Sustainable Management Of Mangrove Forests Research Articles

Assessing the Productivity of the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve: Review of One of the Best-Managed Mangrove Forests

Mangrove ecosystems are crucial for biodiversity and coastal protection but face threats from climate change and human activities. This review assesses the productivity of the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) in Malaysia, which is recognised as one of the best-managed mangrove forests, while also addressing challenges such as deforestation and climate change-induced factors. This review explores the concept of productivity in mangrove forests, highlighting their role in carbon sequestration and discussing litterfall measurements as fundamental metrics for assessing primary productivity. An analysis of historical changes in MMFR’s biomass and productivity revealed fluctuations influenced by logging, reforestation, and climatic conditions. Trends in MMFR productivity indicate a concerning decline attributed to anthropogenic activities such as aquaculture and industrial projects. A regression analysis conducted on Rhizophora apiculata data with age as the predictor and AGB as the response variable indicated a positive trend (slope = 3.61, R-squared = 0.686), suggesting a quantitative increase in AGB with age. Further analysis revealed a significant negative trend in MMFR’s overall productivity over years (coefficient = −3.974, p < 0.05) with a strong inverse relationship (rho = −0.818, p < 0.05), indicating declining AGB trends. Despite these challenges, this review underscores the significance of sustainable management practices, effective conservation efforts, and community engagement in maintaining mangrove ecosystem health and productivity. In conclusion, sharing management lessons from MMFR can contribute to global conservation and sustainable mangrove forest management efforts, fostering resilience in these vital ecosystems.

Sustainability Evaluation of Mangrove Forest Management System of Tagbanua Tribe in Bgy. Manalo, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines

Community-based forest management agreement in the country is a needed instrument in attaining sustainability of mangrove management. Sadly, there is no assurance that the system implemented in the mangrove forest management is sustainable. So, evaluating the mangrove management sustainability of the local tribe is a viable avenue for the appropriate management. In this study, the sustainability of the mangrove management system of the Tagbanua tribe in Bgy. Manalo, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan was evaluated. The study utilized various criteria with relevant indicators of sustainable mangrove forest management in assessing the mangrove forest management system. Focused group discussions were conducted to identify the relevant sustainable mangrove forest management C & I and verifiers. Each indicator was rated using the formulated verifiers in the form of the rating scale. Through household interviews, FGD, KII, mangrove assessment, and secondary data analysis, this study also used a mathematical model on the Sustainability Index for Individual Criteria (SIIC) to evaluate the scores for individual criteria and the Overall Sustainability Index (OSI) of the community. As a result, there are a total of seven relevant criteria, and 35 relevant indicators for Mangrove Management in Barangay Manalo. Based on the individual rating of seven criteria, the overall rating of the sustainable mangrove management system is 1.80, which implies a fairly sustainable mangrove management system. Also, the computed overall sustainability index is 0.26, which is fairly or moderately sustainable. Each criterion has strengths and weaknesses and needs to be improved to have a highly sustainable mangrove management system.

Growth rate of seedling (Rhizophora sp.) in mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation, Banda Aceh, Aceh Province

Ecosystem mangrove is an important ecosystem both ecologically and economically. Therefore, this ecosystem needs to be managed in a sustainable manner. Mangrove rehabilitation is one of the activities to reduce the rate of destruction of mangrove forests and it is a conservation effort on damaged mangrove land. The purposes of the research were to analyse the rate growth of seedling Rhizophora sp. after rehabilitation, and the correlation between environmental parameters and seedling growth in mangrove rehabilitation, Aceh Besar and Banda Aceh. The observation was started from January to March 2022. The results obtained are important data in planning sustainable mangrove forest management. The highest increasing in stem height and stem diameter of Rhizophora sp. were at stations one with values of 1.22 cm week−1 and 0.25 mm week−1. All sampling location showed the number of leaves was increased 1 leave week−1. The highest increasing of stem height at the fourth week with the value were 2.1 cm week−1 in station 1, and 2.2 cm week−1 for station 2. The pearson correlation explained that there was no significantly correlation between environmental characteristics included C-organic, soil fraction, nitrogen (N total), potassium (K), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and temperature with seedlings growth of Rhizophora sp where Psig.>0.05. However, the soil profile consisted of Phosphorous (P) and salinity was significantly correlation with seedling growth due to Psig. <0.05.

Conservation-based mangrove forest management strategy in wosi Manokwari west Papua Indonesia

Degradation of mangrove forests in the Wosi region has negative consequences, including the loss of mangrove forest land and the disruption of marine biota and natural resources in the Doreri Bay region of Manokwari, West Papua. Sustainable tourism that does not harm the environment and ensures a reasonable standard of living for the local people can only be achieved if Mangrove Forest Areas are developed with an ecologically responsible philosophy. The researchers in this study set out to learn more about community involvement in mangrove area management programs and to develop a strategy for the care of tourist attraction artifacts in the mangrove area of Wosi, Manokwari district. Observational methods and case studies formed the basis of the investigation. The goal of this method of observation is to use a quantitatively descriptive approach to examine the interplay between economic, social, and population policies and environmental factors like the Wosi Mangrove Forest. Experts provide their insights on how Indonesia's Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) has implemented its protected forest rules. But this is not the case for the people who make their homes in the Wosi Mangrove Forest. Both the data on sustainable mangrove forest management policies and the policies themselves were subjected to a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis confirmed the importance of community participation in mangrove forest management for the promotion of educational tourism. Karang Taruna Caring for Waste Manokwari is in charge of organizing this educational tour. The Wosi mangrove forest region is hoped to benefit from this method.

Strategy to Strengthening Forest Farming for Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management in the Coastal Area, Deli Serdang, Indonesia

Mangrove forests can be used directly or indirectly by communities/farmer groups around the coast. However, with the rampant forest destruction that occurs, the community or farmer groups need to be equipped with capacity building about the importance of the mangrove ecosystem and its impact on their livelihood. This study aims to identify the condition of mangrove forests in the research area and determine strategies for institutional development of forest farmer groups in coastal areas at the Production Forest Management Unit. The research method used is a qualitative method with interviews; while the analytical method used is the SWOT analysis. Based on the results of the analysis of the Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) with a strength factor value of 0.054 and a weakness value of 0.47. From the calculation of the internal environment score (IFAS) value, namely the strength factor minus the weakness factor, the value of x was obtained as the horizontal axis 0.054-0.047 = 0.007. Based on the External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS) analysis results, the opportunity factor had a value of 0.054 with threats having a value of 0.047. The results showed that the external calculation score (EFAS), namely the opportunity factor (opportunities) reduced by the threat factor, obtained the Y value as the vertical. The identification of internal (IFAS) and external (EFAS) factors indicated that the position of institutional development of forest farmer groups in coastal areas was in quadrant one (I) or in an aggressive position that supports the SO development strategy (aggressive development strategy)

Preliminary Study of Mangrove Eco-Structures and Natural Regeneration at Gili Lawang, East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara)

Gili Lawang mangroves as a unique ecosystem, unstable, dynamic and complex. The purpose of this study is to determine the eco-structure and natural regeneration of the Gili Lawang mangroves as an initial study in sustainable mangrove forest management. This study used a systematic sampling method with random start, at 6 stations with a total of 60 plots. Seven types of mangroves were obtained, namely A. marina, B. cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, R. stylosa, and S. alba at the study site. The highest IVI was R. mucronata with a value of 79.34% (seedlings), B. gymnorrhiza with an IVI of 77% (saplings) and tree stage (96.2%). Canopy stratification is type C, D and E. The concentration of horizontal structures is in class 1 (10-16 cm). At the seedling growth stage H' was classified as moderate (1.33), E' was moderate (0.69), and R1 was low (1.13). At the stake level H' classified as Moderate (1.31), E' is moderate (0.67) and R1 is low (1.04) and at the tree level H' is classified as moderate (1.59), E' is high (0.82), R1 is low (0.95). The distribution of mangrove species in Gili Lawang was normally distributed with a distribution pattern of plant species generally clustered, except for S. alba at the sapling growth stage which were scattered randomly. The regeneration status of mangrove species in Gili Lawang is good in speciesA. marina, B. gymnorrhiza, R. apiculata,and R. mucronata, and sufficient/moderate on B. cylindrica, R. stylosa and S. alba.

Evaluation of Ecosystem Services and Mangrove Management Based on the Blue Economy Approach of Untung Jawa Island

Mangrove forests have a very important role for people's lives, especially for people who live in coastal areas, both from environmental, economic and social aspects. However, the economic potential of the ecosystem services provided by mangrove forests has not been comprehensively calculated. As a result, the economic potential of mangrove forests in an area is often calculated to be lower than the actual economic potential. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the total economic potential of mangrove forest ecosystem services. The economic valuation method of ecosystem services used in this study is the Total Economic Value method, including the economic value of providing services, regulatory services, cultural services, and supporting services. The location of this research is on Untung Jawa Island, Seribu Islands, DKI Jakarta Province, while the research time is from July to September 2022. The data used in determining the economic value in this study are primary data and secondary data. The results of the analysis show that the total economic value of the provision of services is around IDR 607 million per year, support services around IDR 15 million per year, cultural services around IDR 1.3 billion per year, and regulatory services around IDR 34 billion per year. The findings of this study have implications that the government and related stakeholders are required to provide more intensive education to the public about the importance of sustainable management of mangrove forests for the development of a blue economy on the island.

Mangrove Forest Management Stakeholder Social Network in Langkat Regency

This study examines the social network of stakeholders managing mangrove forests sustainably in Langkat Regency. The existing conditions that have occurred so far show that the government has yet to be able to synergize with stakeholders through a mangrove forest management program that involves local community participation in a sustainable, synergistic, and systemic manner. Identifying stakeholder networks is very important to become a reference in designing a systemic and sustainable mangrove forest management program. Stakeholders who manage mangrove forests in Lubuk Kertang Village and Pasar Rawa Village form a symmetrical relationship through participatory group partnerships. The existing network forms, including tenure aspects (forest land tenure rights), and social and economic constructions, provide a significant background and influence on efforts to rehabilitate degraded mangrove forests. Within this scope, social networks can be understood to determine access rights, management rights, and governance of mangrove forests. The purpose of this research is to find out the shape of the network and the role of stakeholders (actors and institutions) as managers of mangrove forests. The method used is qualitative, with descriptive analysis techniques to analyze the shape of the network and the role of stakeholders (actors and institutions) as managers of mangrove forests. Keywords: [Social Networks, Stakeholders, Social Mapping, Mangrove Forest Management]

Factors Affecting Community Participation in Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility Projects: Evidence from Mangrove Forest Management Project

Community participation in an environmental corporate social responsibility (CSR) project can help business enterprises effectively develop projects that respond to the actual demands of the community and effectively utilize a firm’s resources. This study aims to investigate factors that affect community participation in each stage of environmental corporate social responsibility project development. The environmental corporate social responsibility project explored in this study is a sustainable mangrove forest management project in the Pakprasae sub-district of Rayong province in Thailand. This study has tested whether enterprise-related factors (such as perceived CSR credibility and organization–public relationship (OPR) quality) and participant-related factors (such as ecological knowledge, perceived ecological values, and expected benefits from participation in the project, both monetary and non-monetary related benefits) could predict community participation in an environmental corporate social responsibility project development initiated by a business enterprise. Questionnaire surveys were administered to 355 community members who were the target group of this environmental corporate social responsibility project from June to July 2022. The collected data were inspected and analyzed using an inferential statistical technique. Multiple regression analyses were performed to test significant factors that affected community members’ participation in planning, implementing, and monitoring the project. The results revealed that perceived ecological values were the strongest predictor of participation in all stages of the project, including planning, implementing, and monitoring the project. Perceived CSR credibility and OPR quality also significantly affected participation in all stages, whereas ecological knowledge significantly affected participation only in the monitoring stage. These findings suggest that to promote community participation in each stage of environmental corporate social responsibility project development, it is important to enhance community members’ perceived ecological values, and community members should be educated in ecology to enhance participation in the monitoring stage.

Community-Based Mangrove Forest Management Sustainability Analysis in Tagpait, Aborlan and Bacungan, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines

Community-based mangrove forest management is the national strategy of the Philippines for mangrove protection. However, aquaculture, resource extraction, and tourism activities of the community may cause degradation and no assurance of sustainability. A number of generalizations may be drawn as to the purposes of this study. This study is useful in developing the contextualized evaluation tool and evaluating the mangrove management system of the communities. This study evaluated the sustainability of mangrove forest management systems by the local community in Tagpait, Aborlan, and Bacungan, Puerto Princesa City, using applicable criteria and indicators (C & I) of sustainable mangrove forest management that were identified through FGDs. This study also identified seven applicable criteria and 35 indicators. The formulation of the verifiers through the rating scale for each applicable indicator was conducted through FGDs and KIIs. The formulated verifiers were used to evaluate the sustainability of mangrove management systems in both communities using HHI, FGDs, KIIs, and secondary data analysis. The results show that Tagpait has a grand mean of 2.31, while Bacungan has a grand mean of 2.47, in which Bacungan has a higher rating of sustainability of mangrove forest management system. Both communities fall under the fair status of sustainability. Also, the Overall Sustainability Index value of Bacungan is 0.35 (moderately sustainable) while Tagpait has 0.33 (moderately sustainable). Hence, Bacungan has better management, but by looking at the Sustainability Index for Individual Criteria, each community has its strengths and weaknesses in sustainable management. Lastly, this study may be utilized by concerned agencies to evaluate the sustainability of the mangrove management system of each community.

Enhancing the sustainable management of mangrove forests: The case of Punta Galeta, Panama

Mangrove forests fulfill essential socio-ecological roles, such as providing timber and other forest products, protecting coasts against erosion and rising sea levels, supporting healthy fisheries, and fostering biodiversity. Sustainable mangrove management (SMM) aims to address mangrove degradation and reverse trends of mangrove loss while empowering local stakeholders to participate in governance processes. This paper contributes to SMM scholarship through a case study of Punta Galeta, a protected mangrove forest located in the Colón District in Panama, near the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal. Our primary objective was to understand the challenges and opportunities associated with SMM in Punta Galeta and to identify insights of relevance to Panama and Latin America. We identified several successful SMM strategies, such as local awareness-raising on the socio-ecological benefits of mangrove forests and corporate sponsorship of mangrove restoration. However, several facets of SMM remained challenging, such as implementing and enforcing management plans and fostering regular communication and collaboration between all stakeholders. Findings suggest that local-level SMM requires a greater focus on strategies to enhance communication, collaboration, and trusting relationships between diverse stakeholders, as well as a more cohesive vision for the sectoral uses of coastlines. Further experimentation with different forms of social organization in support of local sustainable mangrove forest conservation and management are needed.

Species composition and structure of mangrove forest exposed to plastic waste in Angke Kapuk mangrove protected forest, Jakarta

Angke Kapuk Mangrove Protected Forest (AKMPF) is one of the protected mangrove forests in the coastal area of DKI Jakarta exposed to plastic marine debris. This study aims to determine species composition and forest structures of mangrove forest exposed to plastic waste which is important as basic information for sustainable mangrove forest management in Angke Kapuk mangrove protected forest. Vegetation data were collected using the sampling unit of transect for tree and line plot for forest regeneration inventories. Those data were analysed for the density, frequency, dominance, species diversity, and species distribution pattern. The results show that the area of AKMPF exposed to plastic waste consists of 9 mangrove species, including 6 species of true mangrove, 2 species associated mangrove, and 1 species of palm, with the dominant species are Avicennia marina for tree with its regenerations and Acrostichum aureum for groundcover, which are species that live in disturbed mangrove areas. Mangrove trees in this area have a height class between 4 – 25 meters, while stem diameter class were between 10.00 – 69.75 cm. The most distribution pattern of species in this area generally was regular, except sapling of Avicennia marina, seedling of Rhizophora mucronata, and Acrostichum aureum distributed randomly.

Assessing the sustainability status of mangrove forest ecosystem management by coastal community in Jaring Halus Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Sahputra E, Harahap RH, Wahyuningsih H, Utomo B. 2021. Assessing the sustainability status of mangrove forest ecosystem management by coastal community in Jaring Halus Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1-9. Mangrove forest ecosystems provide various important ecological (physical and protection) and economic services. Mangrove forest needs to be sustainably managed to ensure their functions and benefits are available in perpetuity. Still, issues regarding sustainable management of mangrove forests are rarely discussed, especially in Indonesia. This research aims: (i) to gain the fundamental understanding of the level of sustainable mangrove management by determining indicator attributes that can be categorized as leverage factors; ii) obtain the perceptions of coastal communities in mangrove forest management; and iii) investigate the compliance of coastal communities in mangrove forest management. Data were obtained through a series of interviews, field observation and focused group discussion (FGD) and questionnaires conducted from January 2018 to March 2019 in Jaring Halus Village, Secanggang Subdistrict, Langkat District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The results showed that the status of mangrove forest management in Jaring Halus Village was categorized as moderately sustainable with a score of 65.83%. The majority of the coastal community (96% of respondents) perceived and understood the value of protecting the mangrove ecosystem, which provided physical (ecological), economic, and social functions. The community's understanding and knowledge of the importance of mangrove forests is due to the high level of dependency on their main livelihood as fishermen. Around 97% of the respondents held strong obedience to the mangrove forest management in Jaring Halus Village, which could be attributed to local wisdom related to natural resource management.

Community-Based Mangrove Forest Management as Ecosystem Services Provider for Reducing CO2 Emissions with Carbon Credit System in Bengkalis District, Riau, Indonesia

The rapid economic development in Bengkalis District has reported disrupted environmental balance. Such as mangrove forest damage, due to the intensification of wetland conversion, which is based on the emergence of industrialization. Implementing community-based mangrove forest management (CBMFM) with a carbon credit system is potential way to reduce the degradation. This management model also inline to support the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study objective is aims to formulate a CBMFM strategy for CO2 emission reduction which registered as carbon offset project. The research design was descriptive qualitative, focusing to identify current and best management aspect of mangrove ecosystem which meet carbon project standard. The information used was secondary data that collected from relevant literatures. The formulation of sustainable CBMFM strategy was established based on the gap analysis between existing management versus expected sustainable ones. The analysis results showed that the current management was yet optimal, due to the lack of sustainable management dimensional practices, include: human, natural, and financial resources. The strategy to reduce current management gap as follows: (1) Increasing the capacity of human resources for managers and institutions; (2) Application of collaborative management; (3) Accountable budgeting; (4) Preparation of an integrated management plan; and (5) Technology management. The research result recommended as one of a reference for policymakers, in order to formulate sustainable mangrove forest management.

Species composition and structure of Angke Kapuk Mangrove Protected Forest, Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract. Rumondang AL, Kusmana C, Budi SW. 2021. Species composition and structure of Angke Kapuk Mangrove Protected Forest, Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3863-3871. Angke Kapuk Mangrove Protected Forest (AKMPF) is one of the protected forests in the coastal area of DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. This area is important for the north coast of Jakarta, hence it has function to protect the land from sea abrasion, seawater intrusion, and seawater flooding. This study aims to determine the condition of forest structures and species composition in the Angke Kapuk Mangrove Protected Forest (AKMPF) to obtain useful information for sustainable mangrove forest management. Vegetation data were collected using the sampling unit of transect for tree and line plot for forest regeneration inventories. Those data were analyzed for the density, frequency, dominance, species diversity, and species distribution pattern. The obtained results show that AKMPF consists of 13 mangrove species, including 7 species of true mangrove, 5 species associated mangrove, and 1 species of palm, with the dominant species, are Avicennia marina for tree with its regenerations and Acrostichum aureum for groundcover. Overall, the species diversity index in this area was classified as low category. Mangrove trees in this area have height class between 4-28 meters formed bell-curve, while stem diameter class were between 10.00-69.75 cm formed L-curve. The distribution pattern of species in this areal generally was clumped.

Ecotourism-Based Mangrove Conservation Strategy in Cemara Beach, Banyuwangi Regency

Mangrove forest management is important for environmental conservation efforts in coastal areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the activities of mangrove forest rehabilitation and sustainable mangrove forest management strategies through ecotourism at Cemara Beach, Banyuwangi Regency. This study used a survey approach as well as direct interviews and field observations. The impact caused by the rehabilitation of mangrove forests in the study area is increasing fish catches, reducing coastal abrasion, resisting sea breezes, and increasing the number of types of biota catches in the form of shrimp, shellfish, and crabs around the mangroves. Another impact is the increase in the attractiveness of the fir beach so that it is worthy of being used as a tourist attraction, especially eco-based tourism. The strategies that need to be carried out in the management of mangrove forests include planting mangrove trees, strengthening coastal management institutions, increasing human resources (HR) for fishing groups, increasing collaboration with stakeholders, diversifying the income of women fishermen from Cemara Beach, and innovating eco-based tourist attractions. Ecotourism at Cemara Beach, Banyuwangi Regency.Keywords: Ecotourism, Mangrove, Cemara Beach, Conservation strategy.

Analysis of Changes in Health of Coastal Mangrove Forest on the East Coast of Lampung

The mangrove forest is a forest ecosystem that supports life for the surrounding ecosystem. However, the area of mangrove forests is decreasing. It is recorded that up to 2016, there is only 2.9 million hectares of mangrove forests in Indonesia. Mangrove forests’ existence needs to be maintained in the surrounding ecosystem. One of the efforts to protect the mangrove forest ecosystem is to see changes in mangrove forest health. This effort can be used as the basis for sustainable mangrove forest management—this research’s purpose—this the real aim of mangrove forests on the east coast of Lampung. The study was conducted at three locations on the east coast of Lampung (Pasir Sakti District, Labuhan Maringgai District, and Way Kambas National Park). The method used was the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM). The results showed that mangrove forests’ health value on the east coast of Lampung had positively changed except for cluster plots 2 and 3. The health of mangrove forests on the east coast of Lampung has increased the forest’s health value. The increase in forest health value is influenced by factors from the indicators used, especially vitality.

KELEMBAGAAN PENGELOLAAN MANGROVE BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI KESATUAN PENGELOLAAN HUTAN MODEL WILAYAH III PROVINSI ACEH

Institutional community-based mangrove management as an alternative to sustainable management of mangrove forests. This study aims to analyze which factors from the institution most play a role in guiding the community in managing mangrove forest resources in relation to forest management units (FMU). Primary data were collected through interviews conducted semi-structured to 26 respondents selected by the purposive sampling method. The snowball method is used to capture information from key figures. Deepening is considered complete if information saturation has occurred which is marked by repetition of the same information. While secondary data, obtained from various libraries. Of the three models of mangrove management institutions, namely the community institution of Pusong Kapal Village (PKV), the community institution of Pusong Telaga Tujoh Village (PTTV), and the Community Forestry (CF-BM) Bina Mufakat institution where the analysis shows that the community institutions of Pusong Kapal Village (PKV) are more flexible as an alternative form of community-based mangrove management institutions, because this institution is able to adapt to the changing social and environmental conditions that continue to occur, the collaboration of management with the government, and the recognition of community rights in the use of mangrove forests. FMU as the management authority at the site level has guaranteed the upholding of the rights of the PKV community as the manager of mangrove forests so that the bundle of rights and incentives obtained in the management of mangrove resources by PKV communities becomes strong.

Community Perceptions of Mangrove Ecosystem Services and Their Determinants in the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania

Understanding how local communities perceive and depend on mangrove ecosystem services (MES) is important for translating and incorporating their benefits, priorities, and preferences into conservation and decision-making processes. We used focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household questionnaires, and direct observations to explore how local communities in the Rufiji Delta perceive a multitude of MES and factors influencing their perceptions. Sixteen MES were identified by the respondents. Provisioning services were the most highly identified services, accounting for 67% of the overall responses, followed by regulating (53%), cultural (45%), and supporting (45%) services. Poles for building, firewood for cooking, coastal protection, and habitats for fisheries were perceived as the most important MES to sustain local livelihoods, although the perceptions differed between sites. Distance from household homes to mangroves and residence time were significant predictors of the local communities’ awareness of all identified MES. Gender of household heads and performance of local management committees also determined the local communities’ awareness of provisioning, regulating, and cultural services. We conclude that perceptions of MES are context-specific and influenced by multiple factors. We believe a deeper understanding of local stakeholders’ preferences for MES can help strengthen the link between local communities and conservation actors and can provide a basis for sustainable management of mangrove forests.

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR MANGROVE FOREST OF PELITA JAYA BAY AND KOTANIA BAY, WESTERN SERAM, INDONESIA

The coastal area of Pelita Jaya Bay and Kotania Bay is a semi enclose estuary area having three typical most productive ecosystems i.e. mangrove, seagrasses, and coral reefs with the mangrove ecosystem being the dominant one making this area a productive in fish resources. Local community neighboring this area used mangrove ecosystem for many different purposes, some of it threatening the sustainability oh the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to analyze mangrove forest sustainability and to propose sustainable mangrove forest management. Rapfish analysis was used to analyze mangrove sustainability status. A sustainable management strategy was developed using a conceptual model framework combined with the DPSIR approach. The two most sensitive attributes affecting mangrove sustainability from Leverage analysis were used as the State component from DPSIR. The result shows that overall mangrove forest sustainability was 60% and was considered fair sustain with the ecological dimension having the highest sustainable scale (85.35%) and considered sustain, whilst institutional dimension having the lowest sustainable scale (29.10%) and considered unsustain. The sustainable mangrove management strategy proposed consists of workshops, training, vocational education concerning EAM, as well as replanting degraded mangrove forests, monitoring, surveying, and controlling. The management strategy should be conducted based on a co-management approach.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Mangrove forest, local community, sustainability, conceptual model framework, Kotania Bay