Swift River Research Articles

Sheet Pile Failure Caused by Scouring and Sand Mining at Padang River Bank

Ground movement occurred on the banks of the river in Padang which has been protected by steel sheetpile which borders the Factory property. Indications of ground movement are detected through visual observations. It was also reported that the day before the incident there had been continuous rain until the next day. Based on the results of the technical drilling, it appears that the soil density becomes lower after 10m depth. There is a layer of sandy silt with a soft to medium consistency at a depth of about 18m to 26m. With soil conditions that are dominated by sandy soil, the risk of scouring due to river flow is one of the things that needs to be considered. Landslides occur gradually because changes in river flow patterns gradually changed due to internal and external factors. Internal factors are caused by the flow and behavior of the river itself, while external factors are the activity of mining of sand material around the riverbanks. Along with the swift river flow, especially during flood water conditions, the layers of soil material move and are washed away by the flow of water so that there is a gap between the sheetpile and the original soil. These conditions cause the passive resistance of the sheet pile to gradually decrease and to experience deformation due to the pushing of the soil material that has experienced a movement. Important findings in the investigation is that the very soft clay layer underneath the sandy layers was not detected prior to the investigation.

PROSES PEMBUATAN DAN EDUKASI ALAT PENDETEKSI KETINGGIAN AIR DI DESA LENGGAHSARI KECAMATAN CABANGBUNGIN

Flooding is one of the natural disasters that often occurs around the neighborhood, one of which is in Lenggahsari Village which is located in the lowlands and the location of the area is between the banks of the river, namely the Citarum river and the Ciherang river. lowlands or areas close to river flow. This natural disaster cannot be predicted when flooding will occur, in this situation there are many losses caused by flooding, including losses in plantations, loss of property and even loss of life. From the disasters faced by the people of Lenggahsari village who live near the swift river flow that lasts a long time, residents or local officials must go back and forth to see the condition of the river water level, because they are worried that if the water rises quickly it can cause losses. Meanwhile, the community and officers cannot be informed when the river water rises at any time. The purpose of this research is to be able to provide a warning of the status of the water level with the sound generated by the water level detector that we will make. Making it easier for residents or officers to monitor or know the condition of the water is potentially flooding or not so that residents can take early anticipation in order to avoid casualties due to flood disasters. This flood early detection system or tool has succeeded in providing information about flooding in real time.

Length Weight Relationships and Condition Factor of Sicydium sp. (Gobiidae) from the Yallahs River and Swift River, Jamaica

Sicydium sp., commonly known as gobies, are migratory freshwater fish that spend most of their life cycle in rivers, but when the larvae emerge they drift downstream to the sea where further development of juveniles occurs. Although Sicydium sp. are abundant in Jamaican rivers, little is known about the ecology of these species on the island and throughout the Caribbean. This study examines aspects of the ecology and biology of Sicydium populations in Jamaica. Fish sampling was carried out using dip nets and bottom kick nets at sites along the south coast in the Yallahs River, and along the north coast in the Swift River. A total of 850 gobies were captured, measured, and weighed. The values of the allometry coefficient or growth pattern (b) in the length weight relationships (LWR) were significantly different among males, females, and juveniles (p < 0.05). The growth pattern derived from LWR's was positive for females, males, and juveniles in the Yallahs River, and positive for females and juveniles but negative for males in the Swift River. The mean Fulton's condition factor (K) indicates that fish populations in both rivers are healthy and in good condition. These results augment the body of knowledge on Sicydium gobies in Jamaica.

DETERMINATION OF FLOOD DISCHARGE OF MOYAN WEIR WITH HEC-RAS PROGRAM

This research was conducted to obtain the right discharge plan in the irrigation area with a study of the amount of discharge that can be used upstream of the weir so that the water supply at the intake does not lack water. The Deras II Irrigation Area covering an area of 928 hectares, has 2 weirs as a source of irrigation water, namely the Moyan weir and Aur Weir. The upstream part of the Moyan weir is a sleeping area in the form of a swamp which farmers use to become a paddy field whose source of water comes from the swift river (upstream Moyan weir). With this water uptake, the impact on the flow of water entering the Moyan intake will be reduced, so it needs to be done with the numerical method approach of the HEC-RAS program. The results of this study are graphically depicted at each review station in the channel and the existing discharge obtained from the measurement of the speed with the current meter and water level from each cross-section along the irrigation channel. The simulation results are obtained with the condition of the river crossing, which is not filled, and the discharge is 0.024 m3/sec. The water level at the downstream cross-section is filled as high as 75 cm with a flow velocity of 0.783 m/sec, and the water level downstream of the irrigation channel is as high as 40 cm.

Mountain Rivers, Mountain Roads: Transport in Southwest China, 1700-1850 by Nanny Kim (review).

Reviewed by: Mountain Rivers, Mountain Roads: Transport in Southwest China, 1700–1850 by Nanny Kim C. Patterson Giersch (bio) Mountain Rivers, Mountain Roads: Transport in Southwest China, 1700–1850 By Nanny Kim. Leiden: Brill, 2020. Pp. Xxvi + 622. With swift rivers and rugged mountains, the Southwest borderlands were considered by Chinese to be a remote, alien, and perhaps inaccessible region. Before 1700, there was little trade with the region. The eighteenth century saw a remarkable transformation. Millions of settlers arrived from eastern China—often violently displacing indigenous communities. By the 1750s, annual exports from the Southwest borderlands to eastern China were almost 200,000 tons of Sichuan rice, 6,000 tons of Yunnan copper and Guizhou zinc, and vast quantities of medicines. Imports included large volumes of cotton and salt. Given the cost of overcoming difficult terrain, how did such robust long-distance trade emerge? In this learned opus, Nanny Kim explains the evolution of the transport industry. The result is a sometimes-stunning peek into the technological, organizational, and social innovations that enabled the Southwest border-land's integration into eastern China's wider trade networks. The book's first part looks at shipping in the Sichuan Basin, defined as the rivers that flow into the Upper Yangzi. The book then examines overland transportation from Yunnan and Guizhou to the Sichuan Basin in its second part. In both cases, Kim finds "a qualitative transformation in the transport systems," and her carefully-conceived chapters trace those transformations from the late seventeenth through the nineteenth century (p. 484). First, she sets the scene with the in-migration of settlers, first to Sichuan and then to Yunnan after the imperial government slaughtered indigenous communities (ch. 1). The migrants became the producers, consumers, and labor who made commerce possible. Eighteenth-century migrants encountered the Yangzi's famous Three Gorges stretch, shaped by torrential monsoons that sent landslides tumbling down mountainsides. Deposited into rivers, the debris produced deep holes, swirling currents, and shoals (ch. 2). As settlers opened new lands, they increased the flow of silt into the rivers, an impact intensified by the era's changing climate (ch. 6). To adapt, Sichuan boats were made sturdier for dangerous downriver trips, yet light for the intense upriver hauling. Employing wide-ranging sources, Kim reveals how dynamic technological innovations, from rigging and steering to capacity, produced the trusty mayangzi, a swift-water freighter with watertight holds for valuable cargo (ch. 3). In addition, Kim charts how private or local state interests pursued river engineering and new institutions to improve navigation infrastructure (ch. 6). Commanding, piloting, or sometimes simply dragging the boats were [End Page 284] diverse professionals, and the book provides an extraordinary glimpse of river society (chs. 4, 5). Skippers owned their boats and earned community respect. Pilots were skilled mariners, specializing in handling tricky rapids. Permanent crewmen were masters of steering and tracking. By stitching together data on riverine livelihoods, Kim argues that—contrary to stereo-type—no jobs were unskilled. Though deeply stratified, river society was not a world of "uncouth male drifters" but "a society of resourceful and well-organized men and women" (p. 229). Organizations included skippers' and trackers' guilds as well as families using multiple strategies to forge a living from the waterways. Kim then shifts to overland transport, often by mule train, from Yunnan and Guizhou to the Sichuan Basin (ch. 7). She has uncovered the important routes while projecting, in a well-reasoned argument, that eighteenth-century trade volumes were shockingly high—perhaps 20,000 tons annually on the busiest route. Intricate documents on the mint metal transport system reveal that state demand for copper and zinc sparked transformative growth. Responsible for transporting metals within budget, officials invested modestly in roads, bridges, and river engineering (ch. 8). The story is also one of private interests, as the merchants who invested in infrastructure had a greater long-term impact than the government (ch. 9). The evolution of the Southwest borderland's high-volume transport was sparked by the state, as James Lee argues in Zhongguo xinan bianjiang de shehui jingji, 1250–1850 (Renmin, 2012). Yet at the same time, private merchants, animal breeders, and muleteers developed the professional...

Effect of PMSG+AD hormone variation on the gonadal maturation of Pedih fish (Tor douronensis)

Pedih (Tor douronensis) is a freshwater fish that live in mountainous areas and swift rivers in the interior of Aceh. The aimed of this research was to analyze the dosage of PMSG+AD hormone orally for the gonadal maturation of pedih (Tor dauronensis). This research was conducted at technical implementation unit of fish breeding center Lukup Badak, Pegasing district, Aceh Tengah on Febuary to March 2018. The method used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 level of treatment and three replications: 0 ml/kg feed, 0.3 ml/kg feed, 0.5 ml/kg feed and 0.7 ml/kg feed. The result of ANOVA test showed that different dosage of PMSG+AD hormone orally showed significant effect on the weight of broodstock, relative weight, gonad maturations index, eggs diameter, and relative eggs diameter. The result of Duncan test showed that the best dosage was found 0.7 ml/kg feed, but this treatment was not significantly different with the dosage of 0.5 ml/kg feed.

Close reading: What is reading for?

Close reading has been a key shift in classroom instruction under the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). The CCSS positions evidence extraction as the purpose for reading in school and is clear that close reading is the means by which this should occur. Using alternate readings of the picture book, Letting Swift River Go, I’ll argue for the importance of reading with critical place consciousness while offering a critique of close reading as the only authorized textual approach within the CCSS. While close reading advocates point to its pedagogical potential, neglected in these discussions are questions about the broader purposes of learning to read in school. Despite the intuitive appeal of close reading, considering the practice through critical place consciousness suggests it is an inadequate construction of what reading is and what reading can do. To make this argument, I offer two readings of Letting Swift River Go, a close reading and a place-conscious reading, and conclude with a discussion about the implications of reading with a sole focus on what lies within the four corners of a text.

Beryllium-10 chronology of early and late Wisconsinan moraines in the Revelation Mountains, Alaska: Insights into the forcing of Wisconsinan glaciation in Beringia

We present 32 new cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages from a moraine sequence deposited during the Wisconsinan glaciation in the Swift River valley, Revelation Mountains, western Alaska Range. 10Be ages from an early Wisconsinan [Marine Isotope Stage 4] moraine average 59.7 ± 3.6 ka (n = 9; excluding one outlier), and 10Be ages from a late Wisconsinan [Marine Isotope Stage 2] terminal moraine, inboard moraines, and two recessional end moraines average 21.3 ± 0.8 ka (n = 3; excluding two outliers), 20.2 ± 1.0 ka (n = 7; excluding three young outliers), 19.6 ± 1.0 ka (n = 2; excluding one outlier) and 17.7 ± 0.8 ka (n = 4; excluding two outliers), respectively. The early Wisconsinan moraine age coincides with the close of MIS 4, consistent with previous chronologies from Beringia. Whereas Southern Hemisphere glaciers retreated prior to the onset of Heinrich Stadial 6 (64–60 ka), the MIS 4 glacier advance in the Swift River valley terminated at the close of Heinrich Stadial 6, possibly in response to abrupt North Atlantic warming. Our late Wisconsinan ages indicate significant initial glacier retreat between ca. 21.3–17.7 ka (prior to any significant increase in CO2) likely in response to amplified warming from rising insolation. Preservation of MIS 4 moraines in Beringia has traditionally been ascribed to limited MIS 2 glacier advance modulated by low regional moisture availability, stemming from the exposed Bering Land Bridge. However, we hypothesize that atmospheric re-organization forced by the Laurentide Ice Sheet resulted in relatively higher temperatures and drier conditions in Beringia during MIS 2 than MIS 4, allowing for the preservation of early Wisconsinan moraines.

Understanding hikers who approached a hazardous river in Yosemite National Park

ObjectivesTo understand the perceptions and motivations of hikers who approached a swift river at locations that have been associated with drowning in the past.MethodsA survey was completed by 399 adults...

Rediscovery of a Neotropical rheophyte (Podostemaceae) after 160 years: Implications for the location of conservation unit boundaries (Tocantins, Brazil)

Podostemaceae (angiosperms) occur only in swift river currents. Podostemum flagelliforme is a member of this family that was originally described by materials collected from the Tocantins River in 1844. The species was known only from the type collection until 2013, when the authors rediscovered it in the Balsas River (Tocantins), Brazil. The latter river does not occur in any current conservation unit. It is recommended that the margins of a proposed ecological corridor (Corredor Ecologico da Regiao do Jalapao) be adjusted to encompass the only known population of Podostemum flagelliforme .

BARBARA P. JOSIAH. Migration, Mining, and the African Diaspora: Guyana in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.

The best chapter in Barbara P. Josiah's book is “The Perils of Labor in Mining.” It tells how, beginning in about 1890, the descendants of slaves began to migrate into British Guiana's rugged interior and back to escape the oppression and low wages of coastal sugar cane plantations by seeking higher wages in gold and diamond mines. Their travel routes—dangerous forest trails and swift rivers—were perilous, and once migrants found mining jobs, they were subject to malnutrition, disease, injury, snake bites, and other accidents that altogether claimed hundreds of lives. Despite these obstacles, Afro-Guyanese mineworkers extended and refined their migration strategies over the years, thereby creating a cultural tradition. They routinely sent postal money orders home to families in the coastal plantation settlements. Josiah documents these events using colonial medical and postal records and evidence from oral history. Further, she traces these heroic migratory exploits through the twentieth century and to the present day.

Life History Traits of Adult Broad Whitefish and Humpback Whitefish

Abstract Broad whitefish Coregonus nasus and humpback whitefish C. pidschian are important to the regional subsistence economy of the Kuskokwim River watershed, Alaska, where they and other whitefish constitute greater than half of the nonsalmon fish harvests. Harvest occurs year-round from lakes, ponds, and the mainstem by subsistence fishermen and through a limited number of commercial permits. Little is known about the life history (e.g., migration patterns) of these species, and subsistence fishers have raised concerns about declining body size and abundance. Project objectives were to 1) characterize annual movement patterns of mature broad whitefish and humpback whitefish, 2) verify suspected spawning locations and locate new spawning locations for broad whitefish and humpback whitefish, 3) describe overwintering locations for broad whitefish and humpback whitefish, 4) characterize age and length at maturity for broad whitefish and humpback whitefish, and 5) characterize the habitat of at least one humpback whitefish spawning area. During 2006–2009, we implanted radiotransmitters in 135 mature broad whitefish and 83 humpback whitefish and tracked movements in the Kuskokwim River drainage. We identified two mainstem spawning areas used by broad whitefish and three tributary spawning areas and one mainstem spawning area used by humpback whitefish. Broad whitefish continued to move into spawning areas under the ice and spawned in late October or early November. Humpback whitefish spawned in early October before the river froze over. Individuals of each species migrated as far as 800 river kilometers to spawning areas. Both species migrated downstream after spawning, overwintered in the mainstem Kuskokwim River, and exhibited fidelity to oxbow and tundra lake feeding areas in the summer. Consecutive year spawning was exhibited by individuals of both species and occurred more frequently in males than females for broad whitefish. The median age (5 y) of broad whitefish captured for radiotagging was younger than ages observed in samples collected from other broad whitefish populations in Alaska and Canada. Only mature humpback whitefish in spawning condition were found during October in suspected spawning areas in the Holitna and Swift rivers.

Benefits and costs ofLeptophlebia(Ephemeroptera) mayfly movements between river channels and floodplain wetlands

Dramatic drift of nymphs of the mayflies Leptophlebia Westwood, 1840 and Siphlonurus Eaton, 1868 (47 600 individuals/trap per hour) was observed between a southeastern USA river and adjacent floodplain following natural flooding events. Active movements of these nymphs against the water flow were also detected. Large numbers of leptophlebid nymphs reside in floodplains during the winter and spring, but how and why they colonize and develop in temporary habitats is uncertain. We detected few environmental advantages (i.e., temperature, food abundance or quality) for mayflies in floodplains compared with river habitats. Despite this, experiments indicated that mayflies had 36% higher growth rates in the floodplain than in the river and demonstrated tolerance to short-term drying (up to 12 d). Migration entails costs of migrating against flows during daylight when vulnerability to predation is high, colonizing a habitat subject to drying, hypoxia, and supporting amphibian predators, with few apparent benefits. Dispersal into wetlands may be attributed to avoiding swift river flows or exploiting largely fishless habitats. However, dispersal could be an evolutionary relic of behavior beneficial in more northerly habitats; our study populations of Leptophlebia mayflies were at the southern extreme of their range and perhaps operating suboptimally. Our results emphasize the importance of river–floodplain linkages to the ecology of both habitats.

Writing on Water: A Terra Nova Book

Review: Writing on Water: A Terra Nova Book Edited by David Rothenberg and Marta Ulvaeus Reviewed by Enzo Ferrara Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale, Italy David Rothenberg and Marta Ulvaeus (Eds.). Writing on Water: A Terra Nova Book. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. 288pp. ISBN 0-262-18211-4 (Hardcover). US $24.95 The Terra Nova project aims to assess the artistic and cultural aspects of environmental issues, provided that they are scientific and political. The second book in the series, Writing on Water, is an effective selection of short works. It covers almost everything about water, from the practice of resource management and protection to the mysteries that water hides. Geology, ecology, chemistry, sociology, economics, myth, and history are included. The book is divided into five sections, with each one devoted to a specific theme. Several questions are posed and analyses of human relationships with water are offered. A scientific and philosophical approach is taken, mainly through introspective debates. Reflections are complemented with black and white photographs. Source and Substance, the pilot chapter, contains a scientific essay on the properties of aqueous solutions, remarking on how our understanding still fails as the investigation gets deeper. Political reflections on watersheds follow, along with poetry celebrating water as the ancestor of life. Teaching of the Flow warns us to respect the environmental equilibrium of water as taught by reflections upon the ancestral odysseys of men and salmon meeting in fisheries, or by the question of the immorality of weather modification proposed about the flood that struck Rapid City in 1972. Self- reflections are suggested when we are asked how much awareness exists in us about some kinds of subtle pollution, unconsciously circulating underground. Diving Deep is on the hidden, profound soul of water. Or, metaphorically, it is about the abyss where humans choose to keep their fears and hopes. An amusing novel here treats the inner conflict of scientific and poetical moods. Different rationales are found, but continue to be sought amid the covert aqueous straits of a mountain lake. Swept Away deals with the cycling rhythm of life, quiet as a shore can be or tumultuous as a swift river. One contribution smartly invokes correspondences

Lucretius, 4.420–25

This passage occurs in a series of examples of optical illusions which Lucretius provides in order to illustrate the way in which the mind can misinterpret the evidence of the senses. There are no manuscript variations relevant to the problem which I wish to discuss.The situation envisaged is that in fording a swift river, a horse has come to a halt in mid-stream. ‘We’, that is, the rider, look down into the rushing water and get the impression that our horse is moving sideways and upstream, although the horse is in fact stationary. And wherever we turn our eyes across the water, everything seems to be in motion. The question is, what is meant by the word ‘everything’, that is, omnia in line 424? Bailey interprets: ‘when after looking down for some time at the rushing stream, we then look up at the objects on the bank, they all seem to be moving.! Similarly Leonard and Smith take the reference to be to’ all objects on the bank or all stones, etc., sticking out of the stream.’ In this case the words ‘assimili nobis ratione’ must be taken closely together: the objects on the bank seem to be moving upstream in the same way that we ourselves appear to do.

Ranunculus penicillatus in Norden

Twenty‐one populations of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium (Ranunculaceae) from central Jutland, Denmark, were studied in the field and sampled for cytological, morphological and embryological investigation; for embryology the confocal laser scanning method (CLSM) was used. Six taxa were represented: R. penicillatus ssp. penicillatus and ssp. pseudofluitans, R. aquatilis var. aquatilis, R. peltatus ssp. peltatus and ssp. baudotii and R. circinatus. The main aim was to determine whether R. penicillatus occurs in the area. 14 of the 21 populations were referred to R. penicillatus; all 14 were tetraploid, though a few triploid plants were also found in two of these populations. Some populations show characteristic features of hybrid origin. These have, however, found a niche in swift rivers in west‐central Jutland, reduction in fertility being compensated for by the dominant asexual mode of reproduction, and new parts of the river systems have continually been invaded. They are accorded taxonomic rank, the heterophyllous populations being treated as ssp. penicillatus and the homophyllous populations as ssp. pseudofluituns. Accordingly, R. penicillatus is represented in Denmark and thus in Norden. Flora Nordica Notes no. 7.

Disaster Prevention in Records Management in Japan

Because Japan is on the western extremity of the Pacific Ocean and on a typhoon route, every year several typhoons strike and much flood damage is suffered. Japan is also a country where earthquakes frequently occur. On a map of the epicentres of earthquakes occurring in the world, so many occur in Japan that its whereabouts can not be seen. The area of plains in Japan comes to not much more than 10% of the total area, and since cities grow on the estuaries of swift rivers, topographically too there is proneness to flood damage, and also to damage from tidal waves. Since Japanese cities are densely populated and wooden house building has been common since ancient times, as regards city structure also there is typically a great danger of damage from fire. If the storage of information in Japan, prone as it is to disasters in terms of meteorology, geography and urban structures, does not take account of flood, fire and earthquake damage, then storage policy can hardly be called adequate.

Artificial substrate exposure times for periphyton biomass estimates in rivers

Abstract The time for periphyton biomass to accrue to approximately natural levels on a new artificial substrate sampler, designed for use in harsh river environments, was investigated. Six 8‐week experiments were attempted in 9 New Zealand rivers of differing nutrient status. Accrual rates were highly variable and results between experiments were inconsistent within rivers. The colonisation stage, and the low biomass communities, were dominated by heterotrophic organisms and/or detritus. In unenriched and enriched rivers, biomass on the artificial substrates approximated natural substrate communities after 4 weeks. In moderately enriched rivers results were highly variable and artificial substrate biomass gave only a fair representation of natural substrate levels after 8 weeks of accrual. Because of variability in accural rates, adopting standard accrual times for artificial substrate sampling of New Zealand's shallow, swift rivers is not recommended. Samplers should be checked regularly and removed jus...

A periphyton sampler for shallow, swift rivers

Abstract A bottom‐seated artificial substrate periphyton sampler was designed and evaluated for use in shallow, swift rivers. The sampler was found to be robust, but 19% of samples were lost owing to flooding and 17% because of vandalism. Both glass and perspex are usable as substrates providing the surfaces are well etched. Vertically oriented substrates gave the highest sample precision and are recommended for routine monitoring. Variability within samplers was generally greater than that between samplers. Mean within‐sampler coefficients of variation were 54% for algal density, 12% for algal diversity, 43% for chlorophyll a, and 36% for ash‐free dry weight. The numbers of replicates required to obtain given percentage errors for various determinands are presented as nomographs. One sampler per station enabled most moderate or large changes in the structure of communities to be detected.

Sigurdur Thorarinsson 1911–1983

In March 1875 a number of farms were abandoned in eastern Iceland as a consequence of the great eruption of Askja volcano. The abandonment of one farm, however, had to be delayed as the family was expecting a child. In the spring a son was born. He was Thorarinn, the father of Sigurdur Thorarinsson. This incident is merely one example of the dynamic interaction between man and nature which is so typical of Iceland. Here the geological mill, fueled by vigorous volcanism, glaciers, and swift rivers, grinds faster than elsewhere on earth. Here the existence of a small nation is continually responding and adjusting to the environmental pressures generated by rapid and sometimes catastrophic earth processes.