Swietenia Macrophylla Seeds Research Articles

The cytotoxicity of 1,4-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-tetrahydro-furo(3,4-c) furan isolated from Swietenia macrophylla King seed extract on 3T3-L1 and RAW 264.7 cells

The exploration of natural products as anti-obesity candidates needs to be performed urgently since obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and many drugs for this health condition were withdrawn due to their serious adverse events such as psychiatric disorders and drug dependence. The 1,4-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-tetrahydro-furo(3,4-c) furan, a saponin isolated from Indonesian Swietenia macrophylla seeds extract has the potential to modulate obesity because it acts as a potent PPAR-γ agonist in silico and the seeds’ hypolipidemic effect has been proven. The cytotoxicity study is a crucial part of the early pharmaceutical development stage, whilst, the exploration of 1,4-bis(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)-tetrahydro-furo(3,4-c) furan to ensure the compound’s safety in preadipocytes and macrophage cells which play a crucial role in obesity pathogenesis is still limited. This study aims to explore the cytotoxicity of saponin isolate on 3T3-L1 (preadipocytes) and RAW 264.7 (macrophages) cell lines to ensure its safety profile in vitro. Both cell lines were exposed to various concentrations of the isolate (3.125-200 µg/mL), then metformin was used as the standard drug and DMSO as solvent control for 24 hrs. The cytotoxicity test was conducted by MTT assay and IC50 was determined by probit analysis. Most of the 1,4-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-tetrahydro-furo(3,4-c) furan did not affect the viability of 3T3-L1 and RAW 264.7 with the IC50 148.90±12.22 and 84.78±1.69 µg/mL, respectively. Metformin and DMSO also did not alter the viability of both cells. These results were promising as a basis for further development since the isolates’ IC50 value was more than the cytotoxic threshold of NCI guidelines.

Potential of Active Compounds in Broadleaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Seeds Against Breast Cancer Cells Based on In Silico Study

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Indonesia. However, the drugs that are commonly used for treatment can cause side effects and become resistant over time. A study was conducted to test the cytotoxic activity of broadleaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) seed extract on MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. The study aimed to predict active compounds in the broadleaf mahogany seeds that have the potential to act as anti-breast cancer agents using in silico analysis. Molecular docking, visualization of the interaction between the receptor and the ligands, and physicochemical analysis were used to determine the most promising compounds. The receptors used were fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R), estrogen receptor (ER-α), and progesterone receptor (PR). The results showed that 12 compounds have the potential to be active as anti-breast cancer agents. Three of these compounds, 3β,6-dihydroxydihydrocarapine, stigmasterol, and 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one, were predicted to have similar mechanisms of inhibition as a comparator drug based on binding site similarity values. These compounds are predicted to be taken orally and are promising for further research.

Active Compounds in Broadleaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Seeds as Antiaging Agent Based on Molecular Docking Study

The appearance of brown spots and wrinkles can be a sign of aging which can increase the risk of cancer. Compounds in broadleaf mahogany seeds (Swietenia macrophylla) contains many compounds and is known to have anticancer activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the compounds in the seeds of these plants have the potential to antiaging by analyzing their molecular docking interaction on the MMP-1 enzyme (matrix metalloproteinase), NEP (neprilysin), PPO3 (polyphenol oxidase), and as a support for the search for anticancer compounds. Two compounds that have the potential as strong inhibitors towards MMP-1 and PPO3 enzymes, namely β-cytostenone and 3β-hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-on which is a steroid group, as well as germacrena A and germacrena D which are terpenoids. Only compound 3β-hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-on which has the potential as a strong inhibitor of the NEP enzyme. All compounds have the potential to be strong inhibitors according to the Lipinski rule. Only compounds which binds to the PPO3 enzyme which has better activity than natural ligand based on ΔG and Binding Site Similarity (BSS) values.

Solubility of Swietenia Macrophylla Seeds In Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction

Swietenia macrophylla seeds oil has been claimed to possess anti-diabetic, antioxidant and other health benefit properties which have garnered the interest from food and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to determine solubility data of S. macrophylla seeds oil in order to understand the behaviour of the separation process which is fundamental in the designing process. Solubility of S. macrophylla seeds oil in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was determined by using dynamic method at 20-30 MPa and 40-60°C at fixed CO2 flowrate, 2 mL/min. The solubility of S. macrophylla seeds oil obtained were 1.93 to 4.77 mg (g CO2)−1 and was increased with pressure and temperature. In this study, the Chrastil, Adachi-Lu, del Valle-Aguilera, Gordillo and Sparks as semi-empirical models were tested to fit the experimental data. The Sparks model showed the best-fitted model for S. macrophylla seeds oil solubility data with an average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 7.76% and a high coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.992. It can be concluded that the semi-empirical model give good correlation between observed value and predicted value.

Acute toxicity profiling of the ethyl acetate fraction of Swietenia macrophylla seeds and in-vitro neuroprotection studies

Swietenia macrophylla (SM) is a medicinally important plant found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The ethyl acetate fraction of the seeds of S. macrophylla (SMEAF) is reported to exhibit potent anticancer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antifeedant activities. Till date, there have been no studies reported on the acute oral toxicity profile of the ethyl acetate fraction of the seeds of SM. The objective of the present study was to determine the acute toxicity of SMEAF and evaluate the in-vitro neuroprotective activity of SMEAF using primary neuronal cell cultures. In acute oral toxicity study, the SMEAF did not produce any lethal signs of morbidity and mortality. Histo-pathological findings, support the safety of SMEAF, as there were no significant changes observed in any of the parameters studied. Based on the results obtained in MTT assay, we infer that SMEAF has a significant neuroprotective effect, as it increased the cell viability and exhibited protection to the neuronal cells against TBHP induced oxidative stress. Thus, SMEAF can be suggested for use in the development of herbal drug formulations with neuroprotective potential.

Reduced Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase Activity by Swietenia Macrophylla Seeds in Diabetic Rats

Background: We have previously reported that the CA activity is associated with advance glycation end product in insulin resistance condition. Our earlier report also revealed that Swietenia macrophylla effectively reduces the blood glucose levels in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Aim: The present study aims to find out if there is any effect of these plant extract on CA activity in Diabetic rat model. Materials and Methods: Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes except in the control group.The activities of the Carbonic anhydrase in plasma and other biochemical parameters were estimated using standardized methods. Results: Our Results demonstrate the erythrocyte CA activity is positively correlated with the blood glucose as well as total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol levels. There is reduction of CA activity under the effect of these extract along with effective lowering of blood glucose and the above lipid parameters. Conclusions: The extract of Swietenia macrophylla seeds effectively inhibits erythrocyte CA activity and has potential for use to control Diabetes Mellitus and prevent complications.

Acute oral toxicity studies of Swietenia macrophylla seeds in Sprague Dawley rats.

Background:Swietenia macrophylla King. (Meliaceae) seeds (SMS); commonly known as sky fruit and locally known in Malaysia as Tunjuk Langit; have been used in traditional Malay medicine for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension. The people eat only a tiny amount of raw seed, weighing not more than 5 mg.Aim:To evaluate the safety of Swietenia macrophylla seeds (SMS) at a single-dose oral administration of 2 g/kg body weight (bw) in sprague dawley (SD) rats.Materials and Methods:Eight-week old male and female SD rats were administered a single-oral dose of 2g/kg bw. The rats’ general behavior, and toxic signs were observed throughout the 14-day study period. The food and water intake by rats and their body weight were monitored during the study period. At the end of the study period, the relative weights of the organs (lung, liver, spleen, heart, kidney, testis, stomach); the hematological and biochemical parameters were measured; the architecture and histology of the organs (liver, kidney and lungs) were observed.Results:Oral administration of SMS to rats did not affect, either food or water intake; relative organ weight of vital organs; the hematological and biochemical parameters; did not show significant changes in the architecture and histology of vital organs. Overall, there were neither signs of toxicity nor deaths recorded during the study period.Conclusion:The rat dose of 2 g/kg bw is equivalent to the human dose of 325 mg/kg bw, which is well below the usual amount consumed by people, did not show any signs of toxicity in rats.

Evaluation of plasma H2S levels and H2S synthesis in streptozotocin induced Type-2 diabetes-an experimental study based on Swietenia macrophylla seeds

To evaluate the plasma H2S levels and H2S synthesis activity in streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rats compared to the healthy controls and also to observe the effect of the aqueous extract of Swietenia macrophylla (S. macrophylla) seeds on the experimental groups. Seeds of S. macrophylla were separated, washed, shed-dried and finally extract was prepared. Thirty two wistar rats were selected for the experimental study. Streptozotocin was used for the induction of diabetes. H2S concentration in plasma was measured. H2S synthesizing activity in plasma was measured. Statistical analysis have done using Microsoft excel, Office 2003. Values were expressed by mean±SD. P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Fasting blood glucose level (7.74±0.02) mmol/L was significantly increased in diabetic rats. The glucose levels are significantly lowered in the rats treated with metformin (5.48±0.03) mmol/L as well as with aqueous extract of S. macrophylla seeds (3.72±0.04) mmol/L. The HbA1c percentages in different groups of study subjects also indicate similar trends. Our study shows both the plasma H2S levels (22.07±0.73) mmol/L and plasma H2S synthesis activity (0.411±0.005 mmol/100 g) are significantly reduced in the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Although considering a small sample size, it can conclude that the fasting blood glucose levels are inversely related to plasma H2S levels as well as H2S synthesis activity in plasma and the extract of S. macrophylla is associated with increased plasma H2S levels with effective lowering of blood glucose in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Regeneration of pancreatic b‑cells on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats under the effect of Swietenia macrophylla seeds

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major killers these days and has a profound effect in the quality of life. Despite considerable progress in the treatment of diabetes, search for newer drugs continues, especially from the natural resources. We have previously reported that the seed of the plant. Swietenia macrophylla is nontoxic. Aim: The current study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Swietenia macrophylla seeds on histopathological changes of pancreatic, hepatic and renal tissues, besides to observe its effect on the blood glucose level and lipid parameters in experimental diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The Albino rat (Wister Strain) weighing 200‑250 gm were divided into five groups of seven rats each and streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes except in the control group. The control group (I) and diabetic control group (II) received redistilled water. Group III and V diabetic rats were administered with aqueous extract of Swietenia macrophylla seeds (2 gm/kg body weight) daily for 30 days. Peptide was mixed with extract as adjuvant in the latter group (1:1, 2 gm/kg body weight/day for 30 days). Group IV diabetic rats were fed with aqueous extract of standard drug Metformin (10 mg/kg body weight). Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel, Office 2003 and SPSS 16 software. Values were expressed by mean ± SD. P value <0.05, <0.01 were considered statistically significant. Results: The oral administration of extract alone and extract plus soya peptide to diabetic rats was found to possess significant hypoglycaemic as well as hypolipidemic activity. Histopathological changes include hypercellularity of islets tissue with increased hyperchromic nucleus in the same group. Increased density of islets in pancreatic tissue with higher percent of b cells and islets size in this group, in comparison to diabetic untreated group indicate regeneration of beta cells under the effect of Swietenia macrophylla seeds, without any significant change in hepatic and renal tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that the Swietenia macrophylla seeds have potentials for development into a therapeutic agent in diabetes mellitus. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, histopathology, lipid profile, Swietenia macrophylla seeds

Swietenine: A potential oral hypoglycemic from Swietenia macrophylla seed

Swietenine, a tetranortriterpenoid, was isolated from the Swietenia macrophylla seeds. The in vivo hypoglycemic activity was evaluated against neonatal-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Oral administration of swietenine at 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight per day to diabetic rats was found to possess significant dose dependant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in type 2 diabetic rats.

Effect of Swietenia macrophylla seeds on normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The methanol extract of the seed of Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) seeds were investigated for its hypoglycaemic activity in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Seed extract suspended in aqueous Tween 80 solution, the graded doses were administered to normal and experimental diabetic rats for 10 days. Fasting blood glucose levels, serum lipid profiles and changes in body weight were evaluated in normal rats while the hepatic marker enzymes and liver glycogen levels were evaluated additionally in diabetic rats. The diabetic groups treated with the seed extract were compared with standard drug glibenclamide. The findings showed the significant antidiabetic potential of the extract in ameliorating the diabetic conditions in diabetic rats. The extract also has hypoglycaemic action in normal rats. A toxicity study has been performed for the extract, which revealed that the extract is safe to use even at the doses of 3.2 mg/kg of body weight orally. The result from the present investigation indicates good correlation between the folk use and scientific investigation.

Incidence and Severity of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus under Phytopesticidal Management

The experimentation was made to investigate the incidence of tomato yellow leaf curl virus and its effect on the nutritional components in fruits and chlorophyll content in the leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum taken under phytopesticidal management. Phytopesticidal treatments used in the study were extracts of neem (Azadiracta indica) fruits, garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs, karamja (Pongamia pinnata) leaves and mehogoni (Swietenia macrophylla) seeds. Plots with no phytopesticidal treatments were used as control. Plants under no management were found to be in highest incidence of the virus. There were significant role of phytopesticides in reducing the incidence and severity of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Among the treatments, Karamja extract performed best against TYLCV in all respect of yield and yield related parameters of tomato. Viral infection in tomato plants caused a negative effect on fruit nutrition. Though negative effect of TYLCV infection was found for chlorophyll A content in tomato leaves, but for chlorophyll B, it caused no significant effect.