Sweat Glands Research Articles

Intercellular, Linear Direct Immunofluorescence Staining Pattern of Sweat Glands and Hair Follicles may be Used as a Diagnostic Marker for Pemphigus Vulgaris in Cases where Epidermis is Missing.

Due to its rarity, it takes months for patients to be correctly diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris. This delay can be exacerbated by factors such as incorrect biopsy site selection. When the epidermis detaches from the dermis, evaluating fluorescence patterns is impossible. This monocentric, retrospective study aimed to assess the clinical significance of the honeycomb-like staining pattern of adnexal structures in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. The study was conducted in Munich, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2020. Forty-four biopsy samples for direct immunofluorescence microscopy from pemphigus patients along with 44 samples from control patients were included. The fluorescence intensity of adnexal structures did not differ significantly from that of the epidermis in pemphigus, except for hair follicles and sweat glands with C3 staining, where the epidermis showed stronger fluorescence. The sensitivity for the characteristic fluorescence pattern of at least 1 adnexal structure was 88.64% (n = 39/44, 95% CI 75.44% to 96.21%), with 100% specificity. The positive predictive value of adnexal fluorescence was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 89.8%. It was found that the honeycomb-like staining pattern of sweat glands, sweat gland ducts, and hair follicles is a highly specific marker for pemphigus vulgaris.

Synthesis and application of Ho³⁺ doped BaGd₂ZnO₅ nanophosphors for enhanced latent fingerprint development and poroscopy

In this study, Ho³⁺-doped BaGd₂ZnO₅ (1–11 mol%) nanophosphors (BGZO:Ho3+ NPs) were synthesized through combustion synthesis, utilizing Spirulina leaf extract as a natural green fuel. Luminescence studies revealed that the BGZO:Ho³⁺ phosphors exhibit a strong green emission primarily resulting from the 5S2→5I8 transition of Ho³⁺ ions. The optimal doping concentration was found to be 7 mol % Ho³⁺, which yielded the highest luminescence efficiency. Furthermore, the CIE chromaticity coordinates for BGZO:7Ho³⁺ were accurately determined to be (0.2595, 0.7290), with a color purity (CP) of 99.98 %. These results indicate the potential of this material for producing high-quality green emissions suitable for solid-state lighting and display applications. Optimized BGZO:Ho3+ NPs were utilized for latent fingerprints (LFPs) development via the powder dusting method. Under 365 nm UV light, the NPs effectively revealed Level I-III fingerprints (FPs) details, including ridge patterns, minutiae, and sweat pore features, on various substrates such as glass, plastic, and metal. The high luminescence of BGZO:Ho3+ NPs under UV illumination offers a sensitive and non-destructive method for enhancing FPs visibility, making it a promising tool for forensic applications. In addition, this study focuses on FPs poroscopy, examining the detailed pore structure of LFPs for forensic identification. Using advanced imaging techniques, we analyzed sweat pore distribution, size, and shape across various substrates and conditions. A detailed poroscopic analysis of LFPs, focusing on key parameters such as pore interspacing (165–332 μm), pore size (4140–9956 μm2), shapes (elliptical, rhomboid, triangular, square and rectangular) and pore angle (167°–179°). Further, a mathematical model was developed using Python-based software to enable precise and accurate analysis of FPs, enhancing clarity and identification accuracy, supporting the uniqueness of FPs beyond ridge patterns. The results demonstrate the potential of poroscopy for enhancing FPs analysis by offering an additional layer of precise biometric data.

Wearable Patch Biosensor through Electrothermal Film-Stimulated Sweat Secretion for Continuous Sweat Glucose Analysis at Rest.

Wearable patch biosensors for noninvasive and continuous diabetes management through sweat glucose analysis present a promising prospect. However, how to obtain sweat samples safely and effectively remains a huge challenge, especially in a resting state. In this work, we propose an innovative wearable patch biosensor through a heat-stimulated approach for sweat collection. A silver nanowire-loaded electrothermal film was designed as the heat source to stimulate sweat glands for sweat secretion. Subsequently, the secreted sweat sample was transported and enriched through microfluidic channels, which was continuously and sensitively analyzed by a Prussian blue and glucose oxidase comodified glucose electrochemical biosensor. Under optimal conditions, its sensitivity could achieve 14 μM sweat glucose within 15 min, which was 17 min shorter than that without heating. The specificity, reproducibility, and accuracy were also adequate. To achieve on-body perspiration monitoring of human subjects, the wearable patch biosensor was integrated with a portable electrochemical workstation, a temperature controller, and a power source. The glucose concentration was presented on a smartphone. Results showed that the glucose concentration in sweat detected by the wearable biosensor presented a highly consistent trend with the blood glucose measured by a blood glucose meter throughout the day with normal meals. Compared with other conventional sweat stimulation strategies, the simple device and safe principle made it more suitable for individuals who were sedentary or at rest. This work provides a new approach to realizing wearable patch biosensors for personalized health monitoring.

Estimation of the Number of Active Sweat Glands Through Discrete Sweat Sensing

Sweat is a biomarker-rich fluid with potential for continuous patient monitoring via wearable devices. However, biomarker concentrations vary with the sweat rate per gland, posing a challenge for sweat sensing. To address this, we propose an algorithm to compute both the number of active sweat glands and their individual sweat rates. We developed models of sweat glands and a discrete sweat-sensing device to sense sweat volume. Our algorithm estimates the number of active glands by decomposing the signal into patterns generated by the individual sweat glands, allowing for the calculation of individual sweat rates. We assessed the algorithm’s accuracy using synthetic datasets for varying physiological parameters (sweat rate and number of active sweat glands) and device layouts. The results show that device layout significantly affects accuracy, with error rates below 0.2% for low and medium sweat rates (below 0.2 nL min−1 per gland). However, the method is not suitable for high sweat rates. The suitable sweat rate range can be adapted to different needs through the choice of device. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations for optimal device layouts to improve accuracy in estimating active sweat glands. This is the first study to focus on estimating the sweat rate per gland, which essential for accurate biomarker concentration estimation and advancing sweat sensing towards clinical applications.

Ca2+ tunneling architecture and function are important for secretion.

Ca2+ tunneling requires both store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Tunneling expands the SOCE microdomain through Ca2+ uptake by SERCA into the ER lumen where it diffuses and is released via IP3 receptors. In this study, using high-resolution imaging, we outline the spatial remodeling of the tunneling machinery (IP3R1; SERCA; PMCA; and Ano1 as an effector) relative to STIM1 in response to store depletion. We show that these modulators redistribute to distinct subdomains laterally at the plasma membrane (PM) and axially within the cortical ER. To functionally define the role of Ca2+ tunneling, we engineered a Ca2+ tunneling attenuator (CaTAr) that blocks tunneling without affecting Ca2+ release or SOCE. CaTAr inhibits Cl- secretion in sweat gland cells and reduces sweating in vivo in mice, showing that Ca2+ tunneling is important physiologically. Collectively our findings argue that Ca2+ tunneling is a fundamental Ca2+ signaling modality.

Molecular mechanisms of acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis: differential gene expression and potential therapeutic targets

Eccrine sweat glands are essential for thermoregulation. Acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis (AIGA) is a rare disorder characterized by the absence of sweating, leading to severe complications like heatstroke and skin dryness. The underlying etiology remains unknown, complicating diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to elucidate the genetic mechanisms of AIGA by analysing the gene expression in eccrine sweat glands using the GSE193125 dataset from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). This study identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (genes that show statistically significant differences in expression levels in AIGA), with JUN and CCN1 significantly downregulated in anhidrotic lesions of AIGA patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve demonstrated the accuracy of these genes in classification (JUN = 0.88 and CCN1 = 0.77). Gene and protein interaction networks which are defined as networks of physical interactions between genes and proteins, constructed using GeneMANIA and STRING, revealed substantial physical interactions among them. Gene set enrichment analysis highlighted the neuroinflammatory and estrogen receptor signaling pathways are associated with this condition, suggesting hormonal regulation’s role in the anhidrosis mechanism. Key miRNAs, including hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p, and hsa-miR-124-3p, are associated with the DEGs, underscoring the importance of post-transcriptional and transcriptional regulation. Through the Drug Gene Interaction Database (DGIdb), ciprofibrate is identified as a potential therapeutic agent targeting the JUN gene. Molecular docking confirmed a strong binding affinity between ciprofibrate and JUN, suggesting ciprofibrate could modulate JUN activity and regulate AIGA symptoms. ADMET analysis, which refers to the assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of a drug or compound, is crucial for evaluating its pharmacokinetic and safety profile. The analysis indicated that ciprofibrate has favourable pharmacokinetic properties and a relatively safe toxicity profile. This comprehensive bioinformatics approach, integrating gene expression analysis, miRNA identification, and drug interaction, provides valuable insights into anhidrosis molecular pathology and highlights ciprofibrate’s potential as a targeted therapeutic strategy. Despite limitations, including a small sample size and reliance on computational predictions, this study paves the way for further research and potential therapeutic interventions for AIGA.

Restoring sweat gland function in mice using regenerative sweat gland cells derived from chemically reprogrammed human epidermal keratinocytes

The regeneration of sweat glands (SwGs) plays a pivotal role in the functional recovery of extensive skin wounds. Recent research has illuminated the possibility of reprogramming human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) into induced SwG cells through the ectopic expression of ectodysplasin A. However, the clinical application of this genetic manipulation approach is inherently limited. In this study, we present findings demonstrating that a combination of six compounds can effectively and speedily reprogram HEKs in culture into fully functional SwG cells. These chemically induced SwG-like cells (ciSGCs) closely resemble the morphology, phenotypes, and functional properties of human primary SwG ductal cells. Furthermore, ciSGCs can be stimulated to differentiate into mature SwG cell types in vitro. In a 3D culture system, they can also generate SwG organoids that exhibit structural and biological features akin to native SwGs. Upon transplantation into scalded mouse paw skin, ciSGCs significantly expedited cutaneous wound healing and completely restored the structural and functional aspects of the SwGs. In conclusion, the small molecule cocktail-directed SwG reprogramming offers a non-transgenic and controllable strategy for producing high-quality, clinical-grade SwG cells, showing immense potential for the treatment of burn patients.

Intrinsic versus extrinsic contribution to intraindividual sweat rate variability of individual eccrine glands

The purpose of the current study was twofold. First, to determine the intraindividual variability of sweat rate per gland for a given skin location during exercise in the heat. Second, to determine the relative importance of intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors as the source of the intraindividual variability in sweat rate per gland. Sweat rate of individual eccrine glands on the forearm was measured following pilocarpine iontophoresis and during exercise in the heat. In five participants during exercise in the heat the measured sweat rate for individual forearm eccrine glands (n = 500) ranged from 0.5 nL/gland/min to 16 nL/gland/min, or over a 30-fold difference. The mean (SD) intraindividual coefficient of variation in sweat rate per gland was 36 (5)% and 49 (10)% (p = 0.008) following pilocarpine iontophoresis and during exercise in the heat, respectively. Such results suggest that intrinsic factors (i.e., sweat gland size and cholinergic sensitivity) contribute approximately three times more than extrinsic factors (i.e., sweat gland nerve fiber density and threshold amplitude) towards explaining the large intra-person variability in sweat rate per gland seen during exercise in the heat.

Halobacteria Formula Improvement of Skin Care-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study.

Halobacteria trueperi, an extremophilic microorganism thriving in high-salt environments, produces extracellular polysaccharides with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties. However, its clinical efficacy in skin improvement remains unclear. This study focuses on H. trueperi TCI66207, isolated from the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 662 m near Hualien, and its potential to enhance skin parameters, aiming to develop a novel functional formulation for pharmaceutical and cosmetic use. This sudy aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of H. trueperi TCI66207 on various skin parameters and its potential for developing new functional cosmetic formulations. A total of 40 subjects were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: the test group applied a serum containing H. trueperi TCI66207, while the placebo group used a basic serum. Subjects were instructed to apply the serum twice daily for 4 weeks. Skin parameters, including moisture, brightness, elasticity, pigmentation (spots and UV spots), texture, wrinkles, pores, and collagen density, were assessed before and after the 4-week application period. After 4 weeks of using the H. trueperi TCI66207 serum, significant improvements were observed in all measured skin parameters compared to baseline, with notable enhancements in moisture, brightness, elasticity, texture, and collagen density, along with reductions in wrinkles, spots, and pore size. Halobacteria trueperi TCI66207 serum demonstrates a clear ability to improve skin conditions and delay signs of aging, making it a promising candidate for the development of new cosmetic formulations with potent anti-aging and skin-rejuvenating properties.

Pharmacologic properties and results of a clinical study of oxybutynin hydrochloride lotion (APOHIDE® Lotion 20%) as a novel treatment for primary palmar hyperhidrosis

APOHIDE® Lotion 20% is a topical agent for treating primary palmar hyperhidrosis that contains the active ingredient oxybutynin hydrochloride. Oxybutynin hydrochloride has anticholinergic effects and inhibits sweating by binding to the M3 receptor, a subtype of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, in eccrine sweat glands. The clinical response to oxybutynin hydrochloride treatment also involves N-desethyloxybutynin, an active metabolite of oxybutynin. A clinical study in Japanese patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis showed superiority of APOHIDE® Lotion 20% over placebo, i.e., there were significantly more responders (i.e., patients with a reduction in sweat volume ≥50% from baseline) in the APOHIDE® Lotion 20% group (APOHIDE® Lotion 20% group: 52.8%, placebo group: 24.3%; treatment difference: 28.5%; P < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). This and other clinical studies reported some adverse events (AEs) associated with the drug's anticholinergic effects and some application site AEs, but most of the AEs were mild. Clinical response did not decrease with long-term (52-week) treatment, and only a few patients (2 of 125) discontinued treatment because of AEs. Taken together, study results indicate that APOHIDE® Lotion 20% may be an effective and safe new treatment option for patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis.

Familial adult-onset neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease: A case report and literature review.

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with highly variable clinical manifestations, making diagnosis challenging. Recent advancements in genetic and pathological testing, such as the identification of GGC repeat expansions in the NOTCH2NLC gene, have improved diagnostic accuracy, but familial cases remain underreported. This report details 3 cases of familial adult-onset NIID in 2 sisters and 1 brother. The older sister experienced episodic encephalopathy and autonomic dysfunction for over 40 years, while the younger sister presented similar symptoms 5 years ago. The brother also developed episodic encephalopathy 5 years ago. Brain diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for all 3 patients revealed hyperintensity at the corticomedullary junction and corpus callosum. Skin biopsies from the older sister and brother confirmed the presence of p62 antibody-positive intranuclear inclusion bodies in sweat gland cells and fibroblasts. Genetic testing showed 146 and 133 GGC repeats in the NOTCH2NLC gene in the older sister and brother, respectively. All 3 patients were diagnosed with NIID based on clinical, radiological, and genetic findings. The patients received hormonal therapy, circulation-enhancing treatments, and rehydration therapy during acute episodes. All 3 patients showed significant improvement in symptoms following treatment, with a return to baseline function after hospital discharge. Proper management of NIID includes prompt recognition of symptoms, adequate rest, and avoidance of triggers such as fatigue, infections, and stress, which may reduce the frequency of episodic attacks. Early diagnosis and targeted symptomatic treatment are essential for improving patient outcomes.

Mapping sweat pores for biometric identification based on a donor-acceptor hydrophilic fluorescent probe

Mapping sweat pores for biometric identification based on a donor-acceptor hydrophilic fluorescent probe

Clinical and Dermoscopic Characteristics of Cutaneous Chondroid Syringoma: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Cutaneous chondroid syringoma (CS) is a rare benign mixed skin tumor originating from sweat glands. Despite its rarity, accurate diagnosis and management are crucial due to its potential for malignant transformation. Objective: This study aims to provide comprehensive insights into the main features of cutaneous CS, encompassing its epidemiology, clinical presentation, and particularly, dermoscopic findings. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify relevant literature on CS up to November 2023. Data extraction included clinical and histopathological characteristics from case reports and small case series. Results: The systematic review identified 347 unique CS cases, predominantly benign. Clinical features included a predilection for the head and neck region, with variations in morphology observed. Dermoscopic patterns, although limited, revealed recurrent features aiding diagnosis. Malignant CS cases constituted a notable subset, exhibiting distinct clinical and histopathological features. Conclusion: Cutaneous chondroid syringoma presents with characteristic clinical and histopathological features, necessitating comprehensive diagnostic approaches. Dermoscopy emerges as a valuable tool, although further research is needed to establish definitive patterns. Treatment primarily involves wide local excision, with collaboration among clinicians essential for optimal management. Future studies are warranted to address existing knowledge gaps and enhance understanding of this rare skin neoplasm.

Porokeratotic eccrine and ostial dermal duct nevus

Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus (PEODDN) is a rare benign eccrine nevoid hamartoma with only a few cases reported till date. It is characterized by asymptomatic or mildly pruritic pitted comedone-like papules on palms or soles and keratotic papules and plaques in a linear pattern on the extremities, usually present in childhood. We present here three interesting cases of the same. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology which showed parakeratotic columns overlying mature eccrine sweat glands in dermis and dyskeratotic cells of lower epidermis.

Programmable Artificial Skins Accomplish Antiscar Healing with Multiple Appendage Regeneration.

Functional appendage regeneration is essential for skin rehabilitation, but it has always failed by current existing healing approaches, owing to their inefficacy in preventing disfiguring scars. In this study, a novel regeneration-directing artificial skin (RDAS) system is presented, which is based on the rational design of multi-layered hydrogels that closely mimic natural skin matrices. By leveraging the programmability and architectural rigidity of DNA components, without the need for exogenous cell transplantation, such RDAS effectively minimizes tissue fibrosis by accurately guiding the regenerative process in wound fibroblasts, enabling rapid scarless wound repair, restoration of dermal function, and successful in situ regeneration of multiple appendages, such as hair follicles (HFs), sebaceous glands (SGs), and sweat glands (SwGs). Therefore, the RDAS offers a cell-free antiscarring therapeutic strategy for regenerative wound healing, resulting in improved outcomes. This innovative approach holds great potential for future clinical applications and burn rehabilitation.

Luminescent nanomaterials for developing high-contrast latent fingerprints.

Fingerprint patterns (or epidermal ridges) are by far one of the most reliable techniques for individual identification. Fingerprint patterns get deposited on all kinds of solid surfaces due to human transudation or exudation process. Bodily fluids through sweat glands contain moisture, natural oils and proteins. Since latent fingerprint patterns are not readily recognizable they are collected from a crime scene and are further processed physically or chemically. Fingerprints obtained using conventional black and white powders face severe drawbacks including low sensitivity, high background interference from the substrates, involvement of toxic materials, and poor stability. To overcome the above-listed issues, especially for coloured and transparent substrates, luminescent materials have emerged as potential agents for rapid visualization of high-contrast latent fingerprints. This review covers the recent advancements in luminescent nanomaterials of both kinds (up and down conversion) and persistent nanophosphors for developing latent fingerprints. Special emphasis has been given to an unusual class of luminescent materials known as persistent nanophosphors, which do not require a constant excitation, thereby completely eradicating background noise. The review also covers different approaches to gathering fingerprints such as powder dusting, cyanoacrylate fuming, ninhydrin fuming and vacuum metal deposition.

Expression of TRPS1 in Metastatic Tumors of the Skin: An Immunohistochemical Study of 72 Cases

TRPS1 (Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome 1) is a GATA transcriptional activator gene encoding for a protein used as a sensitive immunohistochemical marker of breast carcinomas. In dermatopathology, TRPS1 is used as a marker of mammary and extramammary Paget’s disease and is also expressed by a variety of primary cutaneous tumors, mostly of adnexal origin. So far, very limited data exist on the expression of TRPS1 in metastatic skin tumors. We studied the immunohistochemical expression of TRPS1 in 72 cutaneous metastatic tumors from the breast (n: 19) and other origins (n: 53) in order to assess its diagnostic usefulness. The intensity of TRPS1 immunostaining was expressed as a histoscore: the product of the percentage of positive cells (scored semi-quantitatively 0–4) and the staining intensity (scored 0–3). In normal skin, nuclear TRPS1 expression was predominantly observed in cells of adnexal structures (pilosebaceous follicles and sweat glands). Eighteen (18/19, 94.7%) metastatic breast carcinomas showed diffuse and strong TRPS1 positivity (histoscore 12). Lower reactivity was found in some other metastases, including from the lung (11/22), the female genital tract (3/4), and the kidney (2/4), whereas most (20/22) metastases from the digestive system and peritoneum, along with a case of metastatic prostate carcinoma, were negative. These results suggest that a high histoscore for TRPS1 is in favor of the mammary origin of metastatic cutaneous carcinoma. Although TRPS1 is not absolutely specific or sensitive to a particular primary, we consider that it can be added to a panel of other markers when investigating the origin of a cutaneous metastasis, namely when this is the first manifestation of the neoplastic disease.

From Sudoscan to bedside: theory, modalities, and application of electrochemical skin conductance in medical diagnostics.

The human body has two main types of sweat glands: apocrine and eccrine. Eccrine glands are widely distributed across the skin, including areas with hair. While the eccrine glands on palms and soles help improve grip, those on the rest of the body primarily aid in thermoregulation. Sudomotor function, which controls sweating, is regulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system through cholinergic and adrenergic pathways. The activation of eccrine glands involves intricate processes, including neurotransmitter binding, ion channel modulation, and voltage generation. Sudoscan technology utilizes electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) to non-invasively measure sudomotor function. This method, which has been standardized for accuracy, has established normative benchmarks and has proven reliable across diverse populations. Sudoscan's diagnostic performance is comparable to invasive methods such as intraepidermal nerve fiber density testing, making it a valuable tool for diagnosing small fiber neuropathy. Moreover, it has been shown to correlate with corneal nerve fiber length, providing insights into various neuropathic conditions. Compared to traditional sudomotor function tests, Sudoscan proves superior in terms of its accessibility, simplicity, and reliability, with the potential to replace or complement existing diagnostic methods. It is important to differentiate ESC, as measured by Sudoscan, from other skin conductance measures, such as galvanic skin response (GSR) or electrodermal activity (EDA). Although these methods share a common physiological principle, ESC is specifically designed for diagnosing sudomotor function, unlike GSR/EDA, which is typically used for continuous monitoring. Sudoscan's success has led to its integration into consumer health devices, such as the BodyScan from Withings, showcasing its versatility beyond clinical settings. Future research may explore ESC applications in diverse medical fields, leveraging real-world data from integrated consumer devices. Collaborative efforts between researchers and engineers promise to offer new insights into sudomotor function and its implications for broader health monitoring. This study provides a comprehensive overview of ESC, including topics such as eccrine gland physiology, sudomotor function, Sudoscan technology, normative benchmarks, diagnostic comparisons, and potential future applications.

Infrared thermal imaging for assessing human perspiration and evaluating antiperspirant product efficacy

In humans, perspiration regulates core body temperature. Therefore, objectively evaluating it is essential for studying sweat gland function and mechanisms, particularly in antiperspirant efficacy studies. Various approaches have been developed for measuring human perspiration and evaluating antiperspirant efficacy, but are unsuitable for robust and routine clinical testing applications. This paper shows how infrared thermography, utilizing both high- and low-resolution modes, functions as a multiscale imaging modality. The high-resolution mode extracts physiological parameters (respiratory ~ 0.3 Hz and heart rate ~ 1.0 Hz) and visualizes the reduction of the sweat pore radii (from 359 ± 155 μm to 161 ± 47 μm) after antiperspirant application, consistent with known mechanisms of pore plugging and constriction induced by aluminum salts. The low-resolution mode quantitatively maps sweat retention in underarm clothing. All study participants in a clinical trial showed reduced sweat retention on their T-shirts due to antiperspirants, with reductions ranging from approximately 37–97% and an average reduction of 77.7 ± 22.1% using the developed methodology and tested antiperspirant. Overall, this non-invasive technique presents significant potential for clinical and personal care product evaluations, particularly in the early stages of product development.

Sweat Pore-Inspired Functional Nanofiber Fabrics for Sweat Management and Simultaneous Detection.

Functional fabric with directional sweat transport and simultaneous sweat detection is highly desirable in daily life due to its crucial role in ensuring exercise comfort and promoting health. Herein, the inspiration is drawn from both the perspiration function of sweat pores and the backflow prevention feature of the surrounding solid skin to develop bioinspired hydrophobic nanofiber fabric. When combined with commercial cotton, this fabric enables rapid discharge of sweat through the sweat pore-like channels at an ultrafast speed of 240 g s-1 m-2, while effectively preventing backflow around these channels to ensure highly efficient personal drying. The performance of the bioinspired nanofiber fabric surpasses that of five commercially available moisture-wicking fabrics by effectively guiding liquid transport while minimizing residual moisture accumulation on the inner side. Furthermore, a colorimetric analysis system is integrated into the bioinspired nanofiber fabric, which facilitates convenient sampling of sweat samples and detection of biomarkers in sweat such as chloride ion, calcium ion, and pH level. This innovative design based on the concept of sweat pores opens up new possibilities for developing intelligent fabrics, electronic skins, and point-of-care devices.