product specifications such as aesthetics, cost, function, size, materials, environment-friendliness, and safety. The product is termed a better solution for use in ODC hub by its in-charge, Miss Follows Smith and the in-charge of renewable energy project at JIS, Dr. Lloyd.

Locating Mechanical Switches Using RGB-D Sensor Mounted on a Disaster Response Robot

To achieve one of the tasks required for disaster response robots, this paper proposes a method for locating 3D structured switches’ points to be pressed by the robot in disaster sites using RGBD images acquired by Kinect sensor attached to our disaster response robot. Our method consists of the following five steps: 1)Obtain RGB and depth images using an RGB-D sensor. 2) Detect the bounding box of switch area from the RGB image using YOLOv3. 3)Generate 3D point cloud data of the target switch by combining the bounding box and the depth image.4)Detect the center position of the switch button from the RGB image in the bounding box using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). 5)Estimate the center of the button’s face in real space from the detection result in step 4) and the 3D point cloud data generated in step3) In the experiment, the proposed method is applied to two types of 3D structured switch boxes to evaluate the effectiveness. The results show that our proposed method can locate the switch button accurately enough for the robot operation.

A capacitive-inductive dual modality imaging system for non-destructive evaluation applications

Abstract For many non-destructive evaluation (NDE) applications, more information can be obtained by using different techniques, especially when the techniques are sensitive to different types of defects. However separate inspections are not always practical due to time and cost constraints. Therefore, an inspection system combing more than one modalities would have many advantages. A dual modality imaging system is thus proposed which can automatically switch between capacitive imaging and inductive imaging modes. Instead of using a physical combination of two sensors, the proposed system employs a coplanar coil pair as a sensor, and the modality switching is done by changing the wiring schemes through program-controlled switch box. After a single scan over the specimen under test, two types of images, namely capacitive and inductive, can be obtained by the proposed system. For an insulated metallic structure, the capacitive image contains the defect information in the insulation layer and on the top surface of the conducting layer, while the inductive image contains the defect information within the conducting region. The proposed integration of the two imaging modalities in a single system does not introduce any interference between the modes and provides more information on the defects with a reduced testing time and production cost on hardware and software compared to using two NDE techniques separately. A theoretical explanation of the imaging mechanisms for the capacitive and inductive modes are provided. The results of finite element modelling show perturbation of the probing fields due to defects in the two imaging modes. Experimental results from a dual modality imaging system are also presented, demonstrating detection of defects in insulator-metal hybrid structures to verify the effectiveness of this approach.

A Resistive RAM-Based FPGA Architecture Equipped With Efficient Programming Circuitry

Despite the considerable effort has been put on the application of Non-Volatile Memories (NVMs) in Field-Programmable Gate Arrays FPGAs, previously suggested designs are not mature enough to substitute the state of-the-art SRAM-based counterparts mainly due to the inefficient building blocks and/or the overhead of programming structure which can impair their potential benefits. In this paper, we present a Resistive Random Access Memory RRAM-based FPGA architecture employing efficient Switch Box (SB) and Look-Up Table (LUT) designs with programming circuitry integrated in both SB and LUT designs that creates area and power efficient programmable components while precluding performance overhead to these blocks. In addition, we present an efficient scheme to load the configuration bitstream into the memory elements, which makes the configuration time comparable to that of SRAM-based FPGAs. Besides, we investigate the correct functionality and reliability of the programming structure subject to fluctuations in attributes of RRAM cells. Using Versatile Place and Route (VTR) tool with the obtained characteristics of the proposed blocks demonstrate that the average area and delay of the proposed FPGA architecture are 59.4% and 20.1% less than conventional SRAM-based FPGAs. Compared with a recent RRAM-based architecture, the proposed architecture improves the area and power by 49.7% and 33.8% while keeps the delay intact.

RF-ablation pattern shaping employing switching channels of dual bipolar needle electrodes: ex vivo results.

Radiofrequency (RF) ablation with mono- or bipolar electrodes is a common procedure for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a low rate of recurrence for small size tumors. For larger lesions and/or non-round/ellipsoid shapes RF ablation has some limitations and generally does not achieve comparable success rates to microwave ablation or high-intensity focused ultrasound therapies. To shape RF ablations for matching a tumor size and geometry, we have developed an electronic channel switch box for two bipolar needles that generates multiple selectable ablation patterns. The setup can be used with commercially available mono- or bipolar RF generators. The switch box provides ten selectable ablation procedures to generate different ablation patterns without a relocation of a needle. Five patterns were exemplary generated in ex vivo tissue of porcine liver and chicken breast and visually characterized. Different ablation patterns, e.g., in a L- or U-shape, were achieved. In chicken breast a maximum ablation with a diameter of [Formula: see text] was obtained and in porcine liver [Formula: see text] with electrodes of [Formula: see text] length. The resulting ablations with the electronic switch box and two bipolar needles show the potential ability to manage RF therapies of complex and large tumor geometries. Next steps would be to validate the actual tissue ablation volumes in further ex vivo and preclinical studies and against simulation results.

Performance Characteristics Comparison of CNG Port and CNG Direct Injection in Spark Ignition Engine

A comparative performance analysis is being carried out on a four cylinder, four stroke cycle, spark ignition engine having displacement volume 1297cc. The cylinder head of original gasoline based engine was modified by drilling holes from upper surfaces of head to individual combustion chamber to convert the engine in a CNG direct injection engine. The CNG port injection (CNG-PI) system and CNG direct injection (CNG-DI) system were incorporated with the single engine. The engine was retrofitted to run on both CNG-PI and CNG-DI system alternately with common CNG tank and other engine loading and measurement system. The engine was equipped with electrical dynamometer having rheostat type loading. The CNG direct injection system was incorporated with various sensors and engine ECU. The operating parameters can be obtained on computer screen by loading the computer with engine through switch box. The engine was run over the speed range of 1000 rpm to 3000 rpm with incremental speed of 300 rpm. The performance parameters were calculated from observations and recorded for both CNG-PI and CNG-DI system. The experimental investigation exhibits that, the average 7-8% reduction in BSFC while the engine was running with CNG-DI system as compared to that of CNG-PI system. Also the engine produced 8-9% higher brake torque and hence higher brake power. The engine gives 6-7% higher brake thermal efficiency with CNG-DI system as compared to CNG-PI system.

26: Severe placental insufficiency, acidemia and imminent stillbirth are associated with changes in circulating levels of mRNA coding NR4A2, RCBTB2 and EMP1

To identify mRNA in the maternal circulation associated with severe preterm fetal growth restriction (FGR), fetal acidemia and imminent stillbirth. We performed a prospective study across six referral hospitals. We obtained maternal blood from 128 cases of FGR delivered by cesarean section <34 weeks due to fetal compromise, and 84 healthy gestation matched controls. FGR samples were collected within 2 hours prior to birth and umbilical cord pH was measured to determine fetal acidemia status. We performed RNA-seq on all 212 samples and bioinformatics (linear model, switch box and PLSDA) to identify genes differentially expressed in the FGR group. We used PCR to validate top genes (ie those consistently deranged in cases compared to controls, identified by bioinformatics), and also to examine those genes differentially expressed with fetal acidemia. We then measured the top genes in a separate cohort of six women whose pregnancies were affected by preterm FGR and ended in stillbirth. The baseline clinical characteristics of the FGR and control cohort are shown on the table. There were global changes in mRNA gene expression (11,402 genes differentially expressed with adjusted p<0.05) in the maternal circulation among the FGR cohort (n=128) vs gestationally matched controls (n=84). Using bioinformatics on the RNA-Seq data followed by PCR validation, we identified 8 genes that were differentially expressed with FGR with a very high level of significance. Of those, NR4A2 (Fig. A,B) and RCBTB2 were also differentially expressed when the FGR cohort was split according to whether umbilical cord pH at delivery was ≤7.2 (low pH, acidemic fetus) or >7.2. Notably, of these 8 genes that were differentially expressed with FGR, mRNA coding NR4A2 (Fig. C), RCBTB2 and EMP1 were consistently deranged in the circulation of six women with imminent stillbirth (last blood before demise, gestational age range 19-28 weeks) compared to 24 gestational age-matched controls (ongoing pregnancies). Severe preterm fetal growth restriction, in utero acidemia and imminent stillbirth are associated with differential expression of mRNA coding NR4A2, RCBTB2 and EMP1 in maternal blood. They have potential as markers of severe placental insufficiency and the ‘at risk’ fetus.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

СРАВНЕНИЕ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ РЕГУЛИРУЕМЫХ УСТРОЙСТВ ПОПЕРЕЧНОЙ КОМПЕНСАЦИИ РЕАКТИВНОЙ МОЩНОСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ НА ПОСТАХ СЕКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ

СРАВНЕНИЕ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ РЕГУЛИРУЕМЫХ УСТРОЙСТВ ПОПЕРЕЧНОЙ КОМПЕНСАЦИИ РЕАКТИВНОЙ МОЩНОСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ НА ПОСТАХ СЕКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ

Incremental Capacity Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery Pack for Different Charging Rates

Introduction Incremental Capacity Analysis (ICA) is a method used to investigate the state-of-health (SOH) of batteries and to identify their possible aging mechanisms, by tracking the electrochemical properties of the cell1. The method is based on the differentiation of the battery capacity over the battery voltage (i.e., dQ/dV), over a full or a partial cycle, regardless the experimental conditions. Several ICA research studies have been performed on various Li-ion chemistries, and several mathematical approaches have been employed to acquire the differential curves2 , 3. However, all these studies are focused on cell level analysis while the influence on the whole battery pack has not been yet studied, to the best of our knowledge. Thus in the present work, we have performed an in-depth investigation of a battery pack composed of 14 Lithium-ion -60Ah cells, for the purpose of evaluating the applicability of the ICA on a battery pack level by means of different charging current rates. Method Experiments were conducted with C/5 and C/10 current rates at 28oC and for a full charge (constant current – constant voltage) of the pack. In real-life, the data logged by the Battery Management System (BMS), about each individual cell from the battery pack, are not available to the user. Thus, the ICA will be applied to the battery pack voltage, which accounts also information about the impedance of the cables, the switch box, and other equipment, as well as the influence of temperature variation, while obtaining the data. For this reason, we decided to divide this work in two main parts. Firstly, the ICA is established at a pack level by directly averaging the BMS cells measured voltages, while the voltage drop due to connector, relays, fuses, etc are not included. This will be noted as ‘‘direct ICA’’. Secondly, ICA is obtained when considering the terminal voltage of the pack, i.e. at the charger terminals and will be noted as ‘‘terminal ICA’’. Results A comparison between the terminal Incremental Capacity (IC) curves, obtained for two different C-rates are presented in Fig. 1. Similarly to cell level analysis, the ability of this method to detect the changes of the pack’s electrochemical properties is illustrated. The voltage plateaus which are related to the first order phase transformation are undeniably associated to the ICA peaks for both current rates. Both can yield information on the cell behavior, however a reverse proportionality of the ICA peaks is observed as the current rate is increased. Moreover a shift of the ICA curve is observed by increasing the current rates, which is directly connected to the respective shift of the capacity. The same result occurs when ICA is performed for the direct method. In Fig. 2 the direct and the terminal ICA curves are shown (divided by the number of the series connected cells) for the whole pack with the bolded blue lines respectively, for C/10. The individual cells ICA curves are also illustrated with solid lines. Along with the capacity, in both cases, the direct and terminal ICA curves follow correctly the behavior of the cells and they are in the middle of the highest and lowest cells variation, as far as their magnitudes is concerned. It is also seen that the IC of the cells are not homogenous, but are shifted both horizontally and vertically. On the contrary, the terminal IC curve is shifted on the voltage axis to higher values, signifying a resistance increase, for the same current rate. Moreover, in Fig. 3, this comparison of the direct and terminal ICs is shown with their corresponding measured capacity curves. A difference in their capacities and the corresponding ICA curves can be observed for the same current rate which is dependent on the voltage drop across the connectors, relays, fuses etc. Conclusion In this paper, ICA has been applied on a battery pack consisting of 14 series connected cells. The results show that the method is very sensitive to the level of the charging current and the location of the pack voltage measurement. The ICA has also been applied on the individual cells of the pack and non-homogenous behavior is seen. Precautions should therefore be taken when applying ICA on pack-level.

Design and Demonstration of High-Throughput Protocol Oblivious Packet Forwarding to Support Software-Defined Vehicular Networks

Software-defined networking (SDN) is a promising technology that can resolve the challenges faced by vehicular networks. However, the OpenFlow-based SDN implementations can only provide a protocol-dependent data plane. This can restrict the effectiveness of software-defined vehicular networks, since special-purpose protocols that have not been standardized in OpenFlow specifications are used frequently in vehicular networks. To address this issue, this paper studies how to realize a protocol-independent data plane by leveraging the protocol oblivious forwarding (POF). Specifically, we present the design of a software-based POF switch (PVS) that supports runtime protocol customization in principle. We implement PVS in a switch box, and propose a flow table management scheme to ensure high-throughput packet forwarding. The experimental results verify that PVS can achieve line-rate packet forwarding at 10 Gbps when the packets’ size is 512 B, and the proposed flow table management scheme is effective.