Development Of Sustainable Technologies Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence and International Law: The Impact of Emerging Technologies on the Global Legal System

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, its impact on international law is becoming increasingly significant. This paper explores the application of AI in international relations and the challenges it poses to existing legal systems, analyzing AI regulation within the current international law framework and the exploration of emerging international legal norms. Through specific cases, the paper elaborates on legal issues in the fields of intelligent weapons, cybersecurity, and data protection, emphasizing the importance of international cooperation and global governance mechanisms in addressing these challenges. Finally, the paper looks forward to future trends in AI technology and international law’s response strategies, proposing the necessity of constructing effective legal frameworks and ethical guidelines to promote the sustainable development of AI technology and the healthy development of the global legal system.

Emergoenvironmental analysis and sustainable flexible peaking of a novel solar-assisted solid oxide fuel cell cogeneration system

The development of green and sustainable conversion technologies is imperative to alleviate the current severe energy and environmental crises and to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. This project presents a novel cogeneration system that integrates a solid oxide fuel cell afterburning system, an energy recovery system, and a parallel heating system equipped with multistage utilization, solar-assisted, and flexible peaking technologies. Following the establishment and validation of the system, power source analysis, parameter sensitivity studies, three-objective optimization, and internal exergy flow investigation are carried out. Subsequently, the positive impacts of multistage utilization, solar-assisted, and flexible peaking technologies, as well as the thermoeconomic and emergoenvironmental operating characteristics of the system, are discussed. The numerical results demonstrate that the emergoenvironmental factor and emergy environmental impact difference of the system are 70.15 % and 82.52 %, and the energy efficiency is improved by 1.41 %∼19.09 %, respectively, compared with similar solid oxide fuel cell systems, confirming its favorable thermodynamic performance and emergoenvironmental impact. The system achieves daily heating savings of 3302 kWh and life cycle economic benefits of $19,310,524, with a repayment of the investment cost in 4.17 years, reflecting considerable economic benefits. This project also demonstrates exergy flow, module defects, and improvement mechanisms from the perspective of emergoenvironmental, providing a valuable reference for the promotion of green energy.

Improving the performance and economics of reversible solid oxide cell-based hydrogen energy storage systems through the utilization of renewable alternative fuels

Reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) represent a promising solution for addressing the future challenge of large-scale renewable energy storage. However, the performance and economic viability of current RSOC systems are hindered by the large overpotential losses in electrolysis and apparent fuel (H2) costs associated with power generation. This study employs a comprehensive numerical modeling approach to analyze the potential of renewable fuel (glycerol) in assisting hydrogen production performance and reducing operating costs within RSOC systems. The detailed comparative analyses and parametric studies are conducted on H2-based and glycerol-based RSOC systems at typical operating conditions. Notably, it is found that the economic viability of hydrogen-based RSOC systems is hindered by the remarkable fuel (H2) costs during nighttime despite of the favorable effects of larger stack capacity and higher temperature. While incorporating glycerol as an alternative fuel in RSOC systems offers significant advantages, including doubling the electrolytic H2 production (from 585.92 Nm3·h−1 to 1191.24 Nm3·h−1) at a relatively low cost and substantially reducing the fuel expenses (from 594.30 $·h−1 to 30.57 $·h−1) for nighttime power generation, thus leading to competitive electrolytic hydrogen production cost (2.982 $·kg−1) and noteworthy enhancement in economic viability (LCOE of 0.090 $·kWh−1 and 0.304 $·kWh−1 for electrolysis and power generation, respectively). The findings of this study provide valuable insights that contribute to the advancement of RSOC systems, thus facilitating the development of efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage and conversion technologies.

A model for aligning the features of the production process with the idea of sustainable development

The purpose was to develop and practically verify a model for aligning the characteristics of the production process with the idea of eco-development by identifying key factors related to technological capabilities and product competitiveness affecting the achievement of the goal and success of the enterprise. The study proposes a model approach to a multifaceted analysis of the key factors determining the construction of effective development strategies of industrial enterprises as a way to achieve the strategic goals of the enterprise in the long term. The study used a 3x3 linkage matrix divided into zones within which the results of surveys (carried out using a modified BOST questionnaire) were distributed, and statistical analyses were carried out to determine the level of importance of the considered factors from the area of technological capabilities and product competitiveness referring directly to the idea of sustainable development. The identified key factors referring to eco-development (optimization of the use of productive resources, design of a closed production cycle, in-house research and development) make up the development of new innovative sustainable technologies that will contribute to material savings and efficient use of energy, and thus have a positive impact on the environment. Verification of the developed model in a manufacturing company confirmed its usefulness in conducting data analysis for decision support.

Exploring the environmental performance of electroless plated palladium alloy membranes for H2 separation: A cradle-to-gate life cycle study

Metal-based membranes have emerged as a promising solution, providing selective permeability and impressive durability. However, a comprehensive understanding of their environmental performance across their entire life cycle remains elusive. This research offers a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of electroless plated palladium alloy-based membranes for hydrogen separation. It evaluates the environmental impacts across various stages, from the synthesis of supports to the application of intermediate and selective layers. Key findings include the identification of alumina supports and graphite intermediate layers as having minimal environmental impacts, and the Pd–Cu membrane as the most sustainable choice among palladium alloy membranes. This research advances our understanding of the eco-friendly performance of palladium based H2 separation membranes, guiding the development of more sustainable hydrogen separation technologies.

Recent progress in the recycling of spent graphite anodes: Failure mechanisms, repair techniques, and prospects

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (S-LIBs) is an effective strategy for addressing environmental concerns and the increasing demand for critical energy minerals. This process involves the recyclization of spent graphite (S-Gr), a key component of LIB anodes, which has been less studied compared to the recovery of high-value elements from the cathode. Despite its lower market value, graphite possesses unique properties and plays a vital role in LIBs, emphasizing the need for innovative recycling solutions due to the economic and environmental impacts of graphite extraction and processing. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the failure mechanisms and structural characteristics of S-Gr, offering valuable insights into the complexities of graphite anode recyclization. Existing methodologies and advancements in S-Gr recyclization are thoroughly summarized. Additionally, surface modification strategies for S-Gr recovery are analyzed, aiming to repair the damaged surface structure and restore its electrochemical performance. Finally, the prospects and challenges associated with S-Gr recyclization are presented, contributing to the sustainable development of LIB technologies and promoting the global transition toward renewable energy sources.

Highly Dispersed Pd-CeOx Nanoparticles in Zeolite Nanosheets for Efficient CO2-Mediated Hydrogen Storage and Release.

Formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation and CO2 hydrogenation to FA/formate represent promising methodologies for the efficient and clean storage and release of hydrogen, forming a CO2-neutral energy cycle. Here, we report the synthesis of highly dispersed and stable bimetallic Pd-based nanoparticles, immobilized on self-pillared silicalite-1 (SP-S-1) zeolite nanosheets using an incipient wetness co-impregnation technique. Owing to the highly accessible active sites, effective mass transfer, exceptional hydrophilicity, and the synergistic effect of the bimetallic species, the optimized PdCe0.2/SP-S-1 catalyst demonstrated unparalleled catalytic performance in both FA dehydrogenation and CO2 hydrogenation to formate. Remarkably, it achieved a hydrogen generation rate of 5974 molH2 molPd-1 h-1 and a formate production rate of 536 molformate molPd-1 h-1 at 50 °C, surpassing most previously reported heterogeneous catalysts under similar conditions. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the interfacial effect between Pd and cerium oxide clusters substantially reduces the activation barriers for both reactions, thereby increasing the catalytic performance. Our research not only showcases a compelling application of zeolite nanosheet-supported bimetallic nanocatalysts in CO2-mediated hydrogen storage and release but also contributes valuable insights towards the development of safe, efficient, and sustainable hydrogen technologies.

Unique Optoelectronic Properties and Applications of Lead‐Free Perovskites and Derivatives

The pursuit of lead‐free alternatives to lead halide perovskites has gained significant momentum due to the environmental concerns associated with lead toxicity. The adverse effects of lead on human health and the environment have prompted a shift toward developing sustainable and eco‐friendly perovskite materials for various optoelectronic devices. This shift is particularly vital in emerging technologies where perovskites play a crucial role, such as solar cells, X‐ray detectors, photodetectors, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), etc. Consequently, it is paramount to understand the fundamental properties, synthesis methods, and structural characteristics of lead‐free perovskites. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the intricate relationship between the structures and properties of lead‐free perovskites, shedding light on their applications across diverse fields. The focus on environmentally benign, high‐performing, and lead‐free perovskite materials underscores the urgency and significance of research efforts in driving the development of sustainable and efficient optoelectronic technologies.

Integrated catalytic systems for simultaneous NOx and PM reduction: a comprehensive evaluation of synergistic performance and combustion waste energy utilization.

The global transition towards sustainable automotive vehicles has driven the demand for energy-efficient internal combustion engines with advanced aftertreatment systems capable of reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. This comprehensive review explores the latest advancements in aftertreatment technologies, focusing on the synergistic integration of in-cylinder combustion strategies, such as low-temperature combustion (LTC), with post-combustion purification systems. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), lean NOx traps (LNT), and diesel particulate filters (DPF) are critically examined, highlighting novel catalyst formulations and system configurations that enhance low-temperature performance and durability. The review also investigates the potential of energy conversion and recovery techniques, including thermoelectric generators and organic Rankine cycles, to harness waste heat from the exhaust and improve overall system efficiency. By analyzing the complex interactions between engine operating parameters, combustion kinetics, and emission formation, this study provides valuable insights into the optimization of integrated LTC-aftertreatment systems. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of considering real-world driving conditions and transient operation in the development and evaluation of these technologies. The findings presented in this article lay the foundation for future research efforts aimed at overcoming the limitations of current aftertreatment systems and achieving superior emission reduction performance in advanced combustion engines, ultimately contributing to the development of sustainable and efficient automotive technologies.

Site-Selective Carbonylative Cyclization with Two Allylic C-H Bonds Enabled by Radical Differentiation.

Controlling the site-selectivity of C-H functionalization is of significant importance and a formidable undertaking in synthetic organic chemistry, motivating the continuing development of efficient and sustainable technologies for activating C-H bonds. However, methods that control the site-selectivity for double C-H functionalization are rare. We herein report a conceptually new method to achieve highly site-selective C-H functionalization by implementing a radical single-out strategy. Leveraging the steric hindrance-sensitive CO-insertion as the radical differentiation process, a site-selective and stereoselective carbonylative formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of imines and alkenes by sequential double allylic C-H bond activation was established without special and complicated HAT-reagents. This reaction was compatible with a wide range of alkenes and imines with diverse skeletons to deliver allylic β-lactams that are of synthetic and medicinal interest.

Antibacterial Janus cellulose/MXene paper with exceptional salt rejection for sustainable and durable solar-driven desalination

The scarcity of freshwater resources and increasing demand for drinking water have driven the development of durable and sustainable desalination technologies. Although MXene composites have shown promise due to their excellent photothermal conversion and high thermal conductivity, their high hydrophilicity often leads to salt precipitation and low durability. In this study, we present a novel Cellulose (CF)/MXene paper with a Janus hydrophobic/hydrophilic configuration for long-term and efficient solar-driven desalination. The paper features a dual-layer structure, with the upper hydrophobic layer composed of CF/MXene paper exhibiting convexness to serve as a photothermal layer with exceptional salt rejection properties. Simultaneously, the bottom porous layer made of CF acts as an efficient thermal insulation. This unique design effectively minimizes heat loss and facilitates efficient water transportation. The Janus CF/MXene paper demonstrates a high evaporation rate of 1.11 kg m−2h−1 and solar thermal conversion efficiency of 82.52 % under 1 sun irradiation. Importantly, even after 2500 h of operation in a simulated seawater environment, the paper maintains a stable evaporation rate without significant salt deposition and biodegradation due to an antibacterial rate exceeding 90 %. These findings highlight the potential of the Janus CF/MXene paper for scalable manufacturing and practical applications in solar-driven desalination.

O-174 Marginal gains: can small actions in the ART lab improve the environmental impact of medically assisted reproduction?

Abstract Marginal gains can small actions in the ART laboratory improve the environmental impact of medically assisted reproduction? (Invitation) Study question Is it possible to reduce the environmental impact of assisted reproductive technology (ART) laboratories while maintaining quality and safety? Summary answer While individual interventions may yield modest results, their cumulative effect on a wider scale can lead to substantial reductions in resource consumption and emissions over time without compromising treatment outcomes or patient/staff safety. What is known already According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) the change in global climate is one of the gravest threats facing humanity, with pregnant women, new-born and child health considered highly vulnerable. In recent years growing evidence has linked climate change, air pollution, pollutant exposure and microplastics to compromised male and female reproductive health and even spontaneous and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) outcomes. Ironically, the healthcare industry is a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, and the rapidly increasing utilisation of ART has raised concerns regarding its environmental footprint. A field primarily driven by highly specialised, energy-intensive laboratory processes, continuous monitoring of hormone testing, single-use consumables and large amounts of waste; the quest for bringing awareness to sustainable practices within ART laboratories is critical, not just for the planet, but for our patients and future generations. Study design, size, duration Alongside a comprehensive review of existing literature, a panel of international professionals and enthusiasts within reproductive medicine, law and environmental science convened in a green conferencing format to discuss key environmental challenges associated with ART and explored potential avenues for enhancing sustainability in the laboratory. A survey and interviews with stakeholders also took place to understand current attitudes and provide real-time social, economic and environmental examples of sustainability in ART laboratories. Main Results I will present a roadmap for sustainability in the IVF laboratory so far. A selection of actions which result in marginal gains within the ART laboratory include but are not limited to: Participate in a ‘green certification’ programme specifically tailored to the IVF laboratory and consider forming a ‘green team’ Aim for energy efficiency, renewable energy, preventive maintenance and consider plug load of non-essential equipment for cost savings. Consider widening operating ranges for temperature and humidity, air circulation changes and HVAC design where possible for energy savings of 15–30% Correct waste management can result in > 30% reduction in clinical waste alongside €11,600 annual savings, with focus on prevention of unnecessary consumables (dishes, media), reducing use of plastics and other single-use items to the extent that is possible and safe, and reusing where appropriate (e.g., training vitrification straws). Adopt electronic platforms for consents/laboratory paperwork; avoiding the use of > 40 pages per cycle in the UK. Reuse packaging materials (cold gel packs, bubble wrap) or form partnerships with local businesses who can reuse. Manage inventory carefully, asking for products with longer expiry dates, and consolidate purchase order to minimise frequency. Minimise liquid nitrogen loss during routine activities and consider batching samples for cryo-transport to minimise frequency of shipments. Limitations Every country, region and laboratory is different and will have their own myriad of regulatory constraints and industry standards to adhere to. This may present barriers to the adoption of certain sustainability measures in ART laboratories and is therefore imperative to seek local guidance first. Wider implications of the findings The carbon footprint of ART extends beyond the laboratory and into the supply chain, encompassing transportation, pharmaceutical production, and waste disposal processes. In this way a holistic approach is necessary, with the need for partnerships between fertility clinics, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies continuously working together to drive the development and adoption of sustainable practices and technologies across the entire ART field.

Process of solvothermal CZTS nanomaterial for application of solar cell

Sustainable technological development is always associated with usage of energy. Development is directly proportional to utilization of energy. Therefore, energy crisis is one of the crucial issue encounters to mankind during their growth and development of technology. Recent years, researchers comprising many materials like Copper Indium Selenide, Copper Indium Sulfide, Copper Indium Gallium Selenide, Cadmium Telluride and many more. But these all materials are accompanying high cost, lack of abundant sources and toxicity. Hence, thinking about low cost featuring and nontoxicity to overcome energy crisis, Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) is considered as one of the best alternatives in semiconductor solar cell. There are various methods to synthesized CZTS materials, which requires high-cost set ups and equipment. In this paper we have used low-cost synthesis process. CZTS nanomaterials were synthesized in non-aqueous solution with the help of solvothermal method. Synthesis of CZTS nanomaterial was carried out by using Teflon Lined Autoclave in furnace. Further thin films of CZTS material. Further, films were characterized scientifically with the help of UV–VIS spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and potentiometer. CZTS material further annealed at 400 °C for 10 min with which we have observed annealing effect on it. Due to annealing, properties like crystallinity, absorptions and morphology were improved which may be benefitted for progress of efficiency solar cells.

PANI/GO and Sm co-modified Ti/PbO2 dimensionally stable anode for highly efficient amoxicillin degradation: Performance assessment, impact parameters and degradation mechanism

The abuse and uncontrolled discharge of antibiotics present a severe threat to environment and human health, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable treatment technology. In this work, we employ a facile one-step electrodeposition method to prepare polyaniline/graphite oxide (PANI/GO) and samarium (Sm) co-modified Ti/PbO2 (Ti/PbO2-PANI/GO-Sm) electrode for the degradation of amoxicillin (AMX). Compared with traditional Ti/PbO2 electrode, Ti/PbO2-PANI/GO-Sm electrode exhibits more excellent oxygen evolution potential (2.63 V) and longer service life (56 h). In degradation experiment, under optimized conditions (50 mg L−1 AMX, 20 mA cm−2, pH 3, 0.050 M Na2SO4, 25 °C), Ti/PbO2-PANI/GO-Sm electrode achieves remarkable removal efficiencies of 88.76% for AMX and 79.92% for chemical oxygen demand at 90 min. In addition, trapping experiment confirms that ·OH plays a major role in the degradation process. Based on theoretical calculation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer results, the heterocyclic portion of AMX molecule is more susceptible to ·OH attacks. Thus, this novel electrode offers a sustainable and efficient solution to address environmental challenges posed by antibiotic-contaminated wastewater.

Optimization of graphene polypyrrole for enhanced adsorption of moxifloxacin antibiotic: an experimental design approach and isotherm investigation

The presence of antibiotics in water systems had raised a concern about their potential harm to the aquatic environment and human health as well as the possible development of antibiotic resistance. Herein, this study investigates the power of adsorption using graphene-polypyrrole (GRP-PPY) nanoparticles as a promising approach for the removal of Moxifloxacin HCl (MXF) as a model antibiotic drug. GRP-PPY nanoparticles synthesis was performed with a simple and profitable method, leading to the formation of high surface area particles with excellent adsorption properties. Characterization was assessed with various techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). Box-Behnken experimental design was developed to optimize the adsorption process. Critical parameters such as initial antibiotic concentration, nanoparticle concentration, and pH were investigated. The Freundlich isotherm model provided a good fit to the experimental data, indicating multilayer adsorption of MXF onto the GRP-PPY-NP. As a result, a high adsorption capacity of MXF (92%) was obtained in an optimum condition of preparing 30 μg/mL of the drug to be adsorbed by 1 mg/mL of GRP-PPY-NP in pH 9 within 1 h in a room temperature. Moreover, the regeneration and reusability of GRP-PPY-NP were investigated. They could be effectively regenerated for 3 cycles using appropriate desorption agents without significant loss in adsorption capacity. Overall, this study highlights the power of GRP-PPY-NP as a highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of MXF from wastewater as it is the first time to use this NP for a pharmaceutical product which shows the study's novelty, and the findings provide valuable insights into the development of sustainable and effective wastewater treatment technologies for combating antibiotic contamination in aquatic environments.

Single-atom catalysts: Effects of end-group regulation on catalytic activity

The role of 14 metal elements as porphyrin-like monatomic catalysts in carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) was studied using density functional theory (DFT) and computational hydrogen electrode (CHE) model. It highlights the ability of the catalyst to convert carbon from the ＋4 valence state to the ＋2 valence state, indicating that the end-tone node significantly improves metal properties and catalytic efficiency. Notably, the modification of the end group improved the structure of the Bi, Sb, and Sn-based catalysts and reduced the free energy barrier, although their initial configuration deviated from the expected configuration. In contrast, Fe, Ti, and V based catalysts showed good initial activity, but performance decreased after the terminal node. In addition, the free energy barrier of Co, Ni, Pd and Ir-based catalysts was significantly reduced by end-group regulation. Detailed analysis of the electron structure, especially Co and Ni, shows that the arrangement of electrons and the localization of d-band electrons through the terminal node are critical for regulating catalyst activity. This study not only highlights the importance of end-tone system in optimizing catalyst performance, but also provides a theoretical basis for designing efficient CO2RR catalysts, which is of great significance for the development of sustainable technologies.

Photovoltaic cells with transparency for glass coverage: case study in party space

Sustainable energy and technological development in electricity generation processes offer opportunities for the development and utilization of new photovoltaic technologies in construction. Photovoltaic cells for glazed surfaces, known as double glass or double-skin, have been applied in modern buildings due to their attributed characteristics that can enhance thermal comfort, provide natural lighting for internal areas, ensure privacy in external environments, and reduce energy consumption. The objective of this study is to investigate the viability of using double glass in the glazed roof of a family party venue. The qualitative method, a case study, was employed to assess the demand for electrical energy in the building and the potential use of double glass photovoltaic technologies. Market research was initially conducted with technology suppliers, enabling the evaluation of characteristics for the technological and economic feasibility of the project. The results show that the installation of double glass photovoltaic technology offers 40% transparency to solar radiation through the roof, resulting in thermal and luminous comfort. In terms of economic viability, the study demonstrates the possibility of return on investment in 4.6 years, considering energy generation, reduced building energy costs, and installation expenses. The installation of double glass technology, according to market research, is economically viable and generates local electrical energy for residents, providing comfort in the environment and enhancing the quality of life for occupants.

Parallel Genetic Algorithm Interface II: A novel computational tool for accelerated simulation-based optimization

The ever increasing power of computational tools encouraged by the general need for development of more sustainable technologies fuels the interest in modern optimization approaches. While simulation-based optimization has been receiving considerable attention in the past decades, it still struggles to overcome some challenges, namely excessive computation time. This study proposes a novel optimization interface, the Parallel Genetic Algorithm Interface II (PAGAN-II), which utilizes parallelization of flowsheet simulations to drastically reduce the optimization time without the need to use clustered CPUs and/or modified optimization algorithms. Results of a detailed performance study showed up to 2100% increase in computation rate when optimizing demanding process flowsheets; and approximately 300% increase when optimizing simple ones. Capabilities of the proposed interface were demonstrated by optimization of a 5 MTPA C3MR LNG technology processing 12 different feedstocks, where a 15–30% decrease in the specific energy consumption was achieved. At the same time, the algorithm increased the optimization speed 13-fold compared to the traditional approach. This translates into a reduction of optimization time from 69 days of non-stop computation to approximately 7 days.

Impact of electrolyte concentration on electrochemical performance of Cocos nucifera Waste-Derived High-Surface carbon for green energy storage

The increasing popularity of utilizing biomass's natural structure represents a promising avenue for sustainable innovation, as it taps into the inherent characteristics of organic materials to address various environmental and industrial challenges. Researchers and industries continue to explore the full potential of biomass in creating more sustainable and efficient solutions. The transformation of biomass into carbon materials is an indirect means of utilizing CO2 as a carbon source, thus contributing to the sustainable development of energy storage technologies and also in pollution reduction. In the quest for sustainable energy solutions, this research unveils a cost-effective approach to supercapacitor development by harnessing the untapped potential of Cocos nucifera trunk sawdust-derived high-surface carbon (CHSC). Through a meticulous process involving ZnCl2 treatment and KOH activation at varying temperatures, CHSC-700 emerges as a standout electrode material with exceptional structural characteristics, boasting enhanced graphitization and a specific surface area of 1153.72 m2/g. Further, the study delved into the nuanced relationship between electrolyte concentration and supercapacitor performance, pinpointing 6 M KOH as the optimal condition. In 6 M KOH, the electrode exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 559.27F/g at the current density of 0.5 A/g with outstanding cyclic stability, retaining 80.37 % capacitance after 20,000 cycles and an impressive energy density of 18.92 Wh/kg and power density of 246.75 W/kg. This systematic exploration provides valuable data for understanding the biomass-derived carbon electrode's behaviour under various electrolyte concentrations, offering crucial information for optimizing its performance in practical applications, such as energy storage devices.

Lead‐Free High Permittivity Quasi‐Linear Dielectrics for Giant Energy Storage Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors with Broad Temperature Stability

AbstractElectrostatic energy storage capacitors are essential passive components for power electronics and prioritize dielectric ceramics over polymer counterparts due to their potential to operate more reliably at > 100 ˚C. Most work has focused on non‐linear dielectrics compositions in which polarization (P)/electric displacement (D) and maximum field (Emax) are optimized to give values of energy density, 6≤U≤21 J cm−3. In each case however, either saturation (dP/dE = 0, AFE) or “partial” saturation (dP/dE → 0, RFE) of P limits the value of U which can be achieved before breakdown. It is proposed that U can be further improved with respect to relaxors (RFEs) and anti‐ferroelectrics (AFEs) by designing high permittivity quasi‐linear dielectric (QLD) behaviour in which dP/dE remains constant up to ultrahigh Emax. QLD multilayer capacitor prototypes with dielectric layers composed of 0.88NaNb0.9Ta0.1O3‐0.10SrTiO3‐0.02La(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3 deliver room temperature U ≈ 43.5 J cm−3, supporting an extremely‐large Emax ≈ 280 MV m−1, both of which exceed current state‐of‐art by a factor of two for devices based on powder, tape‐cast technology. Importantly QLD capacitors exhibit scant variation in U (≈15 J cm−3) up to > 200 ˚C and robust resistance to cyclic degradation, offering a promising new approach for the development of sustainable technology.