Sustainable E-waste Management Research Articles

Leveraging Life Cycle Assessment and System Dynamics Model Analysis for an Integrated Household E-Waste Management System in Yaoundé, Cameroon

Electronic waste (E-waste) is a global environmental issue and a contemporary challenge in developing countries, where implementing sustainable E-waste management policies is required to mitigate the adverse impacts of inappropriate treatment and disposal. This study assesses the environmental and human health impacts of the current E-waste management system in Yaoundé. The study then proposes an integrated E-waste management system (IEMS) with policy instruments for increased formal E-waste collection and reduced environmental impacts from informal E-waste treatment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was utilized to identify high-impact contributing processes within the current E-waste management system (EMS) and to determine the optimum scenario for an integrated system. The system dynamics model (SDM) analysis ascertained the efficiency of the E-waste policy under the IEMS. Results show that the IEMS can reduce global warming potential, fine particulate matter formation, and human carcinogenic toxicity from one ton of E-waste treatment by 27%, 16.3%, and 34%, respectively. Regarding the policy efficiency simulation for the IEMS, the policy instrument (Policy 1), with levies on electronic appliance producers, proved environmentally efficient in reducing the quantity of informal recycling. It was also more economically viable for the recycling fund to increase formal E-waste collection and subsidize formal treatment within the context of the IEMS. The study outcome is informative for E-waste management policy planning in developing economies.

Sustainable resilient E-waste management in London: A circular economy perspective

The circular economy (CE) is reasoned to organize complex systems supporting sustainable resilience by distinguishing between waste materials and economic growth. This is crucial to the electronic waste (e-waste) industry of developed countries, and e-waste operation management has become their top priority because e-waste contains toxic materials and valuable sources of elements. In the UK, although London Metropolitan city boasts an ambitious sustainable resilience target underlying the context of CE, practical implementation has yet to be feasible, with few investigations detailing if and how the existing target implications enable industrial and social-ecological sectors to continue their performance functionalities in the face of undesired disruptions. In this paper, a dynamic Bayesian Network (dynamic BN) approach is developed to address a range of potential risks. The existing London e-waste operation management is considered as an application of study for sustainable resilience development. Through the utilization of dynamic BN, a comprehensive analysis yields a Resilience Index (RI) of 0.5424, coupled with a StdDev of 0.01350. These metrics offer a profound insight into the intricate workings of a sustainable system and its capacity to swiftly rebound from unexpected shocks and disturbances. This newfound understanding equips policymakers with the knowledge needed to navigate the complexities of sustainable e-waste management effectively. The implications drawn from these in-depth analyses furnish policymakers with invaluable information, enabling them to make judicious decisions that advance the cause of sustainable e-waste management. The findings underscore that the absorptive capacity of a sustainable and resilient e-waste operation management system stands as the foremost defense mechanism against unforeseen challenges. Furthermore, it becomes evident that two pivotal factors, namely “diversifying the supply chain” and “enhancing supply chain transparency,” play pivotal roles in augmenting the sustainability and resilience of e-waste operation management within the context of London's ambitious sustainability targets. These factors are instrumental in steering the trajectory of e-waste management towards a more sustainable and resilient future, aligning with London's aspirations for a greener and more eco-conscious future.

Managing sustainable E-Waste resilient infrastructure effectively with the introduction of Smart Bin

Innovation has become an essential and inevitable factor that profoundly influences globalization and supports the prosperity of economies worldwide. Over the past few decades, one of the most common forms of innovation has been the development of electronic goods and gadgets, particularly components of the Internet of Things (IoT). These electronic goods have become indispensable in various industries, such as manufacturing, medical, telecommunication, food and beverages, and service sectors, significantly enhancing operational processes. With the increasing demand for electronic goods globally, both businesses and end users have embraced their usage extensively. However, this widespread reliance on electronic equipment has also led to a surge in electronic waste generation, posing a significant environmental challenge. Studies by Thakur (2021) have estimated that approximately 44.7 million tonnes of e-waste have been generated annually since 2016, a figure projected to rise steadily with the continuous advancement of new technologies. Malaysia produces about 365,000 tonnes of e-waste each year, prompting the need for effective e-waste management solutions. One such solution has been implemented by ERTH, a non-governmental organization (NGO), that offers convenient collection services for e-waste around the Klang Valley (Hakim, 2022). As the demand for electronic goods continues to escalate, stakeholders must recognize the environmental impact of e-waste and actively engage in sustainable e-waste management practices. The integration of innovative approaches such as ERTH's e-waste collection services can significantly contribute to minimizing the detrimental effects of e-waste on the environment hence fostering a more environmentally responsible approach towards electronic goods consumption. By promoting responsible disposal practices and embracing recycling initiatives, societies can work together to create a greener and more sustainable future.

REVISITING E-WASTE MANAGEMENT: GLOBAL SCENARIO, STRATEGIES, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

With rapid population growth, as well as, technological advancement, the generation of e-wastes is increasing day by day and has become a fact of emergent concern for scientific and research communities worldwide. Though the most developed territories generate the highest amount of e-wastes, little efforts has been put towards managing them. European countries, including UK, Germany, and France are managing significant amount of e-wastes responsibly. The informal and unscientific management of e-wastes led to severe health and environmental hazards. The traditional waste management methods, such as, landfilling, and incineration expels significant amount of heavy and toxic chemicals to the environment, leading to severe air, water, and soil pollution. However, proper management strategies for e-wastes not only inhibit the associated harmful effect towards the lives on earth, but also favour circular economy. The sustainability of the strategies for managing e-wastes lie in the responsibility of all stakeholders associated with it. In this review, we have discussed the statistics of global of e-wastes generation and recycling, effect of e-wastes towards lives and the environment, different methodologies of managing e-wastes, and strategies for sustainable e-waste management.

Strategies for Transitioning to Sustainable E-Waste Management Systems Globally, Regionally and Nationally

The quantity of electronic waste generated globally is rising rapidly as a result of advanced technology, over reliance, and the use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) beyond comprehension. The rapid technological advancements has resulted in a reduced lifespan of EEE resulting in enormous amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). It is well recognized that EEE contains complex metallic and non-metallic components that, if improperly managed, can seriously disrupt the environment and endanger the survival of life. The majority of industrialized nations possess advanced methods for managing e-waste, well-defined system boundaries, technological expertise, strict legislation, appropriate recycling facilities, and trade with emerging and impoverished countries. However, because of a number of issues and a dearth of pertinent policies, the situation in emerging nations is different. WEEE are handled in developing nations by using a variety of low-end methods, including product reuse, traditional landfill disposal, open burning, and rudimentary "backyard" recycling. The bulk of developing and less developed countries lack the necessary legislation, gaps in policy formulation, socioeconomic and cultural hurdles, technology, and treatment facilities. The main issues affecting Guyana's management include absence of legislation, safe options for treatment and disposal, and inadequate inventory of data. The strategic interventions that are essential for sustainable e-waste management include urban mining, embracing the concept of a circular economy, fortifying existing laws and regulations, investing in adequate facilities for handling all waste streams and coordination and cooperation among all of the key stakeholders.

Evolving a conceptual framework for sustainable e-waste management: a consumer typology based on environmental behavior

PurposeThere is widespread consensus that unchecked growth of e-waste is a major challenge to global sustainability transition. Current research has failed to connect e-waste with principles of circularity and sustainability from the consumption perspective. This paper aims to answer the following questions: What kind of environmental behaviors (EBs) exist among consumers in relation to e-waste?; In what ways are these consumers different from and similar to each other based on their EBs in relation to e-waste?; How do consumers and their EBs contribute to sustainable waste management?Design/methodology/approachBased on primary data from an Indian sample of information and communication technology consumers, EBs relevant to e-waste management are identified. In the next stage, a behavior-based segmentation and profiling of consumers is performed.FindingsThe first phase of analysis produced eight distinct EBs which were then used in the next phase to obtain a consumer typology of three segments. The three consumer segments differed significantly with each other on general environmental behavior and awareness about e-waste.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper develops a comprehensive conceptual framework for studying the demand-side circularity transition for sustainable e-waste management.Practical implicationsFor business stakeholders, findings of the study and the proposed framework can inform behavior change interventions to customize offerings for different right consumer segments.Originality/valueThe paper adds new knowledge to the intersectional area of e-waste, consumer behavior and sustainability through the development of consumer typology and a conceptual framework.

Advancing sustainable e-waste management systems integrated with artificial intelligence in developing countries

Advancing sustainable e-waste management systems integrated with artificial intelligence in developing countries

An Integrated Approach for Electronic Waste Management—Overview of Sources of Generation, Toxicological Effects, Assessment, Governance, and Mitigation Approaches

Electronic waste (e-waste) management has become a significant challenge in recent years due to the increasing consumption of electronic devices and their improper disposal. Effective e-waste management requires a comprehensive approach that considers the environmental, economic, and social impacts of e-waste. This comprehensive review provides a critical assessment of e-waste management procedures, encompassing the stages of collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Emphasising the significance of embracing sustainable approaches like reusing, repairing, and recycling, the review underscores their pivotal role in mitigating the adverse environmental and human health effects of e-waste. This review provides an overview of e-waste management concerns specifically in India from its collection to the end cycle including toxicological, environmental, and human impacts and a graphical analysis of current and future e-waste trends. It emphasises the need to effectively enforce regulations and establish extended producer responsibility (EPR) to promote sustainable e-waste management practices. Additionally, the review delves into the complexities surrounding e-waste management, such as insufficient infrastructure, resource and funding constraints, and a dearth of awareness among stakeholders. It strongly underscores the necessity for a concerted endeavour involving governments, industries, and communities to tackle these obstacles and advance the cause of efficient e-waste management practices. This paper is valuable to the scientific community as it offers a thorough assessment of e-waste management, focusing on environmental, economic, and social impacts. It emphasises sustainable practices and regulatory measures, providing actionable insights to address e-waste challenges. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of e-waste management and highlights the importance of adopting sustainable practices to address the negative impacts of e-waste on the environment, human health, and the economy.

A systematic review on sustainable E-waste management: challenges, circular economy practices, and a conceptual framework

PurposeWaste generated from electrical and electronic equipment, collectively known as E-waste, remains a persistent environmental, economic and social problem. Sustainable E-waste management (EWM) has numerous benefits, such as preventing electronic waste from entering landfills, reducing the need for virgin materials by recovering valuable materials from recycling and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Circular economy (CE) practices are considered the initial steps toward sustainable EWM, but some hurdles have been reported in the adoption of these practices. Therefore, the current study aims to identify the common CE practices, sustainability of the EWM process and the challenges in EWM, and to develop a conceptual framework for effective EWM.Design/methodology/approachVery few studies have proposed frameworks that acknowledge the challenges and CE practices of EWM. To fill this gap, a systematic literature review (SLR) was performed, and 169 research articles were explored.FindingsA total of seven challenges in the adoption of effective EWM were identified: rules and policy, infrastructure, consumer behaviour, informal sectors, community culture, technology and economy. Eight common CE practices were also found for effective EWM: reuse, recycle, remanufacturing, refurbishment, repair, reduce, recover and repurpose.Originality/valueA conceptual framework guiding sustainable EWM was proposed, which includes solutions for the identified challenges, and CE practices with sustainable benefits.

Design of sustainable electronic waste management business process transformation towards circular economy transition in Jakarta, Indonesia

E-waste or electronic waste management in developing countries still needs to catch up with developed countries. One of the challenges of electronic waste management in developing countries is its sustainability. Electronic waste management’s sustainability is essential for developing countries’ regional development. One of the promising concepts for developing sustainability for e-waste is the circular economy (CE). However, this requires mapping of e-waste management business processes. There needs to be more research on the business processes of e-waste management in developing countries toward CE transition, for example, Indonesia. Therefore, this research aims to design a business process transformation for sustainable e-waste management in Jakarta, Indonesia. We conducted this research using Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN). Our results give a new proposed business process for e-waste management. The new e-waste management business process is expected to improve efficiency and quality. This study will help policymakers and professionals to implement a better e-waste management system, especially in developing countries.

Role of Community-Based Organizations (CBO) in Formalizing the Informal E-waste Dismantling Sector of India: An Opinionated Perspective

The informal e-waste dismantling community consists of individuals who recycle and dismantle electronic waste (e-waste) outside of formal regulations. This informality is due to a lack of knowledge about proper waste handling, complex formalization procedures, competition from the formal sector, and economic challenges. Community-based organizations (CBOs) play a vital role in addressing these issues. CBOs support the formalization of informal dismantlers by providing licensed workspaces, access to recycling technologies, and assistance in transitioning to the formal economy. Formalizing the informal e-waste dismantling community through CBOs ensures compliance with regulations, promotes sustainability, and provides economic opportunities and social benefits. Case study analysis revealed that E-waste dismantler communities formed Community level, Sub-provincial Level, and Provincial level representatives partnered with local government bodies and organizations to attain socio-economic stability. They also contribute to capacity building, collaboration, and access to resources, and markets, supporting the transition to a formal sustainable e-waste management system.

Integrated Approach for Metallic Fraction Recovery and Generation of Valuable Products from Electronic Waste

The presence of metals and plastics makes electronic waste (e-waste) a secondary source for metal recovery and energy generation. In this study, an integrated approach is demonstrated to recover the metallic fraction and generate valuable products from e-waste using pyrolysis and ultrasonication. E-waste pyrolysis under the optimized process conditions of 500 °C temperature and 30 min of pyrolysis time resulted in 77 wt % solid, 5 wt % oil, and 18 wt % gas products. Calorific values of gas and oil products are 30 MJ/m3 and 34 MJ/kg, respectively. The oil product mainly comprises phenyl ring compounds, whereas H2 and CH4 are the main constituents of the gaseous stream. A solid product is further subjected to ultrasound for 30 min which leads to the metallic fraction recovery with an efficiency of 90 wt %. The investigation reveals that an integrated methodology may provide a solution for the sustainable management of e-waste and resource recovery.

Exploring E-waste Management Practices in South African Organisations

The previous studies have delineated the weakness and drawbacks of e-waste practices in various organisations. However, these studies failed to address major issues relating to effective e-waste management, hence the high rate of obsolescence of electronic equipment continues to grow becoming the fastest growing waste stream in the world. Organisations are paying little attention to the environmental aspects, and there is limited research surrounding e-waste in South African organisations. The primary motivation of the study was to determine the current e-waste practices in the South African organisations to contribute to sustainable e-waste management. The sample was drawn from ten South African organisations from the viewpoint of Information Technology (IT) professionals and managers through semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study revealed that there is a lack of environmental awareness programme in South African organisations, research is not conducted during the procurement process and there is no procurement strategy, limited budget is provided to purchase electronic equipment, hardware’s and software’s are not upgraded to extend the life span of electronic equipment, and data is not managed appropriately, there is lack of recycling capacity, obsolete electronic is not properly disposed of, and there is non-conformance to environmental legislations due to lack of enforcement. The study recommends an increased environmental awareness programme in South African organisations, research to be conducted prior purchasing, develop procurement strategy, provide sufficient budget and purchase environmentally friendly electronic equipment that are less harmful to the environment. The hardware’s and software’s should be upgraded to extend the life span of electronic equipment, and recycling of e-waste should be conducted to reduce and manage e-waste. To some extent, obsolete electronic equipment should be returned to the supplier to ensure safe disposal, and effort should be made to ensure regulatory compliance with the environmental legislations.

Enablers to computer vision technology for sustainable E-waste management

Computer vision technology has led to a robust and reliable e-waste management system by automating and streamlining waste processing. Computer vision technology offers various benefits leading to sustainable improvements in e-waste management practices. It is expected that the adoption of computer vision technology will revolutionize the way processing is carried out in e-waste management by minimizing human intervention, processing time, and cost requirements. India, an emerging economy, faces enormous challenges in efficiently managing and controlling the continuously growing amount of e-waste and its impact on the environment and society. Therefore, it is imperative to adopt computer vision technology to leverage its various benefits. In this study, we identify and analyze the complex interrelationships between the enablers of computer vision technology in e-waste management. From an extensive literature review, fifteen enablers are identified and verified by domain experts before using an integrated “Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM)" and “Decision-Making Trial and Evaluating Laboratory (DEMATEL)" methodology to visualize the causal relationships. The study findings suggest sustainability as the most important criterion among the identified enablers for computer vision technology implementation in e-waste management. Other significant enablers are adaptability and reliability, cost reduction, quality control and safety management. The study's findings will help waste management practitioners to design appropriate strategies for implementing computer vision in e-waste management and creating effective and automated e-waste processes.

Characteristics of consumer towards development of sustainable e-waste management in Malaysia

The problem of rising electronic waste or known as e-waste generation has not only been faced worldwide, but has also had a significant impact on Malaysia, since it has become a serious environmental concern and contribute to the effect on human health, especially in major urban area. Many initiatives have been done to address the concern of improper e-waste management. Thus, this study intends to determine household characteristics of consumer behaviour toward managing e-waste in an environmentally sound manner as a first step in alleviating the problem. Putrajaya a government administrative centre, was chosen as the case study to represent Malaysia’s paradigm of sustainable urban cities. A constructive questionnaire was distributed to 50 Putrajaya households using random sampling, and the data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 28 and Microsoft Excel. It was discovered that >40% of respondents have good understanding about e-waste management based on their levels of awareness, knowledge, and perception that have significant influence on attitudes toward e-waste management. Furthermore, views regarding e-waste management on impact of recycling behaviour were also determined. On the other hand, the consumers demonstrate a good attribute (80%) in terms of their willingness to make changes toward a sustainable e-waste management. This study provides important information to policymakers, allowing them to take the required steps to increase recycling among Putrajaya homes while also considerably improving e-waste management.

Challenges and Opportunities in the Management of Electronic Waste and Its Impact on Human Health and Environment

Electronic waste (e-waste) is the fastest-growing class of waste because of the remarkable demand for various electronic gadgets such as mobiles and laptops. Moreover, its improper disposal is life-threatening because it includes hundreds of different substances, many of which are toxic elements and pollutants that can leach to soil and surface and groundwater or be emitted into the air, causing a major negative impact on the environment and public health. As a result, studies on the sustainable management of e-waste have gained increasing attention from researchers globally in the last decade to explore practical strategies to reduce or utilize this special waste. This review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the major aspects of e-waste, including its definition, composition, and the impact of its end-of-life disposal on human health and the environment, while also focusing on some practical sustainable solutions and strategies toward effective e-waste management. It will also discuss the production of electronics; global demand and the mining boom; and the pollution caused by mining. It will also highlight the importance of effective governmental regulations, with which electronics producers, e-waste generators, and recycling facilities should comply. The research perspectives and orientations highlighted within this review can help in providing guidelines for future research studies and in exploring opportunities for more effective management of e-waste toward a circular economy and sustainable development.

Managerial approaches to handle electronic waste: Sustainable e-waste management and recycling initiatives

Leveraging the power of a quantitative approach, this study navigates the complex web of e-waste dynamics. E-waste generation rates, recycling rates, and composition intricately shape the e-waste landscape in Asia. Through the meticulous collection of data using Google Forms, respondents across four different countries in Asia contribute their perspectives, making this research a true cross-cultural exploration. The findings, distilled through robust statistical analysis using SPSS, highlight the nuanced correlations that dictate the e-waste management paradigm. The Pearson Correlations table underscores the significant associations between e-waste generation rates, recycling rates, composition, and recycling sustainability. The linkages unveiled through this analysis provide a comprehensive understanding of how these factors interact within the Asian context, guiding the formulation of effective e-waste management strategies. Furthermore, the regression analysis validates the hypotheses, showcasing the impact of e-waste generation rates, recycling rates, and composition on e-waste recycling sustainability. The quantitative methodology employed unveils the intricate relationships, their strengths, and significance levels, contributing to a richer comprehension of e-waste management dynamics in Asia.

E-Waste Management in Malaysia: Residents’ Willingness to Pay for Household E-Waste Recycling in Kuching, Sarawak

‘E-waste’ refers to electronic and electrical appliances that are no longer beneficial to consumers. An increasing amount of e-waste generated due to an increasing demand for electrical and electronic equipment in line with the rapid growth of the global population has become a growing global concern. Furthermore, limitation of the assimilative capacity of the environment and depleting natural resources have also urged the need to prioritize sustainable household e-waste management. This paper aims to examine the resident’s willingness to pay for household e-waste recycling in Kuching, Sarawak. A questionnaire survey was administered among 397 residents living in Kuching. The findings of the study show that majority of the residents in Kuching are not willing to pay for household e-waste recycling of electrical appliances such as fridges (50.6%) and fans (59.4%). However, it also depends on the distinctive types of household electrical appliances they possess. In this study, 10 types of household electrical appliances were selected and the average cost of WTP is expressed based on a percentage of its purchased values of the respective electrical household items listed. It was found that residents from Kuching are only willing to pay an average of 2.3% till 2.6% of recycling fees based on 10 types of the purchased values of their electrical home appliances in this study. This could be explained by the findings that show a low awareness level of sustainable e-waste management practices among the residents in Kuching. Therefore, the study recommends that more environmental education programs are to be carried out in the formal education system to sensitize the residents and children to the risks associated with the importance of household e-waste recycling to promote sustainable household e-waste management, particularly among the growing population in Kuching, Sarawak. Chiam (2013) reported that the residents of Kuching lack knowledge of how to manage their household e-waste and are unaware of the available recycling facilities in the region. However, over time, the e-waste management situation in Kuching has improved, with more recycling facilities being made available to the public for proper disposal of e-waste (Louis, 2020). The Kuching Integrated Waste Management Park, which caters to municipal solid waste and scheduled waste (including e-waste), is claimed to be one of the first integrated waste management parks in Southeast Asia (Trienkens, n. d.).

Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior Approach in the Sustainability of Electronic Waste Management: Critical Success Factors for Extended Producer Responsibility in Uganda

Governments and its citizens contribute enormously to the electronic waste problem in relation to the consumption and its generation posing serious threat to the management of wastes. Uganda government is yet to enact an Extended Producer Responsibility related laws within their national legislations to manage E-waste effectively. The paper aims to examine the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system critical success factors based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and consider ecological design concept as a potential extension of the TPB in promoting sustainable electronic waste management. The survey questionnaires were administered to expert environmental-oriented government employees. Data was analysed by means of the Partial-LeastSquares Structural-Equation-Modelling. The findings demonstrate that the developed conceptual framework explain 52.4% variance in the intentions to participate and practice EPR systems, thus reflecting a good explanatory power while confirming the model robustness. The results illustrate all TPB constructs of attitude, intentions, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm, towards EPR schemes have significant positive effect on the outcome of sustainable E-waste management. Exceptionally, it indicates ecological design is the most influential predictor of sustainable E-waste management for implementation of EPR systems. Building on the study results, for proper electronic waste management programs deployment, and successful implementation of EPR systems, developing countries should target the TPB constructs, and ecological design as an extension factor. As policy implication, government should emphasize the nurturing of good ecological design behavior of organizations and also encourage effort toward green actions taken through penalties and incentives and by laws and regulations.

Evaluation and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil released from e-waste management activities in Lahore, Pakistan.

In developing regions, electronic waste either gets recycled by using crude and primitive techniques in recycling centers or dumped in dumping grounds that result in the leaching of heavy metals into the ambient environment. The objective of this study is to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and Fe) in the surface soil of recycling centers and dumping sites in Lahore, Pakistan, and to quantify and compare the environmental risk. The mean concentration (mg/kg) of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd was 722.96, 446.81, 378.76, and 4.11, respectively in the surface soil of recycling centers,and only the mean concentration of Cu (214.09mg/kg) from dumping sites were above permissible limits of World Health Organization. Results of the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (Cf) revealed that the surface soil is highly contaminated with Cu, Pb, and Cd. The Cd content (701.24) caused a very high potential ecological risk (Er) (> 320) to nearby biological communities. The noncarcinogenic risk was only expected from Pb to children (1.70) living near recycling centers, whereas no risk was observed for adults living either near recycling centers (0.23) or dumping sites (0.01). There is a high probability of carcinogenic health risks to children (1.085 × 10-2) and adults (1.195 × 10-3) from Cu. Hence, all the results suggest that e-waste recycling and dumping activities were a significant source of heavy metals to the surrounding environment, children, and adults, so it is strongly recommended to take action for sustainable management of e-waste.