Nations Sustainable Development Research Articles

Empowering migrant women's entrepreneurship: stakeholder perspectives from the entrepreneurial ecosystem

PurposeEntrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) research has focused on high-growth scale-up entrepreneurship, whereas the role of EEs in nurturing the ventures of marginalised groups like migrant women entrepreneurs (MWEs) has often been elided from extant discussions. This research explores how the EE's structure, policies and programmes advance diversity, equity and inclusion to foster MWEs, and MWEs' contribution to the dynamics and sustainability of the host country's EE based on EE actors' perspectives. We contribute to EEs' diversity, equity and inclusion, which are important but neglected social aspects of sustainable EEs.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative data was collected through thematic interviews with EE actors, including NGOs and entrepreneurial support-providing organizations based in Finland. The collected data was complemented by interviews with MWEs, archival data and published supplementary materials on ecosystem actors.FindingsEE structure, policies, programmes and individual agency, coupled with MWEs' proactivity in lobbying the necessary actors in the required places for their interests, enhance their businesses' development. There were both impeding and fostering dynamics, which may have idiographic and contextual features. Evidently, by being occupied in various sectors, from science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) to socially beneficial niche service sectors, MWEs contribute to the host country's EE dynamics not only through their productive entrepreneurship but by enriching the ecosystem's resource endowments and institutional arrangements.Originality/valueWe argue that exploring the gender and inclusivity aspects of EEs as the accommodating context is particularly relevant, given that the United Nation's sustainable development goals 5, 8 and 10 aim to improve women's empowerment at all levels, promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, and ensuring equal opportunities and reduced inequalities within the population. Inclusion and embeddedness in EEs positively affect diversity and sustainability in the host country. Theoretically, our contribution is twofold. First, by exploring female migrants' entrepreneurial experiences within the EE based on EE actors' perspectives, we broaden the research on inclusivity in EEs and gender aspects and enrich the research on their societal impact, which has received scant attention from scholars. More specifically, we contribute to EE research with (1) a novel understanding of MWEs and EE elements, their interconnections and dynamism, (2) identifying previously ignored elements shaping MWE and (3) providing EE actor insights into the co-creation of EE for MWE. Second, by analysing the impact of MWEs' businesses on the host country's EE, we contribute to calls for research on MWE contributions to its economic environment.

Potential capacity and cost assessments for hydrogen production from marine sources

The current study comprehensively examines the application of wave, tidal and undersea current energy sources of Turkiye for green hydrogen fuel production and its cost analysis. The estimated potential capacity of each city in the country is derived from official data and acceptable assumptions and is subject to discussion and evaluation in the context of a viable hydrogen economy. According to the findings, the potential for green hydrogen generation in Turkiye is projected to be 7.33 million tons using a proton exchange membrane electrolyser (PEMEL). Cities with the highest hydrogen production capacities from marine applications are Mugla, Izmir, Antalya, and Canakkale with 998.10 kt, 840.31 kt, 605.46 kt, and 550.42 kt, respectively. The study calculations obviously show that there is a great potential by using excess power in producing hydrogen which will result in an economic value of 3.83 billion US dollars. This study further helps develop a detailed hydrogen map for every city in Turkiye, using the identified potential capacities of renewable energy sources and the utilization of electrolysers to make green hydrogen by green power. The potentials and specific capacities for every city are also highlighted. Furthermore, the study results are expected to provide clear guidance for government authorities and industries to utilize such a potential of renewable energy for investment and promote clean energy projects by further addressing concerns caused by the usage of carbon-based (fossil fuels dependent) energy options. Moreover, green hydrogen production and utilization in every sector will help achieve the national targets for a net zero economy and cope with international targets to achieve the United Nation's sustainable development goals.

Sustainability outcomes and policy implications: Evaluating China's "old urban neighborhood renewal" experiment.

Globally, old urban neighborhood transformation has become a new urban sustainability focus for its significant contribution to the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 11. A regeneration-oriented approach is particularly important for Chinese cities with a dwindling land supply, obsoleting infrastructure, and inadequate standard of living. Using a mixed-methods approach informed by BREEAM Communities, we examined two Chinese initiatives-old urban neighborhood renewal (OUNR) and sponge city development (SCD)-through a comprehensive study of pilot project sustainability, policy emphases and gaps, and broader governance implications. We found that SCD's top-down technocratic management was highly efficient in enhancing neighborhood hydrological functions and physical environment. However, successes were undermined by the lack of climate considerations and civic participation. Besides actionable recommendations for applied scholarship and policymaking in China, we provide insight into how the OUNR/SCD initiatives may broadly inform worldwide urban regeneration practices through project and policy experimentations that build adaptive capacity.

Economic and social costs of flood disasters in Nigeria: Implications for sustainable national development

Nigeria is susceptible to flood disasters, resulting in significant economic and social costs due to natural and human factors. This paper examines the implications of flood disasters on Nigeria's sustainable national development by identifying drivers, estimating costs, analyzing social dimensions, and discussing policy options. The methodology this paper adopted relied on a range of secondary sources such as government reports, academic studies, and media sources which were analyzed through qualitative methods of content and thematic analysis. The study revealed that flood disasters caused economic losses, including damage to infrastructure, loss of income, and reduced agricultural production, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. Effective disaster risk management requires an integrated approach, including investments in flood risk infrastructure, coordination among government levels, and engaging local communities to build disaster reduction capacity. The paper highlights the need for Nigeria to mainstream disaster risk reduction into national development planning for sustainable development.

Corruption in Formal Adult Education in Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable National Development

This position paper took a cursory view of corruption, examined adult education, assessed corruption in formal adult education and highlighted the implications for sustainable national development in Nigeria. The paper concluded that concerted efforts must be put in place in order to curb the menace of corruption in adult education. Adult education is the poorest sector in education in terms of allocation of financial resources. Government allocates meagre financial resources annually to adult education organizations, yet corrupt financial practices are perpetrated by the operators of adult education institutions in Nigeria. There is equally the challenge of cheating in examination and examination malpractice. These have stifled the developmental needs of the country to be provided by adult education. It was suggested that the EFCC and ICPC should beam their searchlight on adult education sector of education with a view to recovering stolen funds arresting and prosecuting offenders of embezzlement and misappropriation of education funds; adult learners found guilty of corrupt practices should have their admission revoked; adult educators found guilty of the monetary extortion should be relieved of their jobs; and government should make it as a point of duty to allocate 3% of her education budget to adult education annually.

Does the Water Rights Trading Policy Improve Water-Use Efficiency? An Environmental Policy Evaluation from China

As a crucial basic natural resource, water resources are the cornerstone for sustainable national economic development. This paper takes the 2014 pilot water rights trading policy (WRT) as an entry point and uses a difference-in-differences (DID) model to test the policy effect of WRT on water-use efficiency (WUE) based on panel data for 30 Chinese provinces from 2005 to 2021. The study shows that WRT can significantly improve the regional WUE, and these results remain valid after a series of robustness tests, such as the parallel trend test, placebo test, and PSM-DID. Mechanistic analysis revealed that WRT can produce the Porter effect, which affects the WUE through technological innovation. The results of the heterogeneity analysis based on the synthetic control method (SCM) showed that WRT effectively improved WUE in Jiangxi, Henan, Ningxia, Hubei, and Guangdong, but did not achieve the expected effect in Inner Mongolia or Gansu. This paper provides solid empirical support for assessing the effectiveness of WRT and accelerating the process of establishing a unified national WRT market in China by 2025.

Global urbanization and ruralization lessons of clean energy access gap

While energy access is improving across economic groups globally, here remains the monumental challenge of clean energy inequality that has further aggravates climate-related problems. To further address clean energy inequality, this study offers novel understanding on the forces behind clean energy access divide associated with urbanization and ruralization by employing the case of the high, low, lower-middle, and upper-middle income economies in the period 2010 to 2021. By using empirical analysis, the results reveal that (i) annual growth in the economy, and (ii) literacy parity between male and female further worsen clean energy access between urban and rural population. Contrarily, innovative activities reduce urban-rural clean energy access by an elasticity of 3.510. These findings, in theory and practice, provide policy insight toward specifically achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 10, and other global challenges.

Sustainability Evaluation of the 'Batu Into Green' Village Based on the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Nowadays, environmental issues deserve everyone's attention. People can actually improve their surrounding environment to be healthier and more comfortable, started with their own houses. This idea realizes an ecology village named 'Batu Into Green', located in Pattimura V, Temas, in the City of Batu, Indonesia. Originally, this village was a slum, but with the initiation of the local village head and with the increase of local public awareness for a healthier environment, the locals improved the ecology of their village. 'Batu Into Green' applies to the concept of environmental friendly village. Thus, an analysis was carried out to examine the level of sustainability of this ecology village. This research applied a qualitative approach to descriptively evaluate the current condition of the village based on the principles of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The focus of the SDGs in this discussion is Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDGs No.11). From the analyses, the 'Batu Into Green' initiative has a great potential for economic, social, and cultural sustainability

Sustainability Evaluation of the 'Batu Into Green' Village Based on the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Nowadays, environmental issues deserve everyone's attention. People can actually improve their surrounding environment to be healthier and more comfortable, started with their own houses. This idea realizes an ecology village named 'Batu Into Green', located in Pattimura V, Temas, in the City of Batu, Indonesia. Originally, this village was a slum, but with the initiation of the local village head and with the increase of local public awareness for a healthier environment, the locals improved the ecology of their village. 'Batu Into Green' applies to the concept of environmental friendly village. Thus, an analysis was carried out to examine the level of sustainability of this ecology village. This research applied a qualitative approach to descriptively evaluate the current condition of the village based on the principles of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The focus of the SDGs in this discussion is Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDGs No.11). From the analyses, the 'Batu Into Green' initiative has a great potential for economic, social, and cultural sustainability

Towards enhanced control of mycetoma: a roadmap to achieve the UN's sustainable development goals by 2030.

Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with devastating morbidity and stigma. Despite increased awareness and international collaboration, the burden of mycetoma is largely unknown and diagnosis and treatment are difficult. Addressing mycetoma globally aligns with several United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Little progress has been made since the WHO's NTD roadmap publication in 2020. The Global Mycetoma Working Group proposes an enhanced mycetoma-control roadmap to meet the SDGs, stimulate progress and improve the lives of patients experiencing mycetoma. By aligning mycetoma management with the goals and targets of this enhanced roadmap, it becomes possible to leverage existing resources, infrastructure and partnerships to improve the lives of affected individuals and communities. This updated assessment is designed for the benefit of health workers and providers in mycetoma-endemic areas, NTD government officials, civil society and funding and implementing agencies.

EVALUATING THE COMMUNICATIVE VALUES OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns have various uses in English grammar and communication. However, experiences have shown that many learners of English as a second language, especially students in Nigerian schools have problems with the effective use of personal pronouns in spoken and written communication even though adequate knowledge of the personal pronouns and usage is crucial to individual student’s educational advancement and sustainable national development in this country. This article is therefore aimed at minimizing the problem encountered in the use of personal pronouns. To achieve this, the paper critically examined the concept of personal pronouns with copious illustrations. Finally, some recommendations were made that will serve as a guide to learners of English as a second language (students in particular) on the proper use of personal pronouns.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0758/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Education in the Maritime Sector and Sustainable Development: Bangladesh's Position in the World

Bangladesh's historic geography and the recent delineation of its maritime borders with India and Myanmar, its neighbours, have created new opportunities for the country's sustainable economic growth. However, it necessitates a varied workforce in the maritime industry. The trained labour force required for this industry cannot be obtained without specialised maritime education and training, or MET. There are many different types of educational institutions in Bangladesh, such as independent research centres, technical institutes, academies, and specialty universities. They provide a selection of degrees and MET courses. This essay offers a comprehensive summary of MET opportunities in Bangladesh, as well as the career and financial prospects of maritime industry experts and their implications for the nation's sustainable development. In order to outline the overview supporting Bangladeshi perspectives, the necessary data and material has been gathered from a number of databases, including ResearchGate, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, ERIC, journals, and newspapers. The study has important ramifications for educators, trainers, policy makers, and other parties with an interest in Bangladesh's marine industry.

Optimization of scrap tire devulcanization process using Taguchi and DEAR method in a supercritical fluid extraction pilot scale setup

Recycling of scrap tires is gaining more significance to ensure sustainable consumption and production on a commercial scale. The supercritical CO2 extraction technique has been classified as green technology under United Nation's sustainable development guidelines. Literature shows that research on scrap tire devulcanization using supercritical CO2 was performed on a laboratory-scale setup only. However, significant pilot-scale research needs to be conducted before commercial use and technology transfer. This study utilized a pilot-scale supercritical fluid extraction equipment to devulcanize waste tire-derived crumb rubber. Using Taguchi's design of experiment (DOE) model along with the Data Envelopment Analysis Based Ranking (DEAR) approach, the effect of the input process variables on response factors was examined. The input functions, devulcanizing agent's concentration, and pump pressure were discovered to be the most influential parameters in the devulcanization process. Further optimization was carried out via the DEAR-Taguchi technique. The optimal process parameters were determined to be a pump pressure of 350 bar, an extractor temperature of 80 °C, a holding time of 30 min in the extractor, a CO2 circulation of 120 min, and a devulcanizing agent concentration of 15 vol.%. Finally, a validation experiment was conducted at the optimum conditions to verify the acceptability of the model. It was noticed that the divergence for the confirmation experiment was within 10 %, indicating that the approach used for the devulcanization of crumb rubber is acceptable.

Reorienting research investments toward under‐researched crops for sustainable food systems

AbstractThe dominance of a few staple crops (maize, rice, and wheat) in most agricultural systems hampers the application of interventions to improve food security and nutrition. Research and development attention has focused on improving the production and utilization of these crops, leaving other crops under‐researched and underutilized. Subsequently, there have been high malnutrition rates due to poor diet diversity, yet there are “opportunity crops” that remain under researched. The opportunity crops can unlock solutions to food insecurity, malnutrition, a lack of biodiversity, and indeed poor climate adaptation. The study explored diversification in agricultural systems to analyze whether reorientation of research investment to include under‐researched crops can increase nutrient gain and enhance dietary diversity. Research outputs benchmarked as the number of publications from three leading African universities, Nairobi, Pretoria, and Ghana, were related to crop diversity and nutrition of crops in five clusters: cereals, vegetables, legumes, roots and tubers, and nuts. The findings show that maize was the predominantly researched crop across the three institutions. Low research outputs were observed for pearl millet, finger millet, and yam across the three institutions: amaranth and nightshade (Pretoria), sweet potatoes (Pretoria and Ghana), Marama bean (Nairobi), and soya bean (Nairobi and Ghana). There was nutrient gain across all five clusters, particularly from under‐researched indigenous crops such as finger millet, amaranth, nightshade, yam, sweet potatoes, Marama bean, and soybean. Nutrient gain was contributed more by cereals and root and tuber crops from Pretoria, vegetables and nuts (Ghana), as well as legumes (Nairobi). The findings demonstrate that incorporating research on the least researched crops with successful integration of other research and development initiatives (policy and dissemination) can increase nutrition and improve dietary diversity. The nutrient gain will positively affect food security and nutrition, contributing to the achievement of Africa Agenda 2063, the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals, and reducing food imports. The findings can inform research investment and decision across different institutions within the African continent. Research investment targeting crops such as finger millet, amaranthus, sweet potatoes, soya beans, and cashew nuts is needed considering the nutritional contribution, climate change adaptability, market potential, and biodiversity contribution. Further analysis should explore production, socio‐economic (marketability and income generation), and environmental gains (adaptive ability to climate change) for specific crops. The development of frameworks to guide the analysis of the nature and scope of factors affecting the contribution of these crops to food security and nutrition, as well as research on specific crops considering geographic distribution and institutional involvement, is also needed.

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROCUREMENT TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DELIVERY: ASSESSING THE MANAGERIAL CAPABILITIES OF PUBLIC-SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS IN AFRICA

The lingering imbalance between infrastructural services demand and supply poses serious threats to the fiscal budget balance from contingent liabilities of African countries. Despite the increasing private investment commitments and adoption of public-private partnership procurement (PPP) options to address the widening infrastructure gaps in Africa, the failure in the delivery of public infrastructure projects is yet a common phenomenon. This study therefore examined the managerial capabilities of public-sector organizations (PSOs), who steer the provisions of public infrastructure, to investigate their readiness to achieve the value for money from private funding and the benefits of PPP options. The study conducted a self-study structured questionnaire survey on professionals in PSOs in Africa, particularly Nigeria, who have been directly involved in the delivery of public infrastructure projects via PPP. The professionals were purposively sampled and the primary data obtained was subjected to descriptive and inferential analysis. The study revealed that the PSOs have internalized about 41 PPP-capabilities for the delivery of public infrastructure projects. Up to 40 PPP-capabilities were exhibited on an average score (41-60%) level, with mean score (MS) value range of 3.13 ≤ MS ≤ 3.70, for the public projects procured. The study established the existence of significant interdependence of p < 0.001, which indicated sufficient correlation between 31 PPP-capabilities and explained the 10 main components of managerial capabilities possessed by the PSOs. Some of the components clustered around public infrastructure planning and adaptability to PPP programme, project delivery parameters and control, suitable public infrastructure procurement knowledge, public policy awareness and innovation, and governance. The study provides information crucial for public infrastructure delivery success towards sustainable national economic recovery and development.

TAX INCENTIVES AS A TOOL OF DEVELOPMENT OF PPP PROJECTS FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT: EXPERIENCE OF PRC REGIONS

The purpose of the research. The article discusses the public-private partnership (PPP) projects as an important tool for attracting private sector resources to enhance the efficiency and quality of emergency response. It analyzes the extent to which tax incentives influence the financial decisions of corporations and investment returns in the context of regions in China. The purpose of the research is to identify the role of tax benefits in stimulating the use of PPP projects for managing emergencies. It presents specific cases where tax incentives were utilized to recover participating in PPP projects enterprises during the pandemic. Results. The research revealed that the provision of tax incentives has had a positive impact on PPP projects. This is achieved through the reduction of financial burdens on enterprises, lowering costs for PPP projects implementation, and increasing investment returns. These measures provide critical support for the successful implementation of PPP projects and contribute to sustainable national economic development. PRC’s experience demonstrated that even during social crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, tax incentives effectively promote private sector participation in infrastructure construction and the provision of public services to harmonize the economic and social goals in public policy.

Traditional Atlantic Diet and Its Effect on Health and the Environment

The universal call to action for healthier and more sustainable dietary choices is the framework of the United Nations's Sustainable Development Goals. The Atlantic diet, originating from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, represents an example of a traditional diet that aligns with these principles. To explore a 6-month intervention based on the Atlantic diet's effects on metabolic and environmental health, assessing metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence and the carbon footprint. The Galician Atlantic Diet study was a 6-month randomized clinical trial designed to assess the effects of this regional traditional diet on families' eating habits. The study was conducted from March 3, 2014, to May 29, 2015, at a local primary health care center in the rural town of A Estrada in northwestern Spain and involved a multisectoral collaboration. Families were randomly selected from National Health System records and randomized 1:1 to an intervention or control group. This secondary analysis of the trial findings was performed between March 24, 2021, and November 7, 2023. Over 6 months, families in the intervention group received educational sessions, cooking classes, written supporting material, and foods characteristic of the Atlantic diet, whereas those randomized to the control group continued with their habitual lifestyle. The main outcomes were MetS incidence, defined per National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and carbon footprint emissions as an environmental metric using life cycle assessment with daily dietary intake as the functional unit. Initially, 250 families were randomized (574 participants; mean [SD] age, 46.8 [15.7] years; 231 males [40.2%] and 343 females [59.8%]). The intervention group included 126 families (287 participants) and the control group, 124 families (287 participants). Ultimately, 231 families completed the trial. The intervention significantly reduced the risk of incident cases of MetS (rate ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13-0.79) and had fewer MetS components (proportional odds ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42-0.82) compared with the control condition. The intervention group did not have a significantly reduced environmental impact in terms of carbon footprint emissions compared with the control group (-0.17 [95% CI, -0.46 to 0.12] kg CO2 equivalents/person/d). These findings provide important evidence that a family-focused dietary intervention based on a traditional diet can reduce the risk of incident MetS. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and determine the generalizability to other populations, taking into account regional cultural and dietary variations. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02391701.

Analyzing Nigeria’s Journey Towards Sustainable Development Goals: A Comprehensive Review From Inception to Present

RATIONALE: This study critically examines Nigeria's journey towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) since their inception. Nigeria, a United Nations member state and a major oil producer, faces challenges like socio-economic disparities, political instability, corruption, and prevalent poverty, despite its cultural richness and natural resources. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim is to evaluate Nigeria's alignment with the SDGs within its national development frameworks, highlighting the significance of these goals in addressing the country's multifaceted developmental challenges. These challenges span various sectors including poverty, health, education, and environmental sustainability. METHODS: The study conducts a detailed analysis of Nigeria's background, including its cultural diversity and developmental hurdles. It reviews national policies and initiatives, notably the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP), and the role of the Ministry of Budget and National Planning in coordinating SDG efforts. RESULTS: Findings suggest partial progress in SDG integration within Nigeria’s development plans. While some strides have been made in areas like policy alignment and strategic planning, challenges persist in effective implementation and tackling systemic issues like inequality and corruption. CONCLUSION: The analysis reveals that, while Nigeria has made efforts to incorporate the SDGs into national policies, significant gaps remain in addressing key challenges. The complexity of Nigeria's socio-economic and political landscape presents both hurdles and opportunities for sustainable development. RECOMMENDATIONS: The study advocates for more robust policy implementation, enhanced stakeholder engagement, and targeted strategies to overcome specific challenges. By addressing these areas, Nigeria can accelerate its progress towards the SDGs, paving the way for comprehensive and sustainable national development.

Trends in mortality due to tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer across the BRICS: An age-period-cohort analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2019.

Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (TBL) is a major cause of mortality and top contributor to productivity loss in large emerging economies such as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). We examined the time trends of TBL mortality across the BRICS to better understand the disease burden in these countries and inform public health and healthcare resource allocation. TBL mortality-related data between 1990 and 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and analyzed using age-period-cohort models. Net drift (local drift) was used to describe the expected age-adjusted TBL mortality rate over time overall (each age group); the longitudinal age curve was used to reflect the age effect; the period rate ratios (RRs) were used to reflect the period effect; and the cohort RR was used to reflect the cohort effect. In 2019, there were 958.3 thousand TBL deaths across the BRICS, representing 46.9% of the global TBL deaths. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of TBL decreased in Russia, Brazil, and South Africa while increased in China and India, with the largest reduction reported in Russia (-29.6%) and the largest increase in China (+22.4%). India showed an overall increase (+15.7%) in TBL mortality but the mortality risk decreased among individuals born after 1990 (men) and 1995 (women). Although South Africa and Brazil experienced an overall decline in TBL mortality, their recent birth cohorts, such as Brazilian individuals born after 1985 (men) and 1980 (women), and South African men born after 1995, had an increasing TBL mortality risk. China has experienced an overall increase in TBL mortality, with the mortality risk rising among individuals born after 1995 for both men and women. Russia, which had the highest TBL mortality among the BRICS countries in 1990, has demonstrated significant improvement over the past three decades. Over the past 30years, the BRICS accounted for an increasing proportion of global TBL mortality. TBL mortality increased in older women in all the BRICS countries except Russia. Among the recent birth cohort, the risk of TBL mortality increased in Brazil, China, and South Africa. More effective efforts are needed in the BRICS to reduce the burden of TBL and help achieve the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals.

Precautionary Principle: Perumusan Kebijakan Pengelolaan Energi Baru Terbarukan

The transition to new renewable energy not only produces energy that is relatively more environmentally friendly, but there are other consequences on the environment. In this case, policy makers must be careful in making the right decision regarding a particular product or legal product, because the EBT transition has the potential to endanger society as a whole, but at the same time these dangers are not widely understood until there is scientific evidence. This article examines efforts in formulating new and renewable energy management policies with an emphasis on precautionary principles to realize sustainable national legal development. This research uses a doctrinal approach or also called a normative legal approach with descriptive analysis methods. This research shows that the energy transition policy offered by the government does not touch directly on the environmental dimensions that have been detrimental to society. On the other hand, Indonesia, which is new to the concept of EBT, needs to strive to gain trust from its people, which can occur if the system offered is safe. This is done with an established legal umbrella so that the precautionary principle must be the breath in making this EBT regulation.