Sustainable Hydrogen Research Articles

Optimization of hydrogen production via electrocatalysis using NiCoMo-modified electrodes: An RSM approach

ABSTRACT The depletion of fossil fuels and the environmental impact of their combustion have increased the demand for sustainable energy alternatives, with hydrogen appearing as an appropriate option due to its clean energy potential. This study focuses on developing a laboratory-scale alkaline electrolysis system for hydrogen production. Platinum, known for its high catalytic activity and durability, was employed as the anode, while graphite was selected as the cathode for its cost-effectiveness. To enhance catalytic performance, the graphite electrodes were modified with nickel-cobalt-molybdenum (NiCoMo) using a galvanostatic method. The electrode voltage and molarity were chosen as independent variables to evaluate their effect on hydrogen production. Using the Design-Expert software, the optimal conditions were identified at 3 V and 1.5 mol/l, yielding 10.67 ml of hydrogen. The coefficient of determination (R2) values 98.81% for R2, 97.96% for adjusted R2, and 91.63% for predicted R2 indicate suitable model accuracy. The error margin between experimental and optimized results was only 1.7%, confirming the reliability of the method. This study highlights the potential of NiCoMo-modified electrodes to enhance hydrogen production efficiency. Future research could explore scaling up the system and integrating it with renewable energy sources, positioning this method as a viable pathway toward sustainable hydrogen production.

Hierarchically Structured Catalysts Toward Sustainable Hydrogen Economy: Electro- and Thermo-Chemical Pathways.

Hydrogen, as an important clean energy source, plays a more and more crucial role in decarbonizing the planet and meeting the global climate challenge due to its high energy density and zero-emission. The demand for sustainable hydrogen is increasing drastically worldwide as driven by the global shift towards low-carbon energy solutions. Thermochemical catalysis process dominates hydrogen production at scale given its relatively mature technology and commercialization status, as well as the established manufacturing infrastructure. While due to its environmentally friendly nature and growing abundant sources of renewable electricity, the electrochemical path for hydrogen production is rising as a major alternative to the thermochemical means. Nevertheless, hierarchically structured catalysts and devices have gradually taken the center stage toward replacing the traditional counterparts, especially with the rapid advancement of the design and manufacture of such ordered nanostructure assemblies toward high activity, efficient mass transport, and superb stability. In this review, the latest progress of the hierarchically structured catalysts for hydrogen production have been surveyed on electro- and thermo- chemical pathways comparatively. It covers the structure designs of atomic dispersion, nanoscale surfaces and interfaces for achieving highly active and durable catalysts, components, and devices. Both electrochemical and thermochemical approaches are reviewed in terms of the vast design details, engineered benefits, and understandings of various Pt-group metal (PGM) and non-PGM based transition metal catalysts for hydrogen production. As the growing trend, brief discussions are also presented toward the high-level assembly and manufacture of complexly structured components and devices at scale in the electrochemical and thermochemical energy systems.

Breaking Activity‐Durability Inverse Relationship via Electrode Engineering by Utilizing β‐MnO2/RuO2 Heterostructures for Efficient Seawater Electrolysis

AbstractSignificant efforts are underway to enhance the efficiency of water electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen production. Approaches that were explored are the design of an efficient anode, engineering of electrolytes, and application of diffusion protective layer over the catalyst to protect it from corrosive reactions. Here we are exploring the engineering of electrode fabrication to enhance the efficacy of anode catalysts by ensuring that the materials are carefully selected. β‐MnO2 has been used to develop a cost‐effective method for electrode fabrication that establish a Schottky junction at heterostructure interface. This method transforms commercial RuO2, which is considered to be less active and stable, highly selective for chlorine oxidative reactions, into a highly active, stable, and OER‐selective in alkaline medium and surrogate seawater. With the help of thorough electrochemical techniques, we found that this engineering significantly improves the effective electrochemical surface area, and higher kinetics and conversion per unit site, profoundly affecting the charge transfer mechanism and optimizing the adsorption of OER intermediates, resulting in much‐increased mass activity. It is observed that the selectivity of the OER was enhanced due to the Lewis acid repercussions of β‐MnO2.

Presence of lactic acid bacteria in hydrogen production by dark fermentation: competition or synergy.

Dark fermentation in mixed cultures has been extensively studied due to its great potential for sustainable hydrogen production from organic wastes. However, microbial composition, substrate competition, and inhibition by fermentation products can affect hydrogen yield and production rates. Lactic acid bacteria have been identified as the key organisms in this process. On one hand, lactic acid bacteria can efficiently compete for carbohydrate rich substrates, producing lactic acid and secreting bacteriocins that inhibit the growth of hydrogen-producing bacteria, thereby decreasing hydrogen production. On the other hand, due to their metabolic capacity and synergistic interactions with certain hydrogen-producing bacteria, they contribute positively in several ways, for example by providing lactic acid as a substrate for hydrogen generation. Analyzing different perspectives about the role of lactic acid bacteria in hydrogen production by dark fermentation, a literature review was done on this topic. This review article shows a comprehensive view to understand better the role of these bacteria and their influence on the process efficiency, either as competitors or as contributors to hydrogen production by dark fermentation.

ZIF-67 derived N doped carbon embedded CoxP for superior hydrogen evolution

Abstract Developing a sustainable non-noble hybrid electrocatalyst for effective electrocatalysis is the most crucial task; particularly in sustainable hydrogen energy production in the realm of energy conversion. In this work, effective thermal pyrolysis process followed by phosphorization strategy was employed to prepare and fabricate ZIF-67 (Zeolitic imidazole) assisted Co2P/N doped carbon electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The optimized Co2P/N–C electrocatalyst exhibited hollow porous nanostructures as confirmed from the scanning electron microscopy. The achieved porous nanostructure improved the efficiency of the charge and mass transportation which is confirmed by the BET analysis, has high surface area value of 94.731 m2/g. In addition, a transition metal atom can regulate reactants adsorption and desorption capacity by modulating Co and P electronic configuration. The electrochemical studies of fabricated ZIF-67 derived Co2P/N–C electrode were analyzed using 1.0 M alkaline potassium hydroxide (KOH) medium in 3 electrode system process. Whilst, optimizing the pyrolysis temperature during the phosphorization will remarkably enhance the favourable characteristics of the hydrogen generation. Notably, the optimized ZIF-67 derived Co2P/NC at 350 °C electrode exhibited low overpotential (135 mV) at minimum 10 mA/cm2 and low 120.3 mV/dec Tafel slope. Besides, electrode stability at 10 mA/cm2 current density was verified by chronoamperometry test. Hence, this study furnishes the potential technique for the development of advanced hybrid MOF electrocatalyst as a successful alternative on large scale.

Deciphering Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production in Water Through a Bioinspired Water-Stable Copper(II) Complex Adorned with (N2S2)-Donor Sites.

Electrocatalytic hydrogen production stands as a pivotal cornerstone in ushering the revolutionary era of the hydrogen economy. With a keen focus on emulating the significance of hydrogenase-like active sites in sustainable H2 generation, a meticulously designed and water-stable copper(II) complex, [Cl-Cu-LN2S2]ClO4, featuring the N,S-type ligand, LN2S2 (2,2'-((butane-2,3-diylbis(sulfanediyl))bis(methylene))dipyridine), has been crafted and assessed for its prowess in electrocatalytic H2 production in water, leveraging acetic acid as a proton source. The molecular catalyst, adopting a square pyramidal coordination geometry, undergoes -Cl substitution by H2O during electrochemical conditions yielding [H2O-Cu-LN2S2]2+ as the true catalyst, showcases outstanding activity in electrochemical proton reduction in acidic water, achieving an impressive rate of 241.75 s-1 for hydrogen generation. Controlled potential electrolysis at -1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 1.6 h reveals a high turnover number of 73.06 with a commendable Faradic efficiency of 94.2 %. A comprehensive analysis encompassing electrochemical, spectroscopic, and analytical methods reveals an insignificant degradation of the molecular catalyst. However, the post-CPE electrocatalyst, present in the solution domain, signifies the coveted stability and effective activity under the specified electrochemical conditions. The synergy of electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational studies endorses the proton-electron coupling mediated catalytic pathways, affirming the viability of sustainable hydrogen production.

Sustainable Hydrogen Production by Glycerol and Monosaccharides Catalytic Acceptorless Dehydrogenation (AD) in Homogeneous Phase.

In the quest for sustainable hydrogen production, the use of biomass-derived feedstock is gaining importance. Acceptorless Dehydrogenation (AD) in the presence of efficient and selective catalysts has been explored worldwide as a suitable method to produce hydrogen from hydrogen-rich simple organic molecules. Among these, glycerol and sugars have the advantage of being cheap, abundant, and obtainable from fatty acid basic hydrolysis (biodiesel industry) and from biomass by biochemical and thermochemical processing, respectively. Although heterogeneous catalysts are more widely used for hydrogen production from biomass-based feedstock, the harsh reaction conditions applied limit applicability due to deactivation of active sites due to coking of carbonaceous materials. Moreover, heterogeneous catalyst are more difficult to fine-tune than homogeneous counterparts, and the latter also allow for high process selectivities under milder conditions. The present Concept article summarizes the main features of the most active homogeneous catalysts reported for glycerol and monosaccharides AD. In order to directly compare hydrogen production efficiencies, the choice of literature works was limited to reports where hydrogen was clearly quantified by yields and turnover numbers (TONs). The types of transition metals and ligands is discussed, together with a perspective view on future challenges of homogeneous AD reactions for practical applications.

Efficient Water Reforming of Biomass to H2 via Well‐Organized Redox‐Neutral Cleavage of C−C, O−H and C−H Bonds

AbstractHydrogen (H2) is a clean and environmentally friendly energy carrier. The depletion of fossil fuels makes renewable H2 production highly desirable. Water reforming of renewable biomass to hydrogen, with a relay of natural photosynthesis to biomass, would be an indirect pathway to realize the ideal but extremely challenging photocatalytic overall water splitting to hydrogen, with favorable thermodynamics. Since the seminal work of water reforming of biomass in 1980, great endeavors have been made. Nevertheless, hitherto, the entire kinetic pathway has been elusive, which seriously limits the reforming processes. Using a designed well‐organized redox‐neutral cleavage of C−C, O−H and C−H bonds enabled by photoelectrocatalysis, here, we show the efficient water reforming of biomass to hydrogen at room temperature, with a yield up to 93 %. The clear insights into the kinetic pathway with oxidation of carbon radicals to carbon cations as the indicated rate‐determining step, would cast brightness for efficient and sustainable hydrogen production to accelerate the hydrogen economy.

A novel integrated solar-driven system with Ag@SiO2 nanofluid filters for generating hydrogen using seawater: Parametric assessment and optimization

Both renewable energy and fresh water inputs are required to develop sustainable green hydrogen. However, there is still a lack of an integrated system generating hydrogen cleanly. Therefore, this study aims to develop a full spectrum solar energy-driven system to co-generate fresh water and hydrogen. The seawater desalination and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis are introduced into a Ag@SiO2 nanofluid-filtered photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system. The desalinated seawater can be directly used for the electrolysis, realizing the self-supply of water for the hydrogen production process. A comprehensive examination is performed via modelling the integrated system to assess the influences of mass flow rates and nanofluid parameters on system function. Results reveal that the system performance is more sensitive to the mass flow rate of nanofluid than that of coolant, and concentrated nanofluids can easily affect system performance by adjusting their depth. Furthermore, mass flow rates and nanofluid parameters are optimized using a genetic algorithm with multiple-objectives. It was determined that the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) unit is capable of producing sufficient water for the electrolysis process. The optimal system attains a hydrogen production rate of 1.95 × 10−5 kg/s, a specific thermal energy consumption of 310.18 kWh/m3, and a system efficiency of 22.39%.

Sustainable Hydrogen Generation Facilitated through Ethylene Glycol Oxidation in Fresh/Seawater with Cobalt- and Iron-Based Fluorinated Nanosheets

Sustainable Hydrogen Generation Facilitated through Ethylene Glycol Oxidation in Fresh/Seawater with Cobalt- and Iron-Based Fluorinated Nanosheets

Photothermal Induced Dual-Interface: Accelerating Sustainable Hydrogen Evolution from Formic Acid.

Formic acid (FA), a liquid hydrogen storage carrier, can release hydrogen via photothermal catalysis, providing a clean and sustainable solution toward a carbon-neutral energy cycle. Despite recent advances in the design of efficient catalysts, the development of advanced systems with high H2 yield, stability, and durability remains challenging due to the inefficient photothermal conversion and mass transfer in the traditional liquid-solid bulk system, as well as the trade-off between hydrogen storage density and dehydrogenation rate. Here, we address these challenges by creating a photothermal-induced dual-interface characterized by high spectral absorption and low heat loss, a facile supply of FA, and vaporization of FA to minimize the energy barrier of the reaction. As a result, a record hydrogen evolution rate (200.9 mmol g-1 h-1) is achieved in a high concentration (26 M) of FA, which is about 15 times higher than the liquid-solid bulk system. In addition, it can be operated continuously for more than 192 h without additive addition and energy consumption, providing a strategy for accelerating interfacial mass transfer to improve catalytic activity, and also presents a reference for sustainable hydrogen production.

Sustainable photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production over octonary high-entropy oxide

The direct utilization of solar energy for the artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) provides a reliable approach for producing this high-value green oxidant. Here we report on the utility of high-entropy oxide (HEO) semiconductor as an all-in-one photocatalyst for visible light-driven H2O2 production directly from H2O and atmospheric O2 without the need of any additional cocatalysts or sacrificial agents. This high-entropy photocatalyst contains eight earth-abundant metal elements (Ti/V/Cr/Nb/Mo/W/Al/Cu) homogeneously arranged within a single rutile phase, and the intrinsic chemical complexity along with the presence of a high density of oxygen vacancies endow high-entropy photocatalyst with distinct broadband light harvesting capability. An efficient H2O2 production rate with an apparent quantum yield of 38.8% at 550 nm can be achieved. The high-entropy photocatalyst can be readily assembled into floating artificial leaves for sustained on-site production of H2O2 from open water resources under natural sunlight irradiation.

High‐Entropy Perovskite Oxides for Thermochemical Solar Fuel Production

The increasing global demand for energy, coupled with the need to mitigate climate change, has spurred significant interest in renewable energy sources. Among these, solar energy holds particular promise due to its abundance and potential to be converted into clean fuels through thermochemical cycles. High‐entropy perovskite oxides (HEPOs) have emerged as promising materials for solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) production, offering advantages over traditional materials like ceria due to their enhanced thermal stability, flexibility in composition, and lower operating temperatures. Herein, the advantages of HEPOs, including their stability under extreme thermal conditions which is critical for repeated redox cycling in H2 production, are highlighted. The inherent configurational entropy allows for a broader range of element incorporation, leading to improved tunability of physical properties. However, challenges remain, particularly in terms of cost and scalability. To address this, strategies such as the use of more abundant elements and optimized synthesis are discussed. Additionally, the future potential of HEPOs, including their integration into advanced solar reactors, is explored, and how computational methods can be employed to predict new high‐entropy compositions with improved performance is examined. The development of HEPOs for STCH offers a promising pathway toward sustainable hydrogen production, addressing both environmental and economic challenges.

Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Water Electrolysis Using Bimetallic NiFe Metal-Organic Frameworks Integrated with Carbon Nanotubes

Hydrogen is considered a very clean and highly available renewable energy resource for the future. Water electrolysis (WE) is a conspicuous promising technology to produce hydrogen on a large scale, without generating carbon dioxide. In this study, we prepared bimetallic NiFe-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) integrated with CNTs (NiFe–BTC@CNTs) as highly efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline water electrolysis. Combining NiFe MOFs and CNTs significantly enhanced the electrochemical performance and structural integrity of the catalyst. The NiFe–BTC@CNT (30 wt.% CNTs) demonstrates a significant low overpotential of 230 mV at 10 mA·cm⁻2, superior catalytic activity with a Tafel slope of 36 mV·dec⁻1, and excellent stability under both constant and dynamic operating conditions. These unique characteristics are attributed to the high surface area and abundant active sites provided by the bimetallic MOF structure, combined with the exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of CNTs. Furthermore, the integration of CNTs improves the dispersion while preventing the agglomeration of MOF particles, ensuring a more uniform and accessible active surface area. This research highlights the potential of the NiFe–BTC@CNT catalysts as high-performance durable electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production, offering a significant advance in the development of advanced materials for energy conversion and storage applications.

Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets decorated with HAp@Bi2S3 core–shell nanorods: Dual S-scheme 1D/2D heterojunction for environmental and hydrogen production solutions

By combining different semiconductors, scientists have developed innovative materials capable of converting solar energy into useful forms of energy or driving chemical reactions that clean up pollutants. These materials offer a promising path to combat global environmental and energy challenges. In this study, HAp@Bi2S3 core–shell structures were synthesized using a facile microemulsion technique, and then loaded onto graphitic carbon nitride via a hydrothermal method to create an advanced HAp@Bi2S3/g-C3N4 dual S-scheme heterojunction. The engineered heterojunction exhibited enhanced hydrogen production and visible light photocatalytic oxidation of metronidazole. The improved photocatalytic efficiency was attributed to the core–shell structure of HAp@Bi2S3 along with the formation of a dual S-scheme heterojunction in HAp@Bi2S3/g-C3N4. As a result, the novel dual S-scheme HAp@Bi2S3/g-C3N4 heterojunction demonstrated a significantly higher hydrogen production rate, ca. 20 times higher than that of hydroxyapatite (HAp), 11 times higher than Bi2S3, and 5 times higher than the HAp@Bi2S3. This research introduces a novel approach to crafting dual S-scheme heterojunctions based on Bi2S3, which enables swift electron transfer across heterojunction interfaces, thereby enlarged possibility windows to sustainable hydrogen production and wastewater remediation technologies.

Membrane reformer technology for sustainable hydrogen production from hydrocarbon feedstocks

Hydrogen (H2) is receiving growing interest as a clean energy carrier as the world’s energy system transitions towards net zero. Today, H2 is primarily produced from hydrocarbons using the steam methane reforming (SMR) process. This well-established method converts methane-rich gas into syngas, which is further treated with steam to increase H2 yield via the water-gas-shift (WGS) process. However, this conventional route results in high carbon intensity of 10 tons CO2/ton of H2. Therefore, there is a growing need for sustainable H2 production technologies that utilize existing fossil energy sources and infrastructure while minimizing carbon emissions and costs.Membrane reactors (MR) are a promising technology for sustainable H2 production from hydrocarbons. A H2-selective palladium-alloy (Pd–Au) membrane is integrated within the catalyst bed, creating a system where H2 production and separation occur simultaneously in a single unit. This integration offers several advantages over the conventional system; process intensification allows thermodynamic equilibrium conversion limitations to be overcome while producing high purity (>99%) H2 at milder operating temperatures of ∼550 °C compared to 800–1000 °C in conventional packed bed reactors. Downstream processes such as WGS reactors and pressure swing adsorption are eliminated, resulting in reduced capital and operating costs. Moreover, the by-product stream remains pressurized at 25–40 bar and contains CO2 at concentrations above 60%, enabling CO2 capture at reduced cost.

In situ ammonium formation mediates efficient hydrogen production from natural seawater splitting

Seawater electrolysis using renewable electricity offers an attractive route to sustainable hydrogen production, but the sluggish electrode kinetics and poor durability are two major challenges. We report a molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction with activity comparable to commercial platinum on carbon (Pt/C) catalyst in natural seawater. The catalyst operates more than 1000 hours of continuous testing at 100 mA cm−2 without degradation, whereas massive precipitate (mainly magnesium hydroxide) forms on the Pt/C counterpart after 36 hours of operation at 10 mA cm−2. Our investigation reveals that ammonium groups generate in situ at the catalyst surface, which not only improve the connectivity of hydrogen-bond networks but also suppress the local pH increase, enabling the enhanced performances. Moreover, a zero-gap membrane flow electrolyser assembled by this catalyst exhibits a current density of 1 A cm−2 at 1.87 V and 60 oC in simulated seawater and runs steadily over 900 hours.

Investigation of the flash vaporization technique as a novel anolyte separation method in a copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle for sustainable hydrogen production

Thermochemical water-splitting processes are a promising alternative to the conventional hydrogen production technologies. In this regard, the thermochemical copper-chlorine cycle is amongst the clean hydrogen production processes that have shown immense promise to achieve commercialization in the long term future through several investigations reported in the open literature. A primary reason for this is its moderate temperature requirements which can be harnessed through a wide variety of sources such as waste heat or solar thermal energy. More specifically, the four-step variant of the copper-chlorine cycle has exhibited the highest efficiencies compared to its three and five-step versions. However, certain aspects of the cycle need further attention. One such aspect is the fourth and the final step of the cycle – the anolyte separation step which ensures the complete replenishment of all chemical compounds within the cycle. The anolyte is a homogeneous solution that constitutes water, hydrochloric acid, copper (II) chloride, and copper (I) chloride. The existing methodology for the separation of all these chemicals considers a multi-step drying process that takes place at ambient pressure and temperatures over 100°C. These conditions have been concluded to contribute to lowering the energy efficiency and increasing the cost rate of hydrogen through various studies previously conducted and published by the authors. In this regard, the authors have investigated an alternative technique for the anolyte separation process – the flash vaporization method where the partial separation of various chemical species can be achieved under vacuum conditions resulting in lower required temperatures and ultimately making the anolyte separation process relatively less energy intensive. Thus, this paper develops a stand-alone experimental set-up to investigate the flash vaporization process on a lab scale to determine its feasibility and potential to be a replacement for the existing approach of anolyte separation in a four-step copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle. The experiments are conducted under a wide variety of conditions and the obtained results are quite promising. Further, this study also considers the development of an empirical model to enable an analytical quantitative prediction of the separated anolyte solution.

A comparative study of BiFeO3-based compounds for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction

We present a comprehensive study, combining experimental and theoretical approaches, to assess the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) efficiency of BiFeO3-based solid solutions. Initially, we investigate the electronic and optical properties of these compounds, with a particular focus on band edge alignment relative to water redox potentials. Our findings show that the materials exhibit optimal band gaps of approximately 2.0 eV, indicative of enhanced visible light absorption and favorable energetic alignment to drive efficient hydrogen generation. To corroborate our theoretical predictions, we perform photoelectrochemical measurements on selected BiFeO3-based compounds synthesized via the solid-state method. Our experimental results reveal a high hydrogen yield, with BiFeO3-SrTiO3 achieving a production rate of ∼114 µmol/L in 30 min, outperforming BiFeO3-BaTiO3 (∼70 µmol/L) and pristine BiFeO3 (∼61 µmol/L). These findings validate our theoretical assumptions and demonstrate the superior HER performance of BiFeO3-SrTiO3, positioning it as a highly promising candidate for sustainable hydrogen production.

Основные направления и инструменты политики низкоуглеродного развития Бразилии

Brazil has a strong potential to achieve national climate goals and can also be an important decarbonization partner for other countries, especially in the supply of green hydrogen and critical raw materials for the production of new climate- neutral technologies. This article highlights the main tools and policies for Brazilʼs decarbonization and identifies potential areas in which the country can not only achieve its nationally determined contributions (NDCs), but also ensure innovative green economic growth. Low carbon intensity energy sources can ensure a low carbon footprint for industrial products, which can make goods more attractive in the face of increasing requirements and the introduction of measures such as the European Unionʼs (EU) carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM). Extensive deployment of renewable energy creates opportunities for the country to produce sustainable hydrogen, which will be in demand both domestically and globally. The main challenge for Brazilʼs decarbonization is its extensive agriculture, as well as widespread deforestation, the rate of which increased under the Bolsonaro administration. For agricultural products,which make up a large share of exports, deforestation regulations like those adopted in the EU would be a real barrier and could close European and other markets. The min- ing and processing of critical raw materials could be a potential breakthrough for the countryʼs economic growth due to the widespread decarbonization of the global economy. The low carbon intensity of the countryʼs industry, including mining, due to renewable energy sources appears to be a significant advantage. Lulaʼs return has given the international community hope that, at least in forestry and agriculture, significant efforts can be expected from Brazil, including international support, financing, and auditing.