Sustainable Management Of Coastal Areas Research Articles

Cormorant management in Denmark: A retrospective analysis using the Systems Approach Framework

Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) aims to ensure sustainable management of coastal areas. The Systems Approach Framework (SAF) provides a structure for an ICM process that includes scenario simulations of management options for complex systems. Through the SAF stakeholders are identified and engaged at an early stage. Further, the SAF guides a process to assess the ecological sustainability, economic efficiency, and social equity of management options, even for complex issues. Implementation of the European Union's Birds Directive (BD) in 1979 instigated protective management plans to protect a waning population of cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis). Since then, multiple adjustments were made to the management plans to mitigate arising issues and conflicts. In this study, we used the SAF to conduct a retrospective analysis of cormorant management in Europe, Denmark, and a local community in order to identify which ICM elements were put into effect and their effectiveness. The analysis comprised the two initial steps of the SAF: Issue Identification and System Design. Data and information were extracted from EU and Danish management plans, available literature and interviews with stakeholders. The management process was divided into two periods related to the motivation: i), 1979–2002 focusing on cormorant protection promoted by nature conservations organisations, and ii), 2003–2020 focusing on ad hoc adaptive management to mitigate negative effects of an exponentially increasing cormorant population on other sectors and related income and activities. Our study revealed that cormorant management at all levels lacked elements important for a sustainable ICM process. Implementation of the BD was a top-down process leading to a single sector solution, influenced by a few highly organised stakeholders with strong views. The ecological issue of protecting the species was resolved, but the lack of Systems Thinking and specific success targets, for which indicators could have been developed, led to new conflicts and negative user perceptions. In response to increasing and new emerging conflicts, more stakeholders became involved during the second period. Thorough mapping of stakeholders, institutions and governance structures at the outset could have provided for a more transparent, inclusive, and participatory process. In addition, the management plans did not involve cross-sectorial, bio-economic assessments. The latter would have allowed deliberations of potential ecological and socio-economic consequences of different management options, which could have enhanced transparency and equity in the decision-making and thus could have facilitated compliance and long-term sustainability during implementation.

Long-term agricultural cultivation decreases microbial nutrient limitation in coastal saline soils

Soil enzyme activities are pivotal for diverse biochemical processes and are sensitive to land use changes. They can indicate soil microbial nutrient limitations. Nonetheless, the mechanism governing the response of soil microbial nutrient limitation to land use alterations in coastal regions remains elusive. We assessed soil nutrients, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme activities across various land use types—natural (wasteland and woodland) and agricultural (farmland and orchard)—in the Hangzhou Bay area, China. All four land use types experience co-limitation by carbon (C) and phosphorus (P). However, the extent of microbial resource limitations varies among them. Long-term agricultural practices diminish microbial C and P limitations in farmland and orchard soils compared to natural soils, as evidenced by lower ecoenzymatic C:N ratios and vector lengths, alongside higher microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE). Soil nutrient stoichiometric ratios and CUE are primary factors influencing microbial C and P limitations. Thus, fostering appropriate land use and management practices proves imperative to regulate soil nutrient cycles and foster the sustainable management of coastal areas.

Analyzing seagrass species and distribution for sustainable management of coastal areas and small islands: A case study of Java Island, Indonesia

Seagrass beds are essential components of coastal communities globally, as they support productive fisheries and coastline stabilization. In view of its numerous ecosystem services, the coverage of seagrass is an important indicator of ecosystem health. However, there are conflicting data regarding Indonesia’s seagrass coverage. Some research indicates that seagrass bed areas have declined, with significant damage observed on Java Island. The objective of this study are to provide an inventory of the various species of seagrass found; present their distribution on a map; and assess the extent of seagrass cover. This seagrass study was conducted from 2014 to 2021 on the java Coast. Data were collected using a systematic literature review. The distribution of seagrass species was processed using QGIS. The coverage of seagrass analysis was conducted descriptively by considering the categories listed in the Decree of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia 200/2004. There are 11 types of seagrass found in 13 districts along the Java Coast. Seagrass coverage are varies 3% to 80%. The health status of seagrass beds on the north coast of Java is moderate to good, while the condition of seagrass beds on the south coast is poor to moderate.

Moving from an integrated coastal management approach to a transdisciplinary coastal management approach: A review of case study in Indonesia

Coastal areas, small islands, and oceans play a vital role in the Earth’s support systems, harboring rich biodiversity. However, human activities, both direct and indirect, pose significant threats to these ecosystems. In rural regions, traditional coastal area management practices like sasi, awig-awig, sea commanders, and establishing prohibited areas are often utilized. As communities evolve and activities intensify, management strategies have shifted from community-based approaches to sectoral management, which has proven ineffective in ensuring resource sustainability.The concept of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) emerged in the early ’90s as a collaborative approach involving various sectors, disciplines, and communities. Unfortunately, initial attempts at ICM encountered challenges and failed to adequately sustain resources and ecosystems. In response, a transdisciplinary approach to natural resource management has gained traction, focusing on holistic and sustainable solutions.This paper aims to review Indonesia’s experiences in coastal and small island management, drawing insights from existing literature. It highlights the need for transdisciplinary research to address complex coastal challenges effectively. By integrating diverse perspectives and knowledge domains, transdisciplinary approaches can enhance the sustainable management of coastal areas and support ecosystem resilience.

Automatic classification and mapping of the seabed using airborne LiDAR bathymetry

Shallow coastal areas are among the most inhabited areas and are valuable for biodiversity, recreation and the economy. Due to climate change and sea level rise, sustainable management of coastal areas involves extensive exploration, monitoring, and protection. Current high-resolution remote sensing methods for monitoring these areas include bathymetric LiDAR. Therefore, this study presents a novel methodological approach to assess the suitability of Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry for automatic classification and mapping of the seafloor. Nine classes of geomorphological bedforms and three classes of anthropogenic structures were identified. They were automatically mapped by Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis and machine learning supervised classifiers. The developed method was applied to six study sites and a 48 km submerged coastal zone in the Southern Baltic, achieving an overall accuracy of up to 94%. This study shows that calculation of the Multiresolution Index of Ridge Top Flatness (secondary feature) can be used to quickly and automatically determine sandbar crests and ridge tops. The methodical approach developed in this study can help evaluate and protect other shallow coastal environments and coastal protection structures.

Development of a Tourism Carrying Capacity Index (TCCI) for sustainable management of coastal areas in Mediterranean islands – Case study Naxos, Greece

Mediterranean Region is nowadays deemed to be a ‘hot spot’ in various respects, including climate change, environment and biodiversity, urbanization and mass tourism, to name a few. This holds true in the case of Mediterranean islands in particular, i.e. places that are globally acknowledged as appealing mass tourism destinations; while at the same time are confronted with severe threats, more intensely presented in islands' overcrowded coastal zones. In fact, intensified Climate Change incidents and related threats, coupled with the escalating – beyond carrying capacity limits – coastal urbanization and mass tourism development, represent currently key policy concerns in Mediterranean islands. These also raise, in a strict and urgent way, the necessity to sketch more sustainable and resilient future pathways, especially in their coastal counterparts. Towards this end, this paper attempts to outline the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) approach as a means for assessing and steadily monitoring tourism development trajectory in coastal areas of the Mediterranean islands. More particularly, by using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework as a foundation, it develops and implements a Tourism Carrying Capacity Index (TCCI) that focuses primarily on environmental and manmade dimensions; incorporates mostly tourism-specific variables; and is capable of providing guidance towards planning more sustainable tourism future pathways in coastal areas. TCCI application, demonstrated for the Island of Naxos, Greece, unveils its power as an easy to handle decision-making tool for serving coastal tourism sustainability assessment and monitoring; but also its replicability potential and barriers to implementation.

MODEL STUKTURAL BERBASIS SISTIM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS DALAM PENGELOLAAN WILAYAH PESISIR SECARA BERKELANJUTAN

Geographical Information System-Based Structural Model in Sustainable Management of Coastal Areas which is the background is that the management of the coastal areas of Ambon City and Central Maluku Regency in the last 10-20 years has not been managed properly and sustainably so that various aspects of development do not work well causing various The problems include damage to the coastal physical environment, namely abrasion, erosion, and sedimentation, water damage due to pollution, damage to protective building infrastructure, coastal mitigation issues, declining quality of coastal environmental resources due to the increasing number of residents in coastal areas, causing the development of slum areas. coastal ecosystem. The purpose of the study is to determine the model and strategy for managing coastal areas in Ambon City and Central Maluku District in a sustainable manner. The method used in this research is the descriptive method. Primary data collection was carried out using a questionnaire for respondents from the community, expert respondents, community institutions, and policymakers. The analysis carried out is Sustainability Analysis with Multi Dimension Scale (MDS), geographic information system analysis, SEM structural analysis, Process Hierarchy analysis (AHP). The results of the sustainability analysis with MDS obtained the Multi-Dimensional Sustainability Index value of 50.13% is in the moderately sustainable category. The results of the SEM model analysis on the role of zoning and community roles in sustainable coastal area management is an acceptable “fit model”. The results of the AHP provide an overview of the assessment by policymakers in the implementation of the program, prioritizing the strategy for Management of Sustainable Coastal Area Management Based on Geographic Information Systems with an assessment score of 39.3%, with the largest presentation being “Coastal Area Arrangement in accordance with GIS-Based Zoning Laws” of 13, 6%.

Forecasting of Significant Wave Height and Period at Western Waters of Ternate Island, North Maluku

The water of West Ternate Island is open waters which are very dynamic oceanographic conditions. One of them is ocean waves that are strongly related to wind friction. This study aims to analyze the height and wave period that occurred in the western part waters of Ternate Island based on wind data for 10 years. It is expected that the results of this study will be useful for policymakers in the sustainable management of coastal areas in Ternate City. This research used Wilson Method to estimate the wave height in four seasons. The data collected includes the maximum wind direction and speed during the period 2009-2018 obtained from the Meteorological and Geophysical Station of Baabullah Airport, Ternate City. Wind data will be transformed to stability correction and wind stress factor to determine height and period of wave. The results showed that in The West Season and Transition Season 1 (TS 1), the wind direction is more dominant moving from the Northwest to the Southeast with an average maximum speed of 17.71 knots. During the observation year, significant wave height (Hs) formed in the Western Season period as high as 1.25 m – 2.75 m while in Transition Season 1 the wave height was between 1.0 m – 2.31m. While in the Eastern Season period the wave height that occurs ranges from 0.61 m – 1.55 m and in the MP2 period ranges from 0.67 m – 1.43 m. In the Western Season, the wave period ranges from 4.67 – 6.82 seconds, and in Transition Season 1 between 4.45 – 6.44 seconds. While in the eastern season the wave period ranges from 3.29 – 4.89 seconds and in Transition Season 2 (TS 2) ranges from 3.43 – 4.68 seconds.

Nation-Scale Mapping of Coastal Aquaculture Ponds with Sentinel-1 SAR Data Using Google Earth Engine

Global rapid expansion of the coastal aquaculture industry has made great contributions to enhance food security, but has also caused a series of ecological and environmental issues. Sustainable management of coastal areas requires the explicit and efficient mapping of the spatial distribution of aquaculture ponds. In this study, a Google Earth Engine (GEE) application was developed for mapping coastal aquaculture ponds at a national scale with a novel classification scheme using Sentinel-1 time series data. Relevant indices used in the classification mainly include the water index, texture, and geometric metrics derived from radar backscatter, which were then used to segment and classify aquaculture ponds. Using this approach, we classified aquaculture ponds for the full extent of the coastal area in Vietnam with an overall accuracy of 90.16% (based on independent sample evaluation). The approach, enabling wall-to-wall mapping and area estimation, is essential to the efficient monitoring and management of aquaculture ponds. The classification results showed that aquaculture ponds are widely distributed in Vietnam’s coastal area and are concentrated in the Mekong River Delta and Red River delta (85.14% of the total area), which are facing the increasing collective risk of climate change (e.g., sea level rise and salinity intrusion). Further investigation of the classification results also provides significant insights into the stability and deliverability of the approach. The water index derived from annual median radar backscatter intensity was determined to be efficient at mapping water bodies, likely due to its strong response to water bodies regardless of weather. The geometric metrics considering the spatial variation of radar backscatter patterns were effective at distinguishing aquaculture ponds from other water bodies. The primary use of GEE in this approach makes it replicable and transferable by other users. Our approach lays a solid foundation for intelligent monitoring and management of coastal ecosystems.

THE ROLE OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES ON CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT IN AREA OF EASTERN COASTAL WATER CONSERVATION WEH ISLAND

The role of coastal communities in the preservation of coral reefs is an important thing to supporting the sustainable management of coastal areas. This article is objected to determine the coastal communities’ role in the management of coral reefs in water conservation areas and the level of knowledge of the coastal communities about the importance of protecting coastal ecosystems. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires, direct interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and the results were elaborated based on descriptive analysis. The results showed that the community had begun to realize how important it is to protect coral reefs for the sustainability of fisheries and other benefits of coral reefs. Healthy reefs provide many benefits to people including improving the economy of the community and increasing tourists. Community awareness is shown by their participation in activities that lead to the conservation and management of coral reefs such as transplantation of coral reefs, beach cleaning, banner making, tree planting and provision of trash bins along the coast. Those who knew the benefits and functions of coral reefs both for increasing fish populations, increasing tourists and improving the economy of the community, as well as other benefits of coral reefs for the coastal areas, was 74.5%. The role of community in the aspects of coastal and marine ecosystems management was high, as many as 72% of the community participate in every coastal and marine ecosystem management activity carried out by the government and local NGOs.

Performance and Applicability of Water Column Correction Models in Optically Complex Coastal Waters

Maps of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) are of primary importance for the sustainable management of coastal areas and serve as a basis for fundamental ecological studies. Various water column correction (WCC) models are successfully applied in clear Case-1 waters to compensate for the variable water depth effect. The performance of the WCC in less clear Case-2 waters is rarely assessed. In this study, the performance and applicability of model-based WCC algorithms in the complex Baltic Sea were analyzed. The bottom reflectance was retrieved from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) water surface reflectance by applying the Maritorena and Lee WCC algorithms. The Maritorena model retrieved bottom spectra that showed large variations in reflectance magnitudes. The Lee model was more successful in retrieving reasonable spectral magnitudes, although only in a rather narrow wavelength region (550–600 nm). Shorter and longer spectral regions were significantly overcorrected, resulting in unrealistic spectral shapes. Sensitivity analysis indicated that slight under- or overestimation of water depth and water column constituents affect retrieval of correct bottom spectra in Case-2 waters. To assess the performance of WCC models in improving the SAV quantification, the surface reflectance, as well as the retrieved bottom reflectance, were correlated with the corresponding in situ estimated SAV percent cover (%SAV). Although the quality of the Lee WCC model was not considered high, the spectral region least affected by the input parameters variations (550–600 nm) can be used for the SAV quantification. Application of the Lee model provided better results in %SAV assessment than not performing the WCC correction.

On the Need for an Integrated Large-Scale Methodology of Coastal Management: A Methodological Proposal

Sustainable management of coastal areas involves dealing with problems such as coastal erosion, rapid growth in the rate of urbanization, tourism, environmental degradation associated with industrial and urban activities. Besides consideration is provided for the effects of climate change, whose scenarios also have significant consequences on coastal systems that are already extremely vulnerable and prone to many human pressures. Over the years, several international and national studies have been conducted to deepen the coastal processes. To date—despite considerable efforts—there are still problems. Two relevant priorities emerge: managing coastal risks and ensuring sustainable coastal management. In response to the above-mentioned challenges, it is worthwhile to elaborate an integrated methodology that, basing on the collection, analysis and evaluation of data, may provide an effective guideline for the successful implementation of each action, while providing timely and targeted information for the adoption of governance strategies concerning the prevention and management of marine-coastal risks. In the present study, considering what emerged in the major research projects on the coastal field during the last decades, a methodological proposal is outlined to pursue the principles of the integrated coastal zona management (ICZM) and join the managing coastal risks with sustainable uses focusing on the implementation scale.

Modeling and predicting the growth of the mussel, Mytilus edulis: implications for planning of aquaculture and eutrophication mitigation.

The increased pressure on the marine ecosystems highlights the need for policies and integrated approaches for sustainable management of coastal areas. Spatial planning based on geographic information of human activities, ecological structures and functions, and their associated goods and services is a fundamental component in this context. Here, we evaluate the potential of predictive modeling to provide spatial data on one ecosystem function, mussel growth for use in such processes. We developed a methodology based on statistical modeling, spatial prediction, and mapping for the relative growth of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. We evaluated the performance of different modeling techniques and classification schemes using empirical measurements of growth from 144 sampling sites and data on biological, chemical, and physical predictors. Following comparisons of the different techniques and schemes, we developed random forest models to predict growth along the Swedish west coast. Implemented into GIS the best model produced in this study predicts that low, intermediate, and high growth rates can be expected in 53%, 32%, and 15% of modeled area, respectively. The results of this study also suggest that the nature and quality of predictor data hold the key to improving the predictive power of models. On a more general note, this study exemplifies a feasible approach based on measuring, modeling, and mapping for obtaining scientifically based spatial information on ecosystem functions and services affected by a complex set of factors. Such information is fundamental for maritime spatial planning and ecosystem-based management and its importance is likely to increase in the future. Because of its close link to nutrient assimilation and production yield, site-specific information of soft tissue growth such as the map of predicted growth rate developed in this study can be used as a tool for optimizing actions aimed at mitigating eutrophication and aquaculture operations and in maritime spatial planning processes of coastal areas.

Knowledge integration in the management of coastal conflicts in urban areas: two cases from Sweden

High anthropogenic pressure on coastal ecosystems, competition for natural resources and climate change are major challenges to the sustainable management of coastal areas. Two cases of resource use conflicts in coastal urban areas in the south and west of Sweden analysed here illustrate these challenges. The social practices of using and integrating knowledge and joint learning in conflict resolution show that dominant actors and their knowledge practices have a strong influence on conflict resolution and its outcomes. Improved conflict resolution requires more efforts to achieve knowledge integration and joint learning of stakeholders in open, dialogue-based strategies in all phases of the resolution process.

Are young sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. (Teleostei: Pisces), adapted to mussel cultures?

In Mont Saint-Michel Bay, one of the most abundant food items in young sea bass diets was Mytilus edulis. This invertebrate is an abundant cultured bivalve in many coastal systems and it is known to be in direct trophic competition with the natural food items of sea bass. This study shows that mussel culture can play the role of a nursery area, providing food for young opportunistic fish. Quantification of these interactions appears to be of a major importance in order to enable sustainable management of coastal areas.