Sense Of Sweetness Research Articles

The Departed: The Last Lighthouse

The DepartedThe Last Lighthouse John Tytell (bio) where are Whitman’s wild children,where the great voices speaking out,with a sense of sweetness and sublimity,where the great new vision,great world-view,the high prophetic song…. From “Populist Manifesto, #1” Lawrence Ferlinghetti Click for larger view View full resolution As Gary Snyder has affirmed, poet, painter, publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti “was the biggest, clearest, most consistent supporter of radical, adventurous, experimental writing on the West Coast.” Author of many books of poetry, fiction, travel writing and translations, Ferlinghetti was a member of the Academy of American Arts and Letters and named a Commandeur, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France. His autobiographical novel Little Boy (2019) was published two years before his recent death at one hundred and one. His life was auspicious and eventful. Ferlinghetti was born in South Yonkers, just outside of New York City, in a small two-story gabled wood frame house situated near the crest of a hill. His beginnings were perilous: his Italian father died six months before his birth and his Sephardic Portuguese-French mother was committed to an asylum a few months after. Placed in an orphanage, he was rescued by his mother’s sister who brought him to France, so his first language was French. When, a few years later, she returned to New York, she arranged for his adoption by the family that employed her as a French tutor. Ferlinghetti was raised in Bronxville, a wealthy suburb north of the city. In his poem “Autobiography” he recalled, with the genial warmth that pervades his work: I was an American boyI read American Boy Magazineand became a boy scoutin the suburbsI thought I was Tom Sawyer catching crayfish in the Bronx Riverand imagining the Mississippi At the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he studied journalism. Enlisting in the Navy after Pearl Harbor, he served as an officer on subchasers, escort vessels that dropped explosives on German submarines. Participating in the invasion of Normandy, he continued in the Pacific. In Writing Across the Landscape (2015), a recent book culled from diaries kept over the years, he remembered when he was the navigator on an attack transport, the USS Selinur. His ship docked in Sasebo, a few hours south of Nagasaki, Japan. With a few shipmates, he took a train to the scorched earth site of a city that had vanished “except for one teacup with bottom melted out.” The event is presented with a minimum of detail, understated I suppose because language often becomes insufficient in the face of death and catastrophe. He sees the bombing as a “monstrous racist act” which would never have been committed had the Japanese had white skin. What is remarkable about the entry to me is not the driven nail of this judgment, but the fact that Ferlinghetti understood in 1945 that the instantaneous erasure of an entire city was something (despite the radiation exposure) that obligated a poet to bear witness. With his extensive travels in his own country, in Europe, Asia and South America, he would continue to document inequality, social injustice and political cowardice in his poems On the G. I. Bill, he did graduate work at Columbia University, and then went to France in 1947 to study at the Sorbonne where he received a doctorate in 1951. Then, in San Francisco he began working with Peter Martin on his magazine, City Lights (named after Chaplin’s film) and where Ferlinghetti’s first translations of Jacques Prevert appeared. So he began his literary career by translating and editing a little magazine. With Peter Martin, Ferlinghetti started a paperbound bookstore — a novel idea after the war as the book market was changing — located between North Beach and Chinatown. What began in a small one room bookstore would enable a new world of small-press alternative publishing. Also called City Lights, it was intended as a gathering place to foster intellectual inquiry and activity. At the same time he created a publishing outlet with the same name which like Barney Rosset’s Grove Press was based on the notion that freedom of speech needed advocacy...

Effects of the size of papaya (Carica papaya L.) seedling with early determination of sex on the yield and the quality in a greenhouse cultivation in continental Europe

One of the major problems when planting papaya using traditional methods is sex identification of the plant to obtain the highest yield from hermaphrodite fruits. The problem derives from the competence between plants, before sex identification, when three to four plants are planted together. This problem was solved applying a R.A.P.D. technique (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) in early sex-identification in the laboratory of the nursery with the first true leaf of the plant. Furthermore, economic costs and wasted vegetal material caused by removing female plants from production can be avoided by grafting hermaphrodite plants onto female plants. The nursery facilities for horticultural plants in Almería allow herbaceous grafting work, as well as the production of balanced relationship between aerial and root biomass. For this reason, an experiment was conducted to evaluate yield parameters in the planting of large and small, sex-identified plants. The plants grown were the main papaya cultivar produced in Continental Europe, called ‘Intenzza’, and a new cultivar called ‘Sweet Sense’. Within a greenhouse cultivation system in the South of Europe, the early stage sex-identified plants transplanted as “large plant” size gave higher yields in contrast with traditional methods of planting papaya, but the technique does not affect fruit size and retains sweetness. From a morphological point of view, although the growing and development technique is different it does not cause significant differences in the papaya by the time of harvest.

Papaya greenhouse cultivation in south-east Spain

Spain is the leading producer of tropical fruit crops in Europe. Within Spain, papaya cultivation is concentrated in the Canary Islands, where 350 ha are planted and 16,000 t produced annually. Recently, papaya has also been introduced into the south-east of Spain. More than 100 ha of papaya orchards under protected cultivation have now planted in south-east Spain. This region has a subtropical, semiarid, Mediterranean climate with a hot and dry summer and a mild winter, with high temperatures in summer (above 40°C) and low ones in winter (sometimes below 10°C) being the main climate challenges. Papaya cultivation in south-east Spain takes place very often in low-technology parral greenhouses, 3.5-4 m tall, covered with plastic and only provided with natural ventilation. In order to improve the climate inside greenhouses, different systems of nebulization and heating are being evaluated. ‘Intenzza’, a ‘Formosa’ hybrid from Mexico, is so far the most planted cultivar. Other cultivars under cultivation are ‘Siluet’, ‘Sweet Sense’, ‘Tainung’, ‘BH-65’ and ‘Caballero’. Papaya multiplication is by seed, but the use of molecular markers to determine papaya sex allows rapid selection of hermaphrodite plants in the nursery. This technique makes crop management easier. Plant density ranges from 1600 to 2700 plants ha(‑1), transplanted more frequently in spring (March-April), although transplanting at other times of year is also possible. Harvest begins 7 months after transplanting. The yield reaches 200 t ha(‑1) and shows two peaks, one after winter and the other after summer. The main pest so far observed is the red mite, while the most important diseases are powdery mildew and botrytis. There is no record of Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) incidence in our fields. Given the higher cost of production of papaya in Spain, we believe that the key for the successful introduction of Spanish papaya in European markets is to allow fruit ripening on the tree, and to produce sweet fruits of excellent quality.

A sweet sense of success for P A Technology

Vision systems are finding some unusual applications in the food industry, as Stephen McClelland reports.