Sweet Corn Varieties Research Articles

The Effects of Chilling on Antioxidant Enzyme System and Related Gene Expression Levels in Sweet Corn Seeds with Different Germination Characteristics

Sweet corn is a vegetable and grain dual-use crop with high economic value and industrial advantages. Low temperature stress significantly reduces the germination rate of sweet corn seeds, which has a negative impact on both quality and yield. This study used the chilling sensitive sweet corn inbred line 20hi111 and the chilling tolerant sweet corn inbred line T135 as experimental materials to measure the MDA (malondialdehyde) and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>content, CAT, POD, and SOD enzyme activities, and enzyme gene expression patterns during seed germination under low temperature (10°C) and normal temperature (25°C) treatments. The research results indicated that during low-temperature germination, the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> content and CAT activity of 20hi111 were generally higher than those of T135, while the POD and SOD activities and MDA content were generally lower than those of T135. There was no strict consistency between gene expression and enzyme activity. At low temperature, the expression of <i>ZmCAT1</i> and <i>ZmCAT3</i> in 20hi111 was significantly higher than T135, while there was no significant difference in <i>ZmPOD1</i>. In 20hi111, <i>ZmPOD3</i> was first lower and then higher than T135, and <i>ZmSOD3</i> and <i>ZmSOD9</i> were lower than T135 under low temperature treatment. In this study, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes in sweet corn inbred lines with different germination characteristics under low temperature were analyzed, which provided some theoretical basis for cultivating sweet corn varieties with low temperature tolerance.

Alteration of stress-physiological mechanisms in sRNA-treated sweet corn plants during MDMV infection.

Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) can significantly reduce the growth and development of susceptible varieties of sweet corn. The virus utilises the energy and reserve sources of plant cells to ensure its reproduction in the microspaces formed by cell membranes. Therefore, the severity of stress can be monitored by examining certain physiological changes, for example, changes in the degree of membrane damage caused by lipid peroxidation, as well as changes in the amount of photosynthetic pigments. The activation of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and the accumulation of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties can indirectly protect against the oxidative stress caused by the presence of the positive orientation, single-stranded RNA-virus. This study demonstrates the changes in these physiological processes in a sweet corn hybrid (Zea mays cv. saccharata var. Honey Koern.) susceptible to MDMV infection, and suggests that exogenous small RNA treatment can mitigate the damage caused by virus infection.

Comparative Study on Early-Maturing High-Quality Sweet Corn Varieties Introduced from Abroad for Autumn Cultivation in the Pearl River Delta Region

Comparative Study on Early-Maturing High-Quality Sweet Corn Varieties Introduced from Abroad for Autumn Cultivation in the Pearl River Delta Region

TOXICITY OF SOME INSECTICIDES AND THEIR SUBLETHAL EFFECTS ON NUTRITIONAL INDICES OF FALL ARMYWORM IN SWEET CORN PLANT

Corn is a vital cereal crop in Bangladesh, significantly contributing to food security and economy. However, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, poses a severe threat to corn cultivation. This study evaluates the toxicity of four insecticides and their effect on the nutritional indices of fall armyworm. Experiment was conducted from November 2022 to April 2023 with sweet corn variety BU Misty Vutta 1 at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh. In this research four insecticides: Winmax 40 WDG, Ripcord 10 EC, Marshal 20 EC, and Shobicron 425 EC, were tested on fall armyworm larvae at multiple concentrations. The mortality of fall armyworm larvae was observed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after treatment. Results indicated significant differences in larval mortality across treatments, with Shobicron 425 EC showing the highest mortality rate (100% at 72 hours after treatment), while Winmax 40 WDG showed the lowest. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and lethal concentration for 95% mortality (LC95) values supported the findings, with Shobicron 425 EC demonstrating superior efficacy. Additionally, Shobicron 425 EC resulted in the lowest food consumption (0.1), consumption index (0.2), Approximate digestibility (19.5%), Efficiency of conversion of ingested food (3.9%) and Efficiency of conversion of digested food (1.1%). The study concludes that Shobicron 425 EC is the most effective insecticide for controlling fall armyworm in sweet corn, suggesting its potential for integrated pest management strategies.

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses of Turkish sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) varieties using ISSR markers and chloroplast trnL-F IGS region

Genetic diversity levels are critical for characterizing and utilizing germplasm collections and for making improvements related to elite germplasms. The current study investigated the genetic diversity level and phylogenetic relationships in ten Turkish sweet corn varieties (Zea mays var. saccharata) using 15 ISSR markers and trnL-F intergenic spacer regions, respectively. A total of 75 loci were identified, of which 57 (76%) were polymorphic. The highest polymorphism ratio (100%) was found using UBC811, UBC817, and UBC823 ISSR markers, while the lowest ratio (45.4%) was identified using UBC829. According to trnL-F intergenic spacer region analyses, nucleotide diversity was found as π: 0.030 for Nei and θ: 0.036 for Watterson, respectively. In trnL-F intergenic spacer regions, several polymorphic (variable) sites were identified 28 of which 57% (16/28) were parsimony informative sites and 399 sites were invariable (monomorphic). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that two major groups were observed named groups A and B and ten sweet corn genotypes clustered along with known maize genotypes in subgroup B2 with 98% bootstrap value. Consequently, the ISSR data obtained in this study revealed that Turkish sweet corn genotypes exhibit extensive genetic diversity, and the trnL-F intergenic spacer region was successfully utilized to differentiate between maize genotypes from various origins and whole plant taxa.

Pengaruh Pemberian Dosis Pupuk Kasgot (Bekas Maggot) dan NPK Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tiga Varietas Jagung Manis (Zea mays Saccharata Sturt. L)

This study aims to determine the effect of dosing kasgon and NPK fertilizers on the growth and yield of three varieties of sweet corn (Zea mays Saccharata Sturt. L). This research will be carried out in January 2024 in Dempel village, Geneng District, Ngawi Regency. The study used the RAKL (Complete Group Random Design) method which was arranged in separate plots (Split Plot) with 2 kinds of treatment factors. The results showed: (1) The dose of organic fertilizer K3 (475 grams / polybag) has a real effect on the height and number of leaves so as to increase the yield of sweet corn plant production. (2) V2 variety (super sweet variety) gives the best growth while V3 variety (sweet boy variety) gives the best production yield. (3) The interaction of V2K1 treatment (super sweet variety and organic fertilizer kasgot 275 grams / polybag) provides the best growth in plant height with an average of 224,667 cm. The interaction of V2K3 (super sweet variety and organic fertilizer kasgot 475 grams / polybag) provides the best growth in the number of leaves with an average of 19,667cm.

RESPONSE OF SWEET CORN VARIETIES TO PLANT DENSITY AND TILLER REMOVAL: PRELIMINARY STUDIES

The sweet corn breeding strategy aims to enhance and sustain a consistent yield over time. The interaction between density and tiller removal is currently being discussed among sweet corn farmers, as well as scientists working in sweet corn. Considering the studies carried out to date and the research directions suggested by them, the present study aimed to determine the impact of plant density, variety, tiller removal and their interactions on the yield and ear prolificacy/weight of sweet corn under the climatic conditions of northeast Romania. The experiments were focused on 3 sweet corn varieties (Deliciosul de Bacău, Deliciul verii and Royalty F1), sown at 3 densities (50k, 60k and 70k plants/ha) and considering 2 variants for tiller removal (tiller removal / without tiller removal). The highest yield of sweet corn was recorded in the Royalty F1 hybrid in the plots in which the tillers were removed (24.27 t/ha). The Royalty F1 hybrid also had the heaviest ears (313.33 g) in plots with tiller removal and 60k plants/ha. Overall, the most favourable plant density in terms of yield was 60k plants/ha. The experimental results showed that in the climatic conditions of northeast Romania, tiller removal led to increased yield, especially in the Deliciosul de Bacău hybrid. Tiller removal in this hybrid resulted in a significant increase in yield (from 18.41 to 23.08 t/ha).

Mechanisms Underlying the Differential Sensitivity to Mesotrione in Sweet Corn

Mesotrione is a widely used post-emergence herbicide for maize. The toxicity of mesotrione to maize (especially sweet corn) has been widely reported, and some sweet corn varieties are highly sensitive to mesotrione, which affects subsequent plant growth periods. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the differences in susceptibility to mesotrione are not known. By comparing changes in the transcriptome of mesotrione-tolerant line 301 and mesotrione-sensitive line 276 after mesotrione treatment, we found that the genes coding light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex were induced in 301, and the genes coding loosening cell walls were overrepresented in 276. The net photosynthetic rate, maximum photochemical efficiency of leaf PSII, photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, and the electron transport rate were significantly higher in 301 than in 276 after mesotrione treatment, and these effects became more severe as time passed. In addition, oxidative balance was also affected by mesotrione. Compared with 301, SOD, POD, and CAT activities were significantly reduced with longer exposure time in 276. The results suggested that sweet corn can mitigate herbicide mesotrione toxicity by improving photosynthesis, ROS scavenging, and cell wall synthesis.

Selection of Sweet Corn Inbred Lines by Agronomic Performance to Determining Hybrid Parents

The development of hybrid sweet corn varieties involves the selection of parental lines with specific traits to ensure good yield potential. The selection of inbred lines of sweet corn is a critical aspect of breeding programs aimed at developing improved varieties. This research will provide useful information of sweet corn inbreed lines have the potential to be developed as parent lines in the development of hybrid varieties. The study utilized 24 inbred lines (G1-G24) of sweet corn and employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data analysis involved the use of analysis of variance with a 5% significance level, path and dendrogram analysis. Based on the analysis of 24 inbreed line of sweet corn, the potential for selecting parents based on quantitative traits influencing the outcome is evident in inbreed line G18, G12, G4, G23, and G20. Identification of these potential parents is essential for the genetic improvement of the population. The correlation heatmap data indicates a 41% correlation between the number of rows and cob stag length, and correlation between number of rows and ear diameter by 48%. The path diagram indicates that fresh weight, a crucial measure of crop yield, is strongly influenced by several agronomic traits, including plant height, ear length, ear diameter, dry weight, number of plants, row length, brix, and ear stalk. G24 can indeed be used as one of the parents with other group in hybrid breeding programs.

Mutant crtRB1 gene negates the unfavourable effects of opaque2 gene on germination and seed vigour among shrunken2-based biofortified sweet corn genotypes.

Sweet corn is one of the most popular vegetables worldwide. However, traditional shrunken2 (sh2 )-based sweet corn varieties are poor in nutritional quality. Here, we analysed the effect of (1) β-carotene hydroxylase1 (crtRB1 ), (2) opaque2 (o2 ) and (3) o2+crtRB1 genes on nutritional quality, germination, seed vigour and physico-biochemical traits in a set of 27 biofortified sh2 -based sweet corn inbreds. The biofortified sweet corn inbreds recorded significantly higher concentrations of proA (16.47μg g-1 ), lysine (0.36%) and tryptophan (0.09%) over original inbreds (proA: 3.14μg g-1 , lysine: 0.18%, tryptophan: 0.04%). The crtRB1 -based inbreds had the lowest electrical conductivity (EC), whereas o2 -based inbreds possessed the highest EC. The o2 +crtRB1 -based inbreds showed similar EC to the original inbreds. Interestingly, o2 -based inbreds also had the lowest germination and seed vigour compared to original inbreds, whereas crtRB1 and o2 +crtRB1 introgressed sweet corn inbreds showed similar germination and seed vigour traits to their original versions. This suggested that the negative effect of o2 on germination, seed vigour and EC is nullified by crtRB1 in the double mutant sweet corn. Overall, o2 +crtRB1 -based sweet corn inbreds were found the most desirable over crtRB1 - and o2 -based inbreds alone.

Appropriate selection of organic hybrid sweet corn varieties can positively influence both the effectiveness of the insect biological control agent Beauveria bassiana and fungal disease resistance

Appropriate selection of organic hybrid sweet corn varieties can positively influence both the effectiveness of the insect biological control agent Beauveria bassiana and fungal disease resistance

Multi-layer molecular analysis reveals distinctive metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles of different sweet corn varieties.

In plants, sugar metabolism involves a complex interplay of genetic, molecular and environmental factors. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, we utilized a multi-layered approach that integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic datasets generated from multiple different varieties of sweet corn. Through this analysis, we found 2533 genes that were differentially expressed in the immature kernel tissues of sweet corn, including genes involved in transcriptional regulation, sugar metabolism, primary metabolism, and other processes associated with adaptability of sweet corn. We also detected 31 differential metabolites among the three types of sweet corn. Utilizing an integrated approach encompassing transcriptomics and eGWAS, we elucidated the transcriptional regulatory patterns governing these differential metabolites. Specifically, we delved into the transcriptional modulation of malate- and ubiquitin-associated genes across a range of sweet corn varieties, shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation. This study provides a framework for future research aimed at improving the current understanding of sugar metabolism and regulatory gene networks in sweet corn, which could ultimately lead to the development of novel strategies for crop improvement.

Quantifying color characteristics in sweet corn varieties after blanching under frozen storage

Quantifying color characteristics in sweet corn varieties after blanching under frozen storage

Cultivation of vegetable (sweet) corn varieties and hybrids as repeated crops in Bukhara

Cultivation of vegetable (sweet) corn varieties and hybrids as repeated crops in Bukhara

Growing varieties sweet corn main period in Karakalpakstan

This article investigates the impact of planting the "Zamin" variety and "Megaton F1" hybrid of sweet corn in the moderately saline meadow-alluvial soils of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The study specifically focuses on the effects of planting these hybrids at different periods—April 20, May 1, and May 10—on various aspects of plant growth, development, vegetable cob productivity, and economic efficiency indicators. The findings indicate that when seeds of the "Zamin" variety and "Megaton F1" hybrid of sweet corn were planted on April 20, remarkable results were observed. The plants exhibited impressive height, ranging from 163.7 cm to 173.3 cm. Additionally, they were characterized by a substantial number of leaves (12.0 to 12.1 pieces) and seeds (3.0 to 3.6 pieces), showcasing robust growth and development. Furthermore, the productivity of these early-planted varieties was noteworthy, with a yield of 10.8 tons per hectare for the "Zamin" variety and 11.8 tons per hectare for the "Megaton F1" hybrid. Importantly, this represented an additional yield of 1.1 to 1.3 tons per hectare compared to the control, highlighting the positive impact of the early planting strategy. These results underscore the significance of the planting period in maximizing the growth, development, and overall productivity of sweet corn varieties in the specific agro-climatic conditions of Karakalpakstan. The study's insights contribute valuable information for local farmers and agricultural practitioners, offering a practical approach to enhancing crop yield and economic efficiency in sweet corn cultivation.

Productivity analysis and technical efficiency of sweet corn farming

This study examines the determinants of productivity in Secada F1 sweet corn varieties. We conducted a survey involving 34 selected farmers to assess production efficiency using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method. The results highlight the significant impact of precise Lannet pesticide application and efficient labor input on sweet corn yield. Notably, our findings indicate that judicious pesticide use and skilled labor management lead to increased crop production. Technical efficiency assessments demonstrated that the majority of farmers operate within a range of 0.69 to 0.99, with an average of 0.96, highlighting their effective utilization of resources. These insights have the potential to guide and inform agricultural practices, offering valuable guidance for the industry as it navigates the intricate landscape of modern agriculture. In a contemporary context marked by agricultural complexities, these revelations contribute to the pursuit of sustainable growth within the sector.

Unravelling the postharvest quality diversities of different sweet corn varieties

Different varieties of sweet corn exhibit varying degrees of quality deterioration after harvest, especially changes in appearance, sugar composition, texture and flavor. Changes of 18 common phenolic acids, organic acids, and sugars of sweet corn varieties, ‘Jingkenuo 2000’, ‘Jingkenuo 768’ and ‘Nongkenuo 336’, during a shelf-life period of 10 d at 20 °C were identified in this study. The differences of flavor among the varieties may be due to their different flavor regulation pathways. Maintenance of sweetness of ‘Nongkenuo 336’ corn was associated with the lowest decreases of sucrose, lactose, stachyose, raffinose, melibiose and galactinol after harvest. In this variety, the expression of INV in the sucrose metabolism and BMY in starch degradation increased the least, while that of SS4 and SS5, involved in starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, decreased the lowest compared with the other two varieties. In ‘Jingkenuo 2000’, expression of MLS and IFS, genes relevant to the flavor components, malic acid and flavonoids, increased after harvest. In ‘Jingkenuo 768’ more rapid degradation of phenylalanine and citric acid was related to up-regulation of NAD-IDH and limited down-regulation level of CS. ‘Nongkenuo 336’ maintained alcohol production but lower ester aroma components through down-regulation of LOX and down-regulation of ADH5 and ADH2, which was associated with undesirable aroma. ‘Nongkenuo 336’ also had delayed expression of the cell wall degradation gene (egl) and decreased expression of cell wall synthesis genes (PE, CALS3 and CALS7), related to the firmness. This study contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms affecting quality changes of sweet corn varieties after harvest.

Morphophysiological responses and tolerance of various sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata) hybrids to shade stress

Abstract. Utari VF, Chozin MA, Hapsari DP, Ritonga AW. 2023. Morphophysiological responses and tolerance of various sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata) hybrids to shade stress. Biodiversitas 24: 4438-4447. Expanding lands for cultivating sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata) is a strategy to increase its production. Yet, the available lands for sweet corn extensification might be those with existing tree stands with some extent of shading. Planting sweet corn under tree stands affects its growth and productivity since there is a reduction in light intensity, but some superior varieties might tolerate such stress. This study aimed to determine the growth, yield, and shade-tolerance levels of several sweet corn genotypes under shade stress. The experiment adopted a randomized complete block design consisting of two factors, namely shading (i.e. control or 0% shade and 50% shade) and sweet corn genotype (16 genotypes). The observed parameters included morphological traits (plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, and stem diameter), physiological traits (stomatal density and trichome density), yield attributes (cob weight with husks, cob weight without husks, cob length, cob diameter, and total soluble solid), and stress tolerance index (STI). The tested genotypes responded differently to shading. In general, 50% shade significantly reduced cob production, with an average decrease of more than 50% compared to the control. Commercial varieties, namely Exotic (G13), Talenta (G14), Paragon (G15), and Golden Boy (G16), had relatively higher STI values compared to the hybrids. Among the hybrids, the highest STI values were observed for genotypes resulting from the crosses SM7-8 × SM12-2 (G11) and SM11-6 × SM12-2 (G12). The results of this study recommend that commercial varieties can be cultivated under tree stands or low light intensity and can be used to develop high-yielding shade-tolerant sweet corn varieties.

Response of Sweet Corn Varieties Paragon and Talenta to Urine of Fermented Goats Rhizomes of Zingiberaceae on Ultisol

Percobaan bertujuan mengetahui respon jagung manis varietas paragon dan talenta terhadap urin kambing yang difermentasi rimpang pada ultisol. Percobaan dilakukan dari April - Agustus 2022 di BPP Koto Balingka, Nagari Parit, Kecamatan Koto Balingka, Kabupaten Pasaman Barat, dengan tanah jenis ultisol. Percobaan dilakukan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dua faktor. Faktor pertama 4 macam urin kambing difermentasi yakni 1) urin kambing, 2) urin kambing difermentasi jahe, 3) urin kambing difermentasi kunyit dan 4) urin kambing difermentasi lengkuas lengkuwas masing-masing 100 ml L-1. Faktor kedua 2 varietas jagung manis yakni 1) Paragon, dan 2) Talenta. Kombinasi kedua faktor diulang 4 kali sehingga terdapat 32 satuan percobaan. Hasil percobaan menunjukan bahwa (1) Pemupukan POC urin kambing difermentasi rimpang Zingiberacea meningkatkan tinggi tanaman dan ILD, (2) Pemupukan POC urin kambing difermentasi rimpang Zingiberacea mempercepat pembungaan, meningkatkan bobot tongkol tanpa kelobot, diameter tongkol tanpa berkelobot, dab bobot 1000 biji, (3) Kemampuan varietas Talenta merespon POC urin kambing difermentasi lengkuas lebih tinggi dibanding varietas Paragon yakni dengan menujukan produksi lebih tinggi yakni 20,02 t ha-1 dibanding produksi varietas Paragon dengan produksi 17,04 t ha-1.

EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND GENOTYPES ON THE PRODUCTION TRAITS OF SWEET CORN (ZEA MAYS SACCHARATA STURT)

Sweet corn is one of the essential food crops in Indonesia because of its many benefits, such as, being a source of carbohydrates, oil, flour, animal feed, and others. Corn demand increases yearly, needing a large land area to meet its requirements. However, planting maize during the dry season or low rainfall faces more challenges. Therefore, using drip irrigation is a solution to ensure corn growth and sustained optimal production. The presented study aimed to determine the effects of drip irrigation on the production of two varieties of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) and began from February to May 2021 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Teuku Umar, Meulaboh, West Aceh, Indonesia. The study used a randomized design (split-plot) each for two irrigation levels: without drip irrigation (T0) and drip irrigation (T1) in main plots on two sweet corn varieties, Bonanza and Paragon. The parameters observed were cob diameter with cornhusk (mm), cob diameter without cornhusk (mm), cob length with cornhusk (cm), cob length without cornhusk (cm), cob weight with cornhusk (g), and cob weight without cornhusk (g). Analysis of variance showed that the drip irrigation treatments had no significant effect on all the recorded parameters. However, the varieties had a highly relevant impact on the cob diameter and length and considerably influenced the cob weight. Then again, the sweet corn varieties showed nonsignificant differences for all other variables.