Sustainable Livelihoods Analysis Research Articles

Decision-Making Mechanism of Farmers in Land Transfer Processes Based on Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework: A Study in Rural China

The act of land transfer in rural areas is an important decision-making mechanism for farmers, to enhance resource allocation efficiency and promote capital mobility, and this act is of strategic importance in promoting the level of agricultural scale and mechanization, land system change, and, thus, the sustainable development of livelihoods and production in China. This study aims to explore farmers’ decision-making mechanisms in the process of land transfer in rural areas, by constructing a theoretical framework. Structural equation modeling was used, based on data from a survey of rural families in the Liaoning Province area of Northeastern China. The main findings are as follows: (1) The seven types of exogenous latent variables, including environmental vulnerability, policy, and five main livelihood assets (natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, human capital, and social capital), are intermediary in farmers’ land transfer behavior, which then positively affect farmers’ livelihood outcomes. (2) Among the exogenous latent variables affecting farmers’ land transfer, human assets have the most significant positive effect, followed by social assets and physical assets, family labor force share, frequency of work information exchange, and number of production tools, greatly affect the corresponding variable. (3) Natural assets play the most important role and have a negative effect on farmers’ land transfer decision; contracted area of land per family is the greatest impacted measurable variable of this. The results of the study suggest that the government should strengthen skills training for farmers, improve the land transfer policy system, and provide appropriate subsidies in a regionally targeted manner. Thus, it can promote the transformation of Chinese-style agricultural modernization and achieve rural revitalization.

Analysis of Residents’ Livelihoods in Transformed Shantytowns: A Case Study of a Resource-Based City in China

Research on shantytown transformation in the context of building sustainable human settlements has tended to concentrate on macro and objective factors. However, there is still room for expanding research on the livelihoods of residents in transformed poor communities of resource-based cities. This study is based on household survey data after the coal mine shantytown transformation in Datong, China, and uses the entropy method and Logit regression model to analyze the livelihood level and impact of livelihood capital on the choice of livelihood strategies of the residents after shantytown transformation. Based on the development characteristics of the Datong coal mining community, the traditional sustainable livelihood analysis framework is improved, constructing a livelihood capital evaluation system including natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, social capital, human capital and cultural capital. The research indicates that the livelihoods of the residents after shantytown transformation are in a state of low-value aggregation and differentiation, their livelihood strategies are still dependent on coal mining, financial capital and cultural capital have significant positive impacts on the residents’ livelihood strategies of choosing coal mine-related industries, and males and elderly people have a greater likelihood of choosing coal mine-related industries. This study provides micro-level explanations for the livelihood status and livelihood strategy choices of residents after shantytown transformation in a resource-based city and provides policy enlightenment for local governments on how to promote the sustainable development of residents in coal mining communities.

Livelihood transitions in rural Vietnam under climate change effects in the period of 2008–2018

The goal of this research is assess the variation in livelihood choices of households in Vietnam rural areas under the effects of climate change. Sustainable livelihood analysis framework and previous studies show that climate change has positive significant impacts on household livelihood transitions. Base on secondary dataset (Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey) from 2008 to 2018 and applying multinomial logit model, the authors have indicated that climate change not only directly affects livelihood choices of inhabitans in rural areas but also indirectly influcences them through livelihood capitals, including: human capital, natural capital, material capital, financial capital, and social capital. In addion, authors have shown that the wage-based and nonagricultural strategy preferred under the effects of climate change. This study has also determined the effects of climate change on rural households via livelihood capitals, particularly human and social capital. Finally, the authors suggested some policy implications about quickly policy implement from government, enhancing social capital as well as social networks of households, improving human capital for climate change adaptation.

Evaluation of sustainable livelihood of reservoir resettlement based on the fuzzy matter-element model

Introduction: The study of sustainable livelihoods for reservoir resettlers is of great significance for consolidating the poverty alleviation achievements of China and promoting the realization of the major strategy of China’s rural revitalization.Methods: On the basis of the Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework of the UK Agency for International Development and the general requirements of the rural revitalization strategy on industry, ecology, rural ethos, governance and life, this paper selects the material basis, living environment and Social Adaptability which are more close to China’s national conditions and can more accurately measure the resettlers’ livelihood. These three factors have established a Comprehensive Evaluation Index System for the sustainable livelihood of the reservoir resettlers. A mathematical model based on complex fuzzy matter-element and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is established to assess the sustainable livelihood of reservoir resettlers. Furthermore, it conducts an empirical study on the resettlement of the Danjiangkou Henan Reservoir area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which takes the whole of immigration in Henan Province as the research object.Results: The results show that the current survey value of the overall livelihood of the resettlers in the Danjiangkou Henan Reservoir Area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is 0.0085 lower than the maintaining livelihood target and 0.1725 lower than the sustainable livelihood target. Such a result indicates that the livelihood of Henan resettlers in the Danjiangkou Henan Reservoir Area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project has reached a sustainable level overall, but its gap with the sustainable livelihood goal remains obvious, which is primarily demonstrated by economic foundation and social adaptability.Discussion: Therefore, immigration management agencies should make efforts to adjust the industrial structure, increase the income of resettlers, help resettlers integrate into the local society sooner, and promote the sustainable development of resettlers’ livelihoods.

Analysis of the Impact of Livelihood Capital on Livelihood Strategies of Leased-In Farmland Households: A Case Study of Jiangxi Province, China

In the context of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the industrialization of agriculture and rural areas is rapidly increasing, and more and more capable people in rural management are actively leasing land to develop modern agriculture, broaden diversified livelihood channels, and pursue sustainable development. We used leased-in farmland households as an entry point, focusing on the development of rural industries and the choice of livelihood strategies to fill a gap in the existing literature. Based on sustainable livelihood theory, we constructed a sustainable livelihood analysis framework for leased-in farmland households using the survey data of 283 leased-in farmland households in Yudu County. A livelihood capital indicator system was constructed, and the entropy value method and other measurement methods were used. Firstly, we analyzed and comprehensively evaluated the livelihood capital and livelihood strategies of leased-in farmland households in Yudu County, Jiangxi Province. We then used binary logistic regression models and polynomial logistic regression models to analyze the influence of the differentiation in leased-in farmland households’ livelihood capital on the choice of livelihood strategies and their transformation and conducted robustness tests on the relevant findings. Different types of livelihood capital have different effects on agriculture-led livelihood strategies. Natural capital and physical capital have significant positive effects on agriculture-led livelihood strategies, but financial capital, human capital, and social capital have negative effects. Natural capital has a significant negative effect on the pluriactivity strategy, while physical, human, and social capital have insignificant effects on it. For off-farm livelihood strategies, natural capital and financial capital have insignificant effects, physical capital has a significant negative effect, and human capital and social capital have a significant positive contribution.

Sustainable Development of Farmers in Minority Areas after Poverty Alleviation Relocation: Based on an Improved Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework

As an essential regional planning policy, poverty alleviation relocation has a significant impact on the regional economy, environment, and social well-being and is critical for sustainable development. Based on the development of minority areas in Yunnan, this study improves the traditional sustainable livelihood analysis framework and constructed a livelihood capital evaluation system including natural, physical, financial, social, human, and cultural capital. Furthermore, the measurement standard of sustainable livelihoods is proposed, which requires not only the enhancement of livelihood capital but also the coupling and coordinated development of all capital components. Based on the data of Menglai township from 2015 to 2021, this study estimates that farmers’ livelihood capital has increased after relocation, and the level of coupling and coordination has improved. Still, it has yet to reach extreme coordination. Hereafter, the theoretical framework of internal and external factors affecting livelihood capital is constructed, and the influencing factors of livelihood capital are obtained through regression analysis. This study provides a new tool for evaluating livelihood capital in minority areas, obtains new findings on the sustainable development of farmers’ livelihood capital after poverty alleviation relocation, and expands a new perspective for studying the influencing factors of livelihood capital.

Livelihoods Sustainability of Tuna Handline Fishery in Buru Island

This study aims to assess the status of the sustainability and the factors supporting or hindering the livelihoods of tuna hand line fishermen on Buru Island which includes Buru and south Buru regency. This study applied the FLIRES (Fisheries Livelihood Resilience) Check instrument which combines the principles of the Sustainable Livelihood Analysis (SLA) with the RAPFISH approach. Data collection started from March to August 2020, through observations and interviews of tuna hand line fishermen respondents in seventeen coastal villages in Buru and South Buru. Data were analyzed using RAPFISH which includes multidimensional scaling (MDS), leverage and monte carlo analysis. The results obtained, some index values of livelihood’s sustainability of tuna hand line fishers in the research location, in six fields, namely natural, human, physical, financial, social and instituional, ranged from 43.11 to 69.43, which indicate that the status of livelihoods in Buru is less sustainable in the natural field, while in South Buru it less sustainable in the human, physical and financial fields. Meanwhile, other fields indicate a fairly sustainable status. This study also identified there were 17 sensitive attributes from all fields that were supporting or hindering factors for the livelihood of tuna hand line fishermen in the research location. This finding has been expected to become a reference in improving the sustainability of the livelihoods of tuna hand line fishermen on Buru Island.

Research on Welfare Changes of Farmers with Different Livelihood Assets after Rural Residential Land Exit in the Context of “Tripartite Entitlement System”: A Case Study of Fuhong Town in Qingbaijiang District, Chengdu, China

By referring to the sustainable livelihood analysis and capability approach and taking Fuhong town in Qingbaijiang district, China, as an example, this paper classifies the livelihood assets of farm households before their residential land exit using the livelihood asset quantification method, and then analyzes the changes in their welfare after exit from residential land by adopting fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The research results indicate that (1) the sample farm households are classified into three types, i.e., richness type, balance type, and shortage type, according to the configuration of livelihood assets, including human capital, natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, and social capital, before the exit from residential land; (2) after the exit from the residential land, the welfare of farm households has generally been improved, but the extent of such improvements varies from type to type; (3) there is a certain relationship between the configuration of livelihood assets before the exit from residential land and the welfare level after such an exit. It is suggested that importance should be attached to the heterogeneity or level of differentiation of farm households, and furthermore, measures should be taken so as to ensure that the welfare level will not be downgraded after farm households exit from their residential land.

The importance of women's roles in adaptive capacity and resilience to flooding in rural Bangladesh

In rural Bangladesh, patriarchal gendered norms aggravate the vulnerability of women to disasters such as floods because of male dominance in access to resources and decision-making. Furthermore, these processes can render invisible women's vital roles in flood preparedness, response, rehabilitation, and recovery. A first step in addressing such gender-based inequalities in disaster contexts is to recognise and acknowledge the varied contributions made by women when a flood strikes. This paper sets out a framework to document women's roles in building adaptive capacity and resilience to floods in rural Bangladesh, using testimony evidence from 20 Focus Group Discussions in the highly flood-prone area of Sirajganj District in north-western Bangladesh. These FGDs consisted of both men and women, providing an inclusive arena for participants to express their perspectives on the roles of women during flood conditions. Responses were coded within the categories of human, social and financial capital, informed by Sustainable Livelihoods Analysis. In human capital terms, women's formal and informal education and skills were identified as critical community assets. With regards to social capital, bonding, bridging and, to a lesser extent, linking forms of social capital were recognised and valued by FGD participants. In terms of financial capital, women were identified as contributing to household capacity in flood times through livelihood diversification and the protection of household financial assets. These results highlight the need for a more formal and prominent acknowledgement of women's role in disaster policy.

Sustainable Livelihood of Fishers in Palangpang Beach, Sukabumi, Indonesia

Ciletuh is an areas in Sukabumi which was inaugurated as Global Geopark by UNESCO in 2017, and has many potential natural resources. The high number of visits at Palangpang Beach, Ciwaru Village, is an opportunity for fishermen in Ciwaru Village to participate in activities involving fishermen in the marine tourism sector but this is inversely proportional to the infrastructure development at the Ciletuh Geopark. So, it is important to analyze sustainable livelihood of fishermen before and after the development of the Ciletuh Geopark. The research methods used are descriptive analysis, and sustainable livelihood analysis. The results show that sustainable livelihood assets of fishermen who increasing were human capital, social capital, physical capital, and economic and financial capital, while natural capital experienced a decline in assets due to the accumulation of garbage on the shore and in the sea that interferes with fishing activities. Finally, The local government and the management of Auction Place of Fish of Ciwaru have made improvements to fishery support facilities, in the form of parking lots for fishing boats and more adequate fish landings for fishermen, but the government needs to manage the garbage on the beach area.

Sustainable livelihoods analysis in the Tonle Sap Lake and its floodplain, Cambodia

Tonle Sap Lake is the largest body of freshwater in Southeast Asia, benefiting millions of Cambodians. Yet, the lake is under increasing pressure, causing great concern for hundreds of communities depending on the bounty of its natural resources. This research analyzed types of employment, sustainable livelihood, and provision mechanisms in the fishing communities in Tonle Sap Lake. Household surveys were deployed to collect quantitative data from 505 households, and participatory approaches were applied to collect qualitative data through key informants and group discussions. The research findings supported four main conclusions. First, agricultural jobs remained the dominant mode of employment for the villagers in the communities surrounding the Tonle Sap, followed by fishing. For example, fishing was the mode of work for (33.7%), rice farming for (24.2%), and horticulture for (11.7%). Fishery and rice farming played an essential role in daily livelihoods. Second, however, the villagers' livelihoods were not yet fully sustainable. Their daily income per capita (9,199.7 Khmer Riels) was not significantly lower or higher than the rural poverty line (8,908 Khmer Riels), at t (504) = 0.499, P = 0.618. Moreover, their daily income was significantly lower than the national poverty line (10,951 Khmer Riels) set by the Ministry of Planning in 2021, at t (504) = -2.997, P = 0.003. Third, the villagers’ livelihoods were constrained by limited access to the five livelihood assets, specifically, professional skills and social assets, support mechanisms to create alternative livelihoods, and local livelihood strategies. Fourth, the existing support mechanisms do not function to improve access to the five assets and engender local strategies for reducing vulnerabilities. Some suggestions are given to enhance sustainable livelihoods related to increased access to the five assets. Access to the five assets for sustainable livelihoods is required to establish robust support mechanisms for all the key stakeholders, which include government agencies, NGOs, and communities. Alternative livelihoods were found to be a viable option to decrease the burden on natural resources and improve sustainable livelihoods.

How do climate change perception and value cognition affect farmers' sustainable livelihood capacity? An analysis based on an improved DFID sustainable livelihood framework

Research on the influencing factors of sustainable livelihoods in the context of climate change tend to focus on macro-regional and objective factors. However, there is room to expand on studies concerning the micro perspective and cognitive differences between farmers. This paper uses a survey on farmers' climate change perception and cognitive value in arid areas of Northwest China. Based on an improved Department for International Development (DFID) sustainable livelihood analysis, the authors explore the impact of climate change perception and value cognition on farmers' sustainable livelihood capacity, and analyze the differences according to farmers' socio-demographic characteristics. The results show that climate change perception can not only directly affect farmers' livelihoods, but also indirectly affect their sustainable livelihood capacity through economic and ecological value cognition. In the role of climate change perception and value cognition on sustainable livelihood capability, the farmers' socio-demographic characteristics have different effects on their action paths. Policymakers should focus on improving human capital in agricultural sector, especially for young and female laborers. Diversification of livelihoods should be encouraged to increase farmers' livelihood capital accumulation, especially for low- and middle-income earners. Popular science might also be actively marketed to enhance the awareness of livelihood value and climate change.

A study on the impact of extreme weather on the poverty vulnerability of farming households—evidence from six counties in the hubei and yunnan provinces of china

By using micro-farm household survey data from six counties in the Hubei and Yunnan provinces, warm days, heavy precipitation, and consecutive dry days were selected as extreme weather measures, and the RClimDex software was used to empirically examine the impacts of extreme weather on farm household poverty vulnerability by setting percentile thresholds to measure extreme weather indicators in each district and county in 2017. Based on the improved Department for International Development sustainable livelihoods analysis framework, the entropy value method was used to synthesize the variables in the farm household sustainable livelihood capacity to examine their mediating effects. The results were as follows: 1) Extreme weather significantly affected farm household poverty vulnerability. Warm days were significantly and negatively related to farmers’ poverty vulnerability, while total heavy precipitation and consecutive dry days were significantly and positively related to farmers’ poverty vulnerability. 2) The impacts of extreme weather on farmers with different vulnerability characteristics varied. 3) The sustainable livelihood capacity of farm households played a partially mediating role in the process of extreme weather indicators of persistent drought index affecting the poverty vulnerability of farm households. 4) As compared to rural households engaged in non-agricultural industries, agricultural production and operation-based farming households were more vulnerable to shocks from extreme weather. Accordingly, we recommended that to improve farmers’ climate resilience, differentiated policies should be adopted according to local conditions; climate-sensitive vulnerable groups should be identified; agricultural insurance coverage should be expanded; farmers should be guided into entrepreneurship; and equalization of public services should be equalized so as to avoid farmers becoming impoverished due to extreme weather.

Eliminating deprivation and breaking through dependence: A mechanism to help poor households achieve sustainable livelihoods by targeted poverty alleviation strategy

AbstractDeprivation and dependence are the main signs of poverty, and elimination of both constitutes a major means of poverty alleviation. The foremost goal of China's targeted poverty alleviation strategy (TPAS) and the sustainable livelihood analysis framework (SLAF) was thus the elimination of deprivation and dependence. Together, TPAS and SLAF form a poverty alleviation mechanism that provides an opportunity to conduct a systematic analysis of TPAS implementation that achieved world‐renowned results in poverty alleviation. In this study, we comprehensively compare the changes in households and villages in a poor county before and after the implementation of TPAS; furthermore, we use a multilevel model to analyze the mechanism behind the functioning of the “Household‐Village” multilevel structure in the poverty alleviation process. The TPAS implemented a comprehensive livelihood system for poor households, whereby multidimensional deprivation was eliminated by supplementing livelihood capitals. Acquisition‐oriented assistance policies were offered to different groups to build customized paths of poverty alleviation, which ultimately helped poor households break through poverty and achieve sustainable livelihoods. This study highlights the close connection between the various components of the livelihood system, provides new research ideas for the study of China's TPAS and presents a reference template for the promotion of China's poverty alleviation programs.

The Contribution of Carrot Farming on Livelihood Improvement at Household Levels in Arumeru District, Arusha Tanzania

Carrots are emerging as a crop of choice among many smallholder farmers due to thier affordable management schedules, quick maturing and high returns per acre; thus improving directly their livelihood. Despite its potentiality, it is not clearly known how the crop farming contributes to the household livelihoods among farmers in the study area. This cross-sectional study explored the contribution of carrot farming on the households’ livelihood in Arumeru district, Arusha Tanzania. The study employed a multistage sampling technique to select 150 smallholder farmers. Semi-structured questionnaires were used in data collection and then analysed by descriptive statistics, profit gross margin and sustainable livelihood analysis. The study results determine that profit generated in carrot farming was approximately 23.1% gross profit margin per acre. This implies that it is a profitable activity in the study area. More, the results show that carrot farming enhances farmers’ livelihoods through improving access and control to human asset. The study recommends that promotion of carrot farming should be sustainably to accommodate poverty eradication strategies among households. The other stakeholders should invest efforts in promoting carrot farming which is evidenced to improve people’s livelihood. More, financial services should be accessible and reliable to facilitate the farming processes. Moreover, extension officers should invest their efforts in providing necessary trainings to farmers. Much more, the study recommends more research on the welfare and postharvest losses of carrot farming in the study area.

Difference of Farmers' Livelihood Capital before and after Rural Tourism Development.

Purpose. To compare the differences in rural household livelihood capital before and after the development of rural tourism to derive factors that affect rural household livelihood capital. Methodology. This study establishes a household livelihood capital index system to determine the total livelihood capital owned by rural households. Findings. After the development of rural tourism, regardless of farmers participating in rural tourism or not participating in rural tourism, their livelihood capital has increased, but the growth rate of livelihood capital of farmers participating in rural tourism is significantly higher than that of non-participating farmers, especially social capital and financial capital. Originality. This study is based on the sustainable livelihood analysis framework developed by DFID, analyzes the characteristics of farmers' livelihood capital and livelihood activities, and discusses the differences of farmers' livelihood capital before and after rural tourism development.

Impact of farmers’ participation in tourism on sustainable livelihood outcomes in border tourism areas

Tourism, as a new way of industrial poverty alleviation, is of great significance to poverty reduction in border areas. This research takes the Sino–Vietnamese border tourism area as a case study and introduces a sustainable livelihood analysis framework. It collects questionnaire data from Napo County of Guangxi and uses structural equation modeling to analyze the behavioral intention of farmers still willing to participate in tourism after overcoming poverty. Results indicate that (1) participation motivation, participation opportunity, and participation ability had significant positive effects on farmers’ involvement level; (2) farmers’ economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental outcome perceptions had significant effects on their sustainable livelihood outcome perception; (3) farmers’ involvement level had a significant positive effect on their sustainable livelihood outcome perception; (4) the positive effect of the involvement level on behavioral intention failed to pass the significance test; and (5) farmers’ sustainable livelihood outcome perception had a significant positive impact on behavioral intention. Therefore, farmers’ involvement in poverty alleviation through tourism is a complex process of behavior and psychological perceptions.

Social Innovation and Co-creation in Smallscale Renewable Energy: an Asset-based Approach

Abstract This paper makes a novel contribution by turning an ‘asset’ lens onto social and technical innovation in the context of the small-scale generation of renewable energy. The authors draw on learning from an international project that aimed to develop innovative technologies for the micro generation of energy using wastes and residues. Variations on innovation that cut across the social and technical are introduced. It is noted that although emanating from different traditions, a common theme is emphasis on a distributed knowledge base in which the roles of innovator, producer and consumer overlap or merge. This implies that the (social) innovation process is also one of co-creation. The authors borrow from international development studies the Sustainable Livelihood Analysis (SLA) framework, which is usually used for working with poor households to foreground strengths and resources rather than needs and deficits. To illustrate the utility of SLA for social innovation at local and community level, findings are presented from UK fieldwork on socio economic barriers and opportunities affecting the feasibility of new community energy generation and enterprise options. The importance and the fragility of human assets are highlighted.

Natural Resource Dependence of Communities around the Giant Panda Protected Land Based on Livelihood Capital

As the flagship species of biodiversity protection, the giant panda has an umbrella protection function. China is committed to building a natural protection system with national parks as the main body to achieve sustainable development. In this paper, the sustainable livelihood analysis framework is used to study the livelihood of farmers in the surrounding communities of the giant panda protected land. Based on the data obtained from the field survey, the evaluation index of the natural resource dependence of the community farmers is established, and then the measurement model is constructed to analyze the main factors affecting the natural resource dependence of the communities. The results showed that: (1) The food dependence of farmers around the giant panda protected area is the highest (46.32%), followed by energy dependence (37.67%), and income dependence is the lowest (27.91%). (2) In terms of regional characteristics, the natural resource dependence of farmers is the lowest in Minshan and Qionglai, followed by Daxiangling and Xiaoxiangling, and Liangshan is the highest. (3) Physical capital has no significant effect on the natural resource dependence. The influence of human capital, natural capital, and social capital on the natural resource dependence is significant.

An approach to determining the linkage between livelihood assets and the housing conditions in urban slums of Dhaka

In the backdrop of rapid urbanisation trends, the slum population has increased significantly in the fast-growing cities like Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh). The increasing rural-to-urban migration, housing shortages, and the limited access to affordable housing, are recognised as some of the key underlying drivers of the same. Within the slum pockets, the households possess a varying level of livelihood assets which further determine their housing conditions. To establish a precise understanding of the linkages between the livelihood assets possessed by the slum households and their housing conditions, this study specifically focuses on the case of Dhaka. Building on the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis, and in reference to the World Bank’s Urban Informal Settlements Survey 2016, a specific set of indicators are developed to assess the livelihood assets in different slum pockets of Dhaka and their linkage with the slum housing. Thereafter, correlation analysis of all household (secondary) data is conducted to derive broader findings, and an in-depth comparative analysis is conducted for two contrasting slum groups. Although the overall results do not reveal any direct linkage between the specific asset capitals and the housing conditions, the financial and natural capital are found to be the key factors in determining the level of livelihood assets. By comparing the locational characteristics, it is further found that the slums with highest level of livelihood assets are more located on the periphery of Dhaka city, while the contrasting slum groups are situated more in the central areas. Also, the comparison of housing conditions reveals that the households with higher level of livelihood assets have better access to durable and permanent alternatives for their housing structure. Although there is a huge scope of further research, it is hoped that the study findings will pave the pathway for enhancing slum housing conditions in Dhaka.