Swietenia Humilis Research Articles

Actividad biológica in vitro de extractos etanólicos de plantas de la familia Meliaceae en Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

In vitro effect of ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica seeds, Melia azedarach and Swietenia humilis (Meliaceae) were evaluated on the mortality, repellency and oviposition of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Toxicity was determined by the placement of adults and nymphs on orange leaf discs (Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia) previously sprayed or immersed in the treatments. The repellency was estimated through an exposition of adults to the treated leaf, in an experimental arena for 24 h. In order to inhibit oviposition, Murraya paniculata sprouts sprinkled with 2.5 mL of solution were used. The ethanolic extracts from the three meliaceus showed toxicity on nymphs and adults; however, adults evidenced the toxic effect as of 100.0 mg/mL, while nymphs did at 4.10 mg/mL. With a repellent effect, the 100 mg/mL solution stands out, with 82 and 78% for A. indica and S. humilis, respectively; effect associated to the concentration and the time. The oviposition was affected by ethanolic extracts of S. humilis and A. indica at 100.0 mg/mL. It is inferred that the ethanol extracts from S. humilis and A. indica present potential to be considered in the development of alternatives for the integrated management of D. citri.

Antibacterial Bioactivity of n-Hexane Extract from Mahogany (Swietenia humilis Zucc.) Seed and Its Fatty Acid Compound Identification

An investigation of antimicrobial bioactivity followed by GCMS analysis for the fatty acid composition has been conducted to the crude n-hexane extract of Swietenia humilis Zucc. seed. The goal of this research to determine the inhibition zone diameter for antimicrobial activity and the percentage of fatty acid contained in the extract. The seed of S. humilis Zucc. have been extracted by soxhletation with n-hexane as the solvent. The extract has been tested through in vitro antimicrobial bioassay toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by paper disc diffusion method. The fatty acid composition has been identified by fatty acid methyl esters method through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The result shows that the extract is more effective to inhibit the S. aureus activity with diameter range from 10 to 17 mm while E. coli tends to be resistance. The extract contains palmitic acid 15.49%; palmitoleic acid 0.28%; octadecanoic acid 14.04%; oleic acid 37.02 %; linoleic acid 24.70%; linolenic acid 7.33%; arachidic acid 0.84%; and tricosanoic acid 0.33%. The research confirms that S. humilis Zucc. seed oil contains polyunsaturated fatty acid and can be used as an antimicrobial agent.

Differential herbivory and successional status in five tropical tree species

Using 4 restoration plots, we performed a common garden experiment to test the hypothesis that inter-specific variation in leaf herbivory depends on the successional status of tree species of the seasonally dry tropical forest. In July of 2011, we calculated the standing levels of herbivory in 5 species at the beginning of the rainy season: Ipomoea pauciflora (early-successional), Swietenia humilis, and Pseudobombax ellipticum (intermediate-successional) and Jacaratia mexicana and Bursera linanoe (late-successional). From each individual tree, we selected 14 leaves to measure herbivory (N = 84 plants, 821 leaves). The mean leaf area lost by herbivory across the 5 tree species was 5.25%. The results evidencing differences among the categories evaluated supported our hypothesis, as herbivory increased from the late to the early-successional species. We discussed the proximate (i.e, differential leaf traits) and ultimate causes (i.e., differential selective pressures) operating on trees situated at the extreme of the successional stages that could explain the inter-specific differences in herbivory we observed. In accordance with our results, successional status should be recognized as a factor affecting herbivory in tree species in tropical dry forests.

Antihyperalgesic activity of a mexicanolide isolated from Swietenia humilis extract in nicotinamide-streptozotocin hyperglycemic mice

Swietenia humilis Zucc. (Meliaceae) seeds are used in Mexico for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mexicanolides are the main hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic compounds of the species. This study was conducted to investigate the antihyperalgesic effect of an aqueous extract of the seeds of Swietenia humilis (SHAE) and of mexicanolide 2-hydroxy-destigloyl-6-deoxyswietenine acetate (1), using the formalin test in mice. The antihyperalgesic actions of SHAE and mexicanolide 1, as well as its possible transductional activity, were assessed in nicotinamide-streptozotocin (NA-STZ) hyperglycemic mice. Local injection of SHAE (10–177μg) and mexicanolide 1 (0.5–3.5μg) exhibited concentration-dependent antihyperalgesic action in NA-STZ hyperglycemic mice. Ketanserin (6μg), a 5-HT2A/C receptor antagonist, and flumazenil (6μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, abolished the antihyperalgesic effect of mexicanolide 1 (3μg). On the other hand, naloxone (3μg), L-arginine (50μg), and Nω-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (150μg) diminished the antihyperalgesic effect of mexicanolide 1. The aqueous extract of the seeds possesses significant antihyperalgesic action. Compound 1 produces antihyperalgesia through GABAA, 5-HT2A/C and opioid receptors. Also, the nitrergic system is involve in the antihyperalgesic effect of 1. Data obtained with Swietenia humilis Zucc. seeds give evidence of its potential for pain associated with diabetes treatment.

Estructura arbórea e importancia cultural de los huertos frutícolas tradicionales de Coatetelco, Morelos, México

Traditional fruit homegardens are units of production of high richness of species with value in use. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the arboreal structure of 30 homegardens of Coatetelco, Morelos and the value in use of the species. The structure was quantified through the Importance Value Index (IVI). The Cultural Value Index (CVI) identified the preference of the community. The arboreal variety includes 24 botanical families, 49 genera and 65 species; 45 % were introduced and 55 % were native of America from which 23 % belonged to dry tropical deciduous forest. Ecologically and culturally, the most important species are the multiple use ones (Leucaena leucocephala, and L. esculenta), self-supply and sale ones (Mangifera indica, and Citrus x aurantium), and the ones produced during dry season (Spondias purpurea and Pithecellobium dulce). The size of homegardens, specific richness and density are positively related. Importance value and cultural value index correlated 86 %. The structure of the homegardens was organized because of cultural reasons. The preferred species are the ones with the highest value in use. Native trees such as Amphipterygium adstringens, Swietenia humilis, Jacaratia mexicana, Enterolobium cyclocarpum and also some other species introduced as Citrus maxima, Ficus carica and Moringa oleifera which could be lost because of lack of space.

Nursery practices increase seedling performance on nutrient-poor soils in Swietenia humilis

Swietenia humilis is a valued tree species for its high-quality wood, among other commercial interests. Attempts to plant the species in southwest Mexico have often failed due to poor quality seedlings combined with low soil fertility and dry environments. Nursery top-pruning and fertilization are practices previously reported to improve seedling quality, and facilitate rapid establishment under poor site conditions. In the present study, the effects of three top-pruning intensities (0%, 25%, and 50%), and two fertilizer regimes (traditional and exponential) on several S. humilis seedling morphological and physiological indices were tested in the nursery, and a quality test trial on nutrient-poor soils was conducted. Significant interactions between the above two treatments were not detected. Top pruning at 25% and 50% intensity did not improve S. humilis seedling quality. However, exponential nutrient supply exhibited favorable effects on seedling growth. Results of the quality test trial revealed exponential fertilization promoted satisfactory seedling performance when low nutrient availability was a limiting factor.

Cross transferability of SSR markers to endangered Cedrela species that grow in Argentinean subtropical forests, as a valuable tool for population genetic studies

Species of Cedrela with a high economic value from Northwest and Northeastern Argentina are severely exploited. This work evaluates whether 51 nuclear SSRs, developed to study phylogenetically close species in the Meliaceae family (Cedrela odorata, Cedrela fissilis, Swietenia humilis and Swietenia macrophylla), can be used to study C. fissilis, Cedrela balansae, Cedrela saltensis and Cedrela angustifolia. A 62.8% of the total of 194 SSRs/species combinations showed a successful, homologous and cross-species amplification. As expected, a great success in SSRs transferability among Cedrela species was observed. Twenty-one screened SSRs showed a successful amplification pattern in all target species and many of them were polymorphic (9, 13, 13 and 7 SSRs for C. fissilis, C. balansae, C. saltensis and C. angustifolia, respectively). The high number of evaluated SSRs from the Cedrela genus and Meliaceae family, allowed us to obtain a suitable set of validated markers that are highly variable and easily scored, and also identify those which were less sturdy. We were able to retain a useful set of markers for three of the target species, but not for C. angustifolia. This could be due to its greater phylogenetic and morphological distances to the other three species. The lack of SSRs developed for our target species, transforms the transferred SSRs reported here in a valuable tool to monitor the genetic consequences of forest overexploitation on Cedrela species.

Physicochemical characterization and fatty acid content of ‘venadillo’ (Swietenia humilis Zucc.) seed oil

Physicochemical properties of Swietenia humilis Zucc seed oils were determined along with its fatty acid composition, by using gas-liquid chromatography. The oil content found in the germ portion of the seeds was 45.38%. From physicochemical oil evaluations, an oil density of 0.9099 mg∙ml -1 at 28°C; a refraction index of 1.4740 at 20°C; a saponification index of 159.55 mg KOH∙g -1 ; a peroxide index of 0.739 meq O 2 ∙kg -1 , and 0.367% free fatty acid content were shown. From chromatographic oil evaluations, eight fatty acids were identified showing palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1 cis-9), linoleic (C18:2 cis-9,12), and linolenic (C18:3 cis-9,12,15) as the most predominant. The percentage of saturated, monounsatured and polyunsatured fatty acids were at 18.45, 29.27 and 47.50%, respectively. These results show that ‘venadillo’ oil has a high content of essential fatty acids, mainly linoleic and linolenic. Therefore, this oil shows promissory uses as nutritional component to reduce the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood, mostly from patients with higher cardiovascular disease risks. Key words: Oil, α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oilseeds, Swietenia humilis.

TRATAMIENTO SILVICULTURAL, MONITOREO Y REPOBLACIÓN CON IGUANA (<i>Iguana iguana</i>) EN BOSQUE DE GALERÍA DE LA UNIDAD PRODUCTIVA HACIENDA LAS MERCEDES, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA

El estudio fue realizado en la Unidad Productiva "HaciendaLas Mercedes" patrimonio de la Universidad NacionalAgraria (UNA). El objetivo fue contribuir a la conservacióndel Bosque de Galería mediante la aplicación del tratamientosilvicultural de enriquecimiento y repoblación con la especieIguana iguana. La metodología se desarrolló iniciando con unavisita de reconocimiento a La ribera de la Presa Los Sábalos(sitio de la plantación forestal) y a la ribera Presa Las Mercedes(sitio para la repoblación con iguanas). El experimento dede repoblación forestal inició con el establecimiento de seisparcelas con especies forestales (Pithecellobium saman (jacq)Bent, Swietenia humilis Zucc, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam,Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC, Albizzia caribeae(Urb).B&R y Dalbergia retusa Hemsl) en un área de 0.22 ha.Dentro de cada parcela se ubicó una parcela útil (16 individuos)para realizar el levantamiento de datos dasométricos (alturacm, diámetro basal mm y sobrevivencia) y análisis estadístico.Luego se identificaron las especies vegetales presentes enla plantación y se monitoreo (caracterización del sitio) deIguana iguana (Iguana verde) y Ctenosaura similis (Garrobonegro también conocida como iguana rayada), para lo cualse establecieron seis transeptos (156 m, 200 m, 209 m, 212m, 190 m y 198 m) en 4.9 ha con la aplicación del métodode King. Posteriormente se estableció la repoblación con laespecie Iguana iguana; para ello se introdujeron 18 hembras y6 machos. Por último se realizo el procesamiento y análisis dela información obtenida. Los mayores incrementos promediostotales y mensuales en altura y diámetro basal se presentaron enC. candidissimum (Vahl) DC (21.93 cm y 3.655 cm y 0.34 mm y0.057 mm). En la sobrevivencia los valores de excelente (100%)lo obtuvieron las especies C. candidissimum (Vahl) DC y D.retusa Hemsl y entre los buenos resultaron G. ulmifolia (76%)y S. humilis (67%). La sobrevivencia promedio de las especiesforestales establecidas fue de (87 %). 10 especies vegetalesfueron identificadas (Elitraria imbricata, Baltimora recta, Sidaacuta, Lantara camara, Rowolfio tetrafila, Commelina difusa,Priva lappulaceae, Mimosa pudica, Datura stramonium ySolanum americanum). En el primer monitoreo no se encontróIguana iguana solo la Ctenosaura similis (52 individuos),observado en los transeptos 2, 4 y 6 (en sitios con árbolesgrandes y frondosos, distantes de la fuente de agua. Despuésde la repoblación, la especie Iguana iguana (51 individuos) seobservó en los transectos 2, 5 y 6 (en sitios próximos a fuentesde agua, árboles pequeños. Y Ctenosaura similis (48 individuos)se observó en los transectos 2, 3, 4 y 6.Palabras clave: Conservación; plantación forestal; cálculosdasométricos; Ctenosaura similis.DOI: 10.5377/calera.v9i12.3

Responses to Fire in Selected Tropical Dry Forest Trees1

ABSTRACTFire is a frequent disturbance in the tropical dry forests of Central America, yet very little is known about how native species respond to such events. We conducted an experimental burn in a tropical dry forest of western Nicaragua to evaluate plant responses to fire with respect to survivorship and recruitment. Measurements of woody vegetation of all size classes were carried out prior to the prescribed burn and three successive years post fire. We selected the 15 most abundant species <10 cm DBH to assess percent survivorship and sprouting responses post fire. Changes in seedling densities for these 15 most abundant species and the 15 least abundant species were analyzed using a repeated measure ANOVA. We also assessed changes in seedling densities for three species of international conservation concern. We found three major fire‐coping strategies among common dry forests plants: resisters (low fire‐induced mortality), resprouters (vigorous sprouting), and recruiters (increased seeding post‐fire). While survivorship was generally high relative to tropical moist forest species, those species with lower survivorship used either seeding or sprouting as an alternative strategy for persisting in the forest community. Seed dispersal mechanisms, particularly wind dispersal, appear to be an important factor in recruitment success post‐fire. Burn treatment led to a significant increase in the density of seedlings for two species of conservation concern: Guaiacum sanctum and Swietenia humilis. Results of this study suggest that common dry forest species in western Nicaragua are fire tolerant. Further study of individual species and their fire responses is merited.

Management of the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae), through weed management and insecticidal sprays in 1- and 2-year-old Swietenia humilis Zucc. plantations

Field trials of three weed management methods and three insecticide treatments were evaluated for use in controlling Hypsipyla grandella in small-scale plantations of Pacific mahogany ( Swietenia humilis) in Honduras. Weed row, weed-free, and maize taungya methods were evaluated in 1-year-old plantations. Two-year-old trees were treated with deltamethrin, Bacillus thuringiensis, or neem seed extract. Leaving weed rows between tree rows significantly decreased the proportion of mahogany trees attacked by H. grandella compared to either weed-free or taungya methods. Deltamethrin provided complete control while Bt and neem provided significantly better control than untreated plots. Based on these findings, weed management has been modified and insecticide spray management has been incorporated in control of H. grandella at the research site in Honduras. The information gathered in these studies has the potential for furthering the development of broader scale integrated pest management programs in small-scale commercial plantings of several rare Neotropical hardwood species.

Trees and farming in the dry zone of southern Honduras I: campesino tree husbandry practices

Forest cover in the dry zone of southern Honduras has suffered drastic reduction, largely as a result of the marginalisation of small farmers onto formerly wooded hillsides. In four case study communities, the relations between the area's human population and the remaining tree diversity were investigated through a combination of interviews, focus group meetings and inventories. Inventories on 10 farms in 2 communities found an average of 57.6 standing trees (above 2 m in height) and 9388.3 live stumps and seedlings of tree and shrub species (less than 2 m in height) per hectare in recently cropped fields. Tree management practices were found to include the selective promotion of naturally regenerated trees valued by farmers for their products, the elimination of unwanted trees due to competition with crops for light and space, and pruning to reduce competition. Farmers listed 41 species as being actively protected, although protection was largely concentrated on a subset of 5 (Cordia alliodora, Swietenia humilis, Lysiloma spp., Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Albizia saman, in that order); they also described broadening their species preferences in the face of scarcity of preferred species. The study questions the common perception of dry zone farmers as being responsible for continued elimination of tree diversity, and highlights the potential of the management of natural regeneration for meeting the livelihood needs of small farmers.

Temperature and Seed Storage Longevity

Seed survival data for eight diverse species, namely the cereal barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the grain legumes chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], the timber trees elm (Ulmus carpinifolia Gleditsch.), mahogany (Swietenia humilis Zucc.), and terb (Terminalia brassii Exell.), and the leaf vegetable lettuce (Lactuca saliva L.) were compared over a wide range of storage environments (temperatures from —13 °C to 90 °C, seed moisture contents from 1-8 to 25 % f.wt) using a viability equation developed previously. In accordance with that equation, the effect of temperature on seed longevity was dependent upon the temperature range. The temperature coefficients of the viability equation did not differ significantly (P > 005) among the eight species despite their contrasting taxonomy. Thus the quantitative relation between seed longevity and temperature does not vary among diverse species. The same conclusion was obtained for the coefficients of a proposed alternative model of the relation between seed longevity and temperature. The implications of the two temperature models in the viability equation for extrapolations to low and very low temperatures are discussed.

Limonoids from Swietenia humilis

Two new limonoids have been isolated from the seed of Swietenia humilis. They have been identified as methyl 2-hydroxy-3-isobutyryloxymeliac-8(30)-enate (present as a mixture with the 3-tiglate) and its 8(30) oxide.

XXXVIII. Zur Kenntnis von Swietenia humilis Zucc

Repertorium novarum specierum regni vegetabilisVolume 12, Issue 14-16 p. 210-211 Article XXXVIII. Zur Kenntnis von Swietenia humilis Zucc H. Harms, H. HarmsSearch for more papers by this author H. Harms, H. HarmsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1913 https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130121403AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue14-161913Pages 210-211 RelatedInformation