Sustained Unemployment Research Articles

The relationship between social determinants of health and neurocognitive and mood-related symptoms in the primary brain tumor population: A systematic review.

Social determinants of health (SDOH) impact cancer-related health outcomes, including survival, but their impact on symptoms is less understood among the primary brain tumor (PBT) population. We conducted a systematic review to examine the relationships between SDOH and neurocognitive and mood-related symptoms among the PBT population. PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched using PROGRESS criteria (place of residence, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social capital) on March 8th, 2022. Two individuals screened and assessed study quality using the NHLBI Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies. Of 3006 abstracts identified, 150 full-text articles were assessed, and 48 were included for a total sample of 28 454 study participants. Twenty-two studies examined 1 SDOH; none examined all 8. Four studies measured place of residence, 2 race/ethnicity, 13 occupation, 42 gender, 1 religion, 18 education, 4 socioeconomic status, and 15 social capital. Fifteen studies assessed neurocognitive and 37 mood-related symptoms. While higher education was associated with less neurocognitive symptoms, and among individuals with meningioma sustained unemployment after surgery was associated with depressive symptoms, results were otherwise disparate among SDOH and symptoms. Most studies were descriptive or exploratory, lacking comprehensive inclusion of SDOH. Standardizing SDOH collection, reducing bias, and recruiting diverse samples are recommended in future interventions.

Association between Occupational Change Trajectories and Mental Health: Results from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging

Objectives:: This study was to longitudinally investigate the association between occupational change trajectories and mental health in the Korean population aged 45 years and older from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA).Methods:: After excluding missing values, the data of 6,224 participants from the first to eighth waves of the KLoSA were analyzed using t-test, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Group-based Trajectory Model (GBTM) from 1–5th KLoSA and Time-Lagged Generalized estimating equation (GEE) model from 5–8th KLoSA to analyze the association between occupational change trajectories and mental health in the Korean population aged 45 years and older.Results:: An analysis of the association between occupational change trajectories and mental health demonstrated that, among all age group, the “sustained in unemployment” group had a worse MMSE and CESD score compared to “sustained WC” group. unlike the under-54 age group, those aged ≥55 years demonstrated reductions in the MMSE and CESD scores in the sustained unemployment and the changed working condition from Standard BC to Unemployment groups, whereas those who underwent a change from the Standard WC to unemployment group only demonstrated a reduction in MMSE scores.Conclusions:: There was a close relationship between occupational change trajectories and mental health. Therefore, this study can serve as the foundation for policies and institutional measures to manage the deteriorate mental health in the late middle-aged and older population.

Factors affecting labour market transitions, sustained employment and sustained unemployment in individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Studies have reported difficulties in job acquisition and retention as well as unstable employment status among individuals with intellectual disabilities. Chi-square, one-way ANOVA, and binary logistic regression analysis were employed to investigate the factors that affect the labour market transition of 374 individuals with intellectual disabilities. There were significant differences in sex between the sustained unemployment group and the sustained employment groups; in educational level, between sustained employment and other groups; and in basic living security assistance received, between sustained unemployment and other groups. All psychological factors in the sustained employment group were higher than in the sustained unemployment group. Communication ability significantly affected sustained employment. Greater family support was associated with a lower turnover probability, and a higher educational level and greater family support increased the probability of retention. Developing family support systems may decrease the possibility of turnover and increase retention.

A quantity theory framework for thinking about monetary policy

Abstract. In August 2020, FOMC chair Jerome Powell announced a strategy for achieving an inclusive value of the FOMC’s goal of maximum employment. The strategy rests on discovering the minimal value of sustainable unemployment by running the economy above potential until the unemployment rate declines to a level that initiates an inflation overshoot from the FOMC’s longer-run 2 percent target. There is presumably no contradiction with an FOMC target for inflation of 2 percent. As indicated by the appellation “flexible-average-inflation targeting” (FAIT), the inflation overshoot would compensate for prior undershoots of the 2 percent target. The FOMC’s current framework is reminiscent of the 1970s. With a country fractured over the Vietnam War and a militant civil rights movement, a socially desirable low unemployment rate became a political imperative. FOMC chairman Arthur Burns accepted the challenge (Hetzel 1998, 2008, Ch. 8). The Keynesian consensus of the time promised to deliver a socially desirable rate of unemployment at least as low as 4 percent at the cost of only moderate inflation. This desirable Phillips curve trade-off between unemployment and inflation became the centerpiece of monetary policy. Modigliani & Papademos (1975 and 1976) provided the organizing principle for monetary policy. Namely, there is a predictable and “exploitable” trade-off in which changes in inflation depend upon the difference between the unemployment rate and a full-employment rate termed the nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). At least in 2021, however, the FOMC assumption is that there is no trade-off because the Phillips curve is assumed flat at least down to its prepandemic low of 3.5%. When persistent inflation above 2% emerges, the adjective “flexible” in FAIT becomes relevant. The FOMC will then trade off between two competing goals – 2% inflation and inclusive maximum employment. Keywords. Quantity theory, Monetary policy. JEL. E50, E53, E63.

Lifetime employment in schizophrenia: correlates of developing long term unemployment after being employed before

ABSTRACT Background Challenges in employment are highly prevalent among people with schizophrenia regardless of their employment history. Although supportive employment can be effective, few participants sustain meaningful competitive employment. Our goal was to identify the correlates of developing sustained unemployment. Methods We examined employment outcomes by comparing clinical, neurocognitive, and social cognitive features in 234 participants with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders across t competitive employment outcomes: currently employed, participants who had never worked for a year, and those who had been employed but developed long-term unemployment. We examined social cognition and neurocognition, as well as positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms, and premorbid functioning and demographic factors. Results We found significant differences in age, race, premorbid functioning, cognitive performance, and social cognition between currently and formerly employed patients. When individual tasks were examined, emotion recognition and verbal working memory performance were the domains differentiating the groups. Older African Americans were over-represented in the formerly employed group. Conclusions There were minimal differences other than age and race between formerly employed patients and those who had never worked. These data suggest the possibility that deterioration in employment outcomes may also co-occur with declines in other abilities. Opportunities and disparities may also be a contributor to re-entering the work force.

The Elephant in the Room

European left parties have, over the last couple of decades, become increasingly critical of political developments in the European Union, particularly as a response to the austerity policies that followed the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent euro crisis. These were accompanied by high and sustained unemployment and promises of a social pillar that never materialized. Nevertheless, even if criticism of the European Union has sharpened, this has not been well reflected in the political strategies of the left.

Tenure rights recognition in South African land reform

Land reform has proceeded slowly in South Africa since the end of apartheid. The state is not meeting targets. For many black citizens who feel let down by sustained poverty, inequality and unemployment in the country, the slow pace of land reform is a symbolic focus of frustrations. In public discussions, consequent impatience drives anger, threats and fear. The risk that this critical state of affairs may lead to expropriation of land by the state or spur on land invasions, deters investment and slows economic growth, aggravating poverty, inequality and unemployment. At the centre of this circle of problems, tenure insecurity connects the parts and turns the wheel, dragging back land reform and development. Of the three main objectives of land reform, the first two, restitution and redistribution, depend on the third, namely security of tenure rights. South African land reform has been held back by weak social tenure rights, which land reform has reproduced. South African land administration is dominated by a Western theory of tenure rights, represented by the registered freehold title deed, by which a contract links a specific plot to a legal person. Such tenure rights are effectively secure. But the nested, layered, bundled, overlapping, negotiated social tenure arrangements of the majority of African citizens do not fit this individualistic model of title deeds. Neglected by the official system, social tenure arrangements remain relatively insecure. The imbalance in official recognition of land rights sustains colonial patterns of segregation and inequality. I outline an account of tenure rights, which accommodates a wider array of tenure arrangements, to align Western title deeds with African social tenures. This is needed in land reform if both title deeds and social tenures are to be afforded equal levels of security in land administration and reform. I show how this account improves on an influential alternative model of social tenures in the literature.

Renal Replacement Therapy for Undocumented Immigrants: Current Models with Medical, Financial, and Physician Perspectives-a Narrative Review.

Renal replacement therapy is guaranteed for all US citizens with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Undocumented immigrants with ESRD are a particularly vulnerable subset of renal failure patients. There is no federal legislation for these patients except for the requirement to treat them during "emergency medical conditions" and federal legislation excluding them from the guarantee of renal replacement therapy described above. Different states have developed different methods for dealing with this problem, with variation in management even addressed on a center by center basis. This review of the original studies published in the literature reveals the medical, ethical, and financial problems with this situation. These patients frequently have delayed presentation to care, poor access to routine care, increased complications, increased utilization of services, and increased morbidity and mortality in an emergent dialysis model compared to chronic outpatient care. They present an ethical dilemma for practitioners who know they are providing substandard care and occasionally making decisions on how to allocate resources. Emergent dialysis is associated with inadequate reimbursement, increased threat to sustained unemployment, and an overburdening of our healthcare infrastructure. This practice puts patients at risk, places an unfair ethical burden on providers and is financially unsustainable. Special considerations described for kidney transplant and peritoneal dialysis are considered and considerations for a new model are reviewed in the paper. Ultimately accommodations must be made with the input of government, healthcare practitioners, and facilities needs to be reached to protect these vulnerable patients.

Retracted: The development of entrepreneurial culture among students through innovation: case of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University

Entrepreneurial culture has emerged as a powerful means of development in many countries of the world and can be regarded as a source of innovation and as a key to sustainable unemployment. The national economic outlook, which was established by the High Commission for Planning, predicts economic growth of only 2.6% in 2016, this growth will not provide sufficient employment. Morocco seeks to foster the entrepreneurial spirit of young Moroccans in order to encourage the creation, development of enterprises and the remuneration of investment in the service of employment through various policies that promote the ‘’innovation ”. Students and university graduates (including students from Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University in Fez) are the most involved social group. Through this research, we will try to describe the entrepreneurial culture of students through a field study. Our article is structured in the following way. In the first part, we try to treat the entrepreneurial culture by trying to take a general look, first of all, on its definition, then on the myths of entrepreneurship.

Long-term employment among people at ultra-high risk for psychosis

BackgroundPsychotic disorders are associated with high rates of sustained unemployment, however, little is known about the long-term employment outcome of people at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis. We sought to investigate the long-term unemployment rate and baseline predictors of employment status at follow-up in a large UHR cohort. Method268 UHR patients recruited from the Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation clinic in Melbourne, Australia were followed-up over 2–14years after initial presentation to the service. Individuals in no form of employment or education were classed as unemployed. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine predictors of employment outcome. ResultsA high rate of unemployment was present at follow-up in this UHR sample (23%). At baseline, those who were unemployed at follow-up had a longer duration of untreated illness, more severe negative symptoms, lower IQ, poorer social and occupational functioning and reported more childhood trauma than the employed group. At follow-up, unemployed individuals exhibited significantly more severe symptoms on all measures and were more likely to have been diagnosed with a mood, anxiety, psychotic or substance use disorder. Childhood trauma and the duration of untreated illness at baseline were significant independent predictors of employment status at follow-up in the multivariate analyses. ConclusionsNearly a quarter of this UHR sample was unemployed at long-term follow-up. The duration of untreated illness and the effects of childhood trauma are potentially modifiable risk factors for long-term employment outcome in this group. Vocational support may be beneficial for many UHR patients presenting to services.

Sustainable Tourism Development and Indian Unemployment - A Study in Crisis Management

Tourism is considered as one of the most exciting and progressive industry, which has a big impact on all other industries as well. After independence, Government of India took to planned economic development of the country and adopted both the capitalist and socialist models. Thus, the development strategy has been that of a mixed economy. But after three decades of planning, it was observed that the paradigm is being defeated in tackling the growing needs of the people of India. In 1990, the new economic policies, mostly dictated by International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB), were introduced by the Government of India to overcome the crisis by means of reconstruction of economic structure. In 1991, the introduction of new industrial policies and setting up of special Economic Zones (SEZs), and mega development projects, enabled the government to acquire lands and hand it over to multinational corporations (MNCs) or to large – scale corporate houses. Corers of people have thus been displaced from their lands and subsequently, from their occupation. Unfortunately, these people are the poorer and weakest section of the society comprising of marginal farmers and low wage workers. The Paper purports to discuss the role of sustainable tourism development in solving the problems of unemployment and unbalanced regional growth and inequalities in income and standard of living.

Skills supply and demand in Macedonia: deriving lessons for future policy interventions

During the past two decades the unemployment rate in Macedonia has constantly remained above 30 per cent. In addition, long-term unemployment has significantly contributed to an erosion of the skills and motivation of unemployed workers. Significant sectoral shifts have occurred on the demand side of the Macedonian labour market during the past two decades, but these need to be accompanied by changes on the supply side, consisting of appropriate reforms in the education system and active labour market policies that would lead to an improved match between supply and demand. We are interested in this article in assessing the implications of the skill mismatch for the unemployment rate and the degree to which structural imbalances contribute to high and sustained unemployment. Our aim is to assess the potential supply side deficiencies and to propose appropriate policy recommendations to improve the match between supply and demand of skills as a strategy for fighting persistent unemployment in Macedonia.

Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder

The morbidity associated with bipolar disorder is, in part, responsible for repeated calls for improved detection and recognition. No such clinical commentary exists for improved detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients. Clinical experience suggests that borderline personality disorder is as disabling as bipolar disorder; however, no studies have directly compared the two disorders. For this reason we undertook the current analysis from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project comparing unemployment and disability rates in patients with bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. Patients were interviewed with semi-structured interviews. We compared three non-overlapping groups of depressed patients: (i) 181 patients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, (ii) 1068 patients with major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder, and (iii) 84 patients with bipolar depression without borderline personality disorder. Compared to depressed patients without borderline personality disorder, depressed patients with borderline personality disorder were significantly more likely to have been persistently unemployed. A similar difference was found between patients with bipolar depression and major depressive disorder without borderline personality disorder. No differences were found between patients with bipolar depression and depression with borderline personality disorder. Both bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder were associated with impaired occupational functioning and thus carry a significant public health burden. Efforts to improve detection of borderline personality disorder in depressed patients might be as important as the recognition of bipolar disorder.

The morning after: alcohol misuse and employment problems

Using a rich, recent and nationally representative longitudinal survey specifically designed to examine alcohol use and associated problems, we investigate the effects of alcohol misuse on a series of understudied and perhaps less common employment problems. Such problems include being fired or laid off from a job, sustained unemployment and conflicts with a supervisor and/or co-worker. After controlling for time-invariant omitted variables via fixed effects estimation, we find evidence that three measures of alcohol misuse are significantly related to employment problems. The results offer new information on the potential adverse labour market effects of alcohol misuse and shed light on potential mechanisms through which alcohol misuse may impact intensive labour supply and/or wages.

Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar disorder: frequency and association with demographic variables and comorbid disorders

The negative impact of bipolar disorder on occupational functioning is well established. However, few studies have examined the persistence of unemployment, and no studies have examined the association between diagnostic comorbidity and sustained unemployment. In the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we described the amount of time unemployed in the five years before the evaluation in a large cohort of outpatients diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and determined the demographic and clinical correlates of sustained unemployment. A total of 206 patients diagnosed with DSM-IV bipolar I or bipolar II disorder were interviewed with semi-structured interviews assessing comorbid Axis I and Axis II disorders, demographic and clinical variables. The interview included an assessment of the amount of time missed from work due to psychiatric reasons during the past five years. Persistent unemployment was defined as missing up to two years or more from work. Less than 20% of the patients reported not missing any time from work due to psychiatric reasons, and more than one-third missed up to two years or more from work. Prolonged unemployment was associated with increased rates of current panic disorder and a lifetime history of alcohol abuse or dependence. Patients with prolonged unemployment were older and experienced more episodes of depression. Most patients presenting for the treatment of bipolar disorder have missed some time from work due to psychiatric reasons, and the persistence of employment problems is considerable. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are a potentially treatable risk factor for sustained unemployment. It is therefore of public health significance to determine if current treatments are effective in bipolar disorder patients with current panic disorder, and if not, to attempt to develop treatments that are effective.

Masculinity and Domesticity in 1930s South Wales: Did Unemployment Change the Domestic Division of Labour?

This article examines masculinity in an area suffering from sustained high unemployment and unremitting hardship during the 1930s: the South Wales coalfield had some of the highest rates of male unemployment and the lowest participation rates of married women in paid employment in Britain. Particular attention is drawn to power relations between husband and wife by looking at the domestic division of labour and whether male unemployment affected the split in domestic responsibilities. Personal testimonies are used to assess how men filled their time whilst unemployed and the meanings they attached to their activities and relationships. It will be shown that some unemployed men engaged more in the home and that many men were able to maintain existing power relations with their wives by finding or creating alternative manual work and maintaining an elastic relationship with the home by continuing to spend the majority of their time in the company of other men.

The impact of regional development policies on biotechnology firm creation: a comparative analysis of France, Germany and the UK

The development of new high-technology firms is considered by many governments as an effective solution for sustainable economic development and low unemployment. Despite the extensive research already done about the regional determinants of entrepreneurship, it is still difficult to understand the degree in which the regional development policies initiated by the national governments are enhancing the entrepreneurial activity in specific sectors. Adopting a comparative approach, this study attempts to identify the governmental initiatives taken in the UK, France and Germany for the development of the biotechnology sector and the way in which these initiatives have influenced the various regional determinants of bio-entrepreneurship.

Testing for persistence in aggregate and sectoral Canadian unemployment

Persistence in aggregate and sectoral Canadian unemployment is tested for. Using the corrected for short-range dependency modified rescaled-range test, it is concluded that the fluctuations in aggregate and sectoral Canadian unemployment exhibit persistence. Policies aimed at reducing inflation should embody and account for the extra cost of sustained unemployment due to its persistence.

Living standards trends in the new economy era: what can we learn?

This article reviews wage trends in the USA during the 1990s. Positive findings include rising living standards and a narrowing of the pronounced income inequality, particularly at the bottom. Explanations discussed include sustained low unemployment, ‘new economy effects', government policy (e.g. minimum-wage increases), and the limited role of the stock market boom. Problems are identified, such as the increased (paid) work effort required. The article closes with an evaluation of the likely consequences of the recent downturn.

Loss of Pleasure of Life: Conceptual, Vocational, and Forensic Perspectives

The concept of the lost pleasure of life is explored from both psychological and forensic perspectives. An instrument (Lost Pleasure of Life Scale) useful for assessing such loss in individual cases involving physical injury is discussed. The use of Havighurst's developmental model is suggested as a way to conceptualize the future impact of disabilities, and particular attention is given to the expected sequelae of sustained unemployment. Vocational rehabilitation is important not only from an economic point of view but also as a way to reverse some of the loss of pleasure of life. Finally, a history of the development and current status of the concept is presented along with discussion of the merits of expert psychological testimony in cases claiming hedonic loss.