Development Of Sustainable Transportation Systems Research Articles

Life cycle assessment of the solid oxide fuel cell vehicles using ammonia fuel

New energy vehicles are developing rapidly to address energy shortages and global warming. However, the on-board hydrogen storage poses certain limitations. To solve the limitations, this paper introduced a novel vehicle powered by the ammonia-fueled solid oxide fuel cell (NH3-SOFC), which had the advantages of directly generating electricity and minimizing energy loss. The environmental impacts and energy consumption of the NH3-SOFC vehicle (NH3-SOFCV) were evaluated using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, and the prospects of NH3-SOFCV with the development of sustainable transportation systems were examined. The results indicated that the largest impact during the entire life cycle was attributed to the creation of photochemical ozone potential (POCP), which accounted for 62.65% of all calculated impacts. The manufacturing phase of NH3-SOFCV utilized the most energy and emitted the most CO2 emissions, followed by the use phase. The global warming potential (GWP) of NH3-SOFCV was 0.124 kg CO2-eq/km, while the ammonia fuel utilization in the use phase had an impact on the acidification potential (AP) and eutrophication potential (EP). The sensitivity analysis showed that the total environmental impacts of NH3-SOFCV could be reduced by 29% with the life cycle mileage of 200,000 km, 4 tire changes and 2 battery changes. When ammonia fuel was produced from renewable energy sources, the GWP of NH3-SOFCV was less than that of other types of vehicles. Overall, NH3-SOFCV had tremendous development potential with the increase of new energy vehicles in the future.

The effects of the urban built environment on public transport ridership: similarities and differences

Understanding the relationship between public transport ridership and the built environment is crucial for the development of sustainable transportation systems. However, few studies have uncovered how the impact of built environment factors differs depending on the mode of public transportation, and there is insufficient evidence regarding the role of built environment factors in different types of ridership and their threshold effects. This paper presents a modeling framework that utilizes multi-source travel data to explore public transport ridership across multiple modes, including bus, transit (bus and metro), taxi, and shared bike ridership. A study conducted in Shenzhen, China found that common factors influence ridership across multiple transportation modes, and their effects vary by public transport mode. The joint contribution of variables related to the transportation network or points of interest to public transport ridership is substantial, but the effect of transportation network variables on different types of ridership varies significantly. Factors such as population density, distance to metro station, intersection density, shopping, and entertainment have similar associations with different types of ridership. The analysis of the active ranges and thresholds of built environment factors provides specific references for enhancing public transportation services or adjusting land use. The findings carry implications for policymakers to promote public transport use.

Engaging publics in the transition to smart mobilities

Commercial and public sector interests surrounding technological developments are promoting a widespread transition to autonomous vehicles, intelligent transportation systems and smart phone communications in everyday life, as part of the smart mobility agenda. There is, however, inadequate understanding about the impact of such a shift on potential users, their readiness to engage and their vision of transportation systems for the future. This paper presents the findings from a series of citizen panels, as part of a 2-year project based in south-west England, focusing on in-depth discussions regarding the future of commuting, the flow of the daily commute and the inclusion of publics in smart mobility planning. The paper makes three key propositions for researchers: enabling publics should lead to a visionary evolution in the development of sustainable transportation systems; commercial interests, public bodies and IT innovators must employ a holistic approach to mobility flows; and, processes engaging publics need to be inclusive when co-creating solutions in the transition to smart mobilities.

Toward Sustainable Intelligent Transportation Systems in 2050: Fairness and Eco-Responsibility

The Paris Agreement set global energy conservation and emission reduction standards in 2016, and the ambitious goal of carbon neutrality must be achieved by 2050. However, the conflicts between environmental protection, economic development and social fairness constrain the development of sustainable transportation systems. At the same time, the automotive industry believes that large-scale application of autonomous driving technology is expected by 2050. The development and application of autonomous driving technology can provide a new solution to improve the sustainability of the transportation system. Meanwhile, autonomous vehicles can significantly enhance the mobility of people with disabilities and seniors and reduce the transportation cost for poverty people, improving the transportation fairness of the entire society. This letter discusses the impact of autonomous driving technology on sustainable transportation systems from the perspectives of social fairness and economic responsibility, as a brief summary of the third part of Distributed/Decentralized Hybrid Workshop on Sustainability for Transportation and Logistics (DHW-STL).

Pandemic and sanctions as risk factors for the sustainable development of transport systems

This article analyzes approaches to determining external factors affecting the transport industry, as well as the degree of influence of the most significant factors, such as the Covid-19 pandemic and sanctions pressure, on passenger traffic. The development of the transport industry is influenced by various factors, both global and internal. At the same time, it can be noted that there is a correlation between these groups of factors, which makes it possible to weaken the negative pressure of one group of influence factors by strengthening the other group. Based on the application of monographic, economic-mathematical, statistical and expert methods, the indicators characterizing the transport industry are analyzed. The growth rates of indicators are calculated: passenger traffic, passenger capacity, passenger traffic growth index. The influence of external factors (pandemic and sanctions) on passenger transportation was determined using passenger traffic indicators and the passenger traffic growth index. It is concluded that the pandemic and sanctions have significantly affected the dynamics of passenger transportation and the transport industry as a whole. Moreover, the degree of influence of each of these factors is different. Using the example of air transportation, the global and Russian trends of the pandemic's impact on passenger traffic are determined.

Sustainable development of transport systems and development of economic cooperation between countries

Sustainable transport is offered on the basis of sustainable development and is an important part of sustainable development. For all countries, transport is an important resource-intensive sector of socio-economic life. Russia and Kazakhstan pay special attention to the development of joint transport and logistics infrastructure and the removal of restrictions that hinder trade and investment exchanges. This is especially important for the economic development of the two countries.Kazakhstan and Russia have signed a memorandum of understanding on the coordination of prices for railway transportation and an agreement on cargo handling in terminals between the railway company of Kazakhstan and the joint stock company «Russian Railways».

China’s Transport Land: Spatiotemporal Expansion Characteristics and Driving Mechanism

The literature about changes in land use includes many studies of global sustainable development goals, while studies of transport land expansion have been relatively scarce. In this paper, we present an analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of transport land expansion in China’s 31 provinces from 2009 to 2017, applying the spatial Dubin model to identify the factors that influenced changes in per capita transport land area (PCTLA). The eastern and western regions have continued to lead the nation in terms of the total area dedicated to transport land. The expansion speed of transport land in the central and western regions, however, has been faster than in the eastern and northeast regions. As for PCTLA, the western region had the greatest amount and the central region the least. Further, PCTLA showed significant spatial autocorrelation. Economic development, government regulations, industrial structure, and the extent of opening up and urbanization had significant positive impacts on PCTLA, while the development of railway freight had a negative impact. This paper concludes with some policy suggestions for optimizing transport investment, accelerating the adjustment of industrial structure and transport structure, and implementing high-quality urbanization. The results should be of interest to those involved in the sustainable development of transport systems.

Formation of traffic safety profile in central parts of the city and its informational protection

Nowadays, there is a difference between European and domestic approaches to the functioning and organization of road networks, urban mobility, and effective use of the space of urbanized territories. The main factors were historical development, scientific-technical progress, an administrative component in the formation of financial flows to developing urban systems, terrain, the process of territories` urbanization, and the formation of urban agglomerations. These factors had a direct impact on the shape of the modern state of the road network. The process of Intelligent transport systems integration into the system of domestic cities requires complex approaches, in particular, consideration of the parametric structure of elements, application of communicators not only for the control of traffic flows from the outside but also from the inside, which will allow speeding up the information change in the system. One of the elements of the combination of morphologic elements of the urban environment is the practical application of the criterion of street and road infrastructure interaction and the concept of traffic safety profile. This is a result of a combination of all morphological features and variants of their configuration. In current conditions, a new approach in research is necessary to determine criteria and factors of sustainable development of transport systems. This approach allows operatively considering the changes of the external environment, reacting adequately to the changing behaviour of competitors providing services and consumers, and effectively impacting the demand and supply of transport services. A concept of effectiveness is required to consider both the transport system in general and its separate elements. Implementation of progressive methods of system control of transport flows provides, in conditions of rapid motorization and increasing the urbanized territories areas, obtaining the most significant effect in short terms and allows maximal using the possibilities of urban transport networks.

Strategizing for sustainable development of transport systems in the safety dimension

The article conducted a study on approaches to the strategy of sustainable development of transport systems on the example of air transport in Ukraine. The shortcomings of the main tool of their strategy, namely the methods of classical forecasting, which limit its application, are revealed. The methods of forecasting based on expert judgment and classical methods of forecasting containing congenital pathology of errors are considered. Therefore, long-term factors and trends are identified, which remains a classic forecast, rather than building long-term forecasts of the national economy. To implement the stage of strategic planning of transport systems used the concept of sustainable development, which includes stages of identification through integrated assessment in the measurement of safety and strategy by defining goals, building the desired trajectory and decomposition of integrated indices through adaptive control methods of management theory. Three scenarios for the development of air transport in Ukraine have been developed: realistic - 3.8%; optimistic -7.0% and balanced - increase in gross value added (GVA) by 11.7% with scientific substantiation of quantitative values of indicators and key macroeconomic indicators, which guarantees the desired trajectory of sustainable development, and monitoring their implementation determines the effectiveness of public policies and actions.

EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF THE TRANSPORT OPERATIONS OF SHIPMENT DELIVERY, INCLUDING THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

The article considered the issue of the effectiveness of the organization of the transport process for the delivery of packaged unit cargo, considering the impact on the external environment. It has been established that transport is one of the most important elements of the urban economy. But on the other hand, and one of the main environmental pollutants. The deterioration of transport problems in cities is associated, first of all, with an increase in the level of motorization and a significant increase in on-line commerce and delivery of goods under quarantine conditions. In such conditions, there is a high concentration of pollutants (NOx, CO, CH, etc.), a decrease in the speed of movement of vehicles, an increase in travel time along the main highways of the city. Many countries have begun to take this important factor into account when making decisions. Today, there are tariffs that are imposed on vehicle owners. The value in monetary terms depends on the type of fuel used, the carrying capacity of vehicles, etc. These tariffs are approved in European countries. Also, the impact of transport on the external environment can be calculated as costs in monetary terms. The modern paradigm of sustainable development of transport systems indicates not only the feasibility of minimizing the costs of organizing the transport process, but also the need to reduce the impact of transport on the environment. The total costs (direct and indirect costs) for transportation are insufficiently estimated in the modern conditions of the organization of the transport process. This fact should be taken into account by the participants in the supply chains. It should be noted that when calculating the cost of transportation of unitized cargo, only the cost parameter is considered. We cannot ignore the fact that transport affects the environment, infrastructure, etc. Therefore, when calculating the total cost of transportation of goods, it is necessary to add “external” costs to the logistics costs. The so-called environmental costs, which contain indicators such as the amount of emissions of harmful substances, an assessment of the impact on infrastructure, and others.

Analysis of dependency and importance of key indicators for railway sustainability monitoring: A new integrated approach with DEA and Pearson correlation

Railways play a crucial role in sustainable development of transport systems contributing to the economic growth of every country. To maximize their potential, railways must monitor their progress towards sustainability. Key performance indicators are a tool for assessing the sustainability of railways. This study aims to present a comprehensive set of indicators for railway sustainability and to introduce a new approach to their analysis. For this purpose, the indicators have been grouped according to sustainability themes and pillars, while the new approach to assess their impact is based on a two-stage process - correlation analysis and a DEA model. The obtained results show the strong correlation between the indicators and their mutual impacts. Moreover, this study presents the current status of the efficiency of the railways by evaluating it against selected indicators.

Аналіз індикаторів сталого розвитку міської пасажирської транспортної системи

Establishing the main attributes of population mobility is one of the most important indicators of urban development, which has been studied by domestic and foreign scientists for use in the practice of urban transport planning and the development of sustainable transport systems. Mobility characteristics are also an important source and result for the development of changes in the city master plan and the creation of new management decisions in the operation and operation of the route network of urban passenger transport. However, at the present stage of implementation of transport studies of urban population movement requires consideration of indicators of sustainable development of urban transport systems. In this regard, a study of the functioning of the passenger transport system of public transport in the city of Rivne in terms of the development of the principles of sustainable urban mobility. The use of the system of indicators of sustainable development of urban passenger transport system allows to assess the current situation in the city and outline promising areas for improving the public transport system in conjunction with the spatial development of urban areas to ensure comfortable movement of residents to meet labor and cultural movements. The questionnaire "Study of mobility of the population in the city of Rivne" was used as initial data for definition of indicative indicators of functioning of passenger transport system of public transport of the city of Rivne, in the context of its sustainable development. Three indicative parameters are taken into account, namely: the indicator of access to mobility services, the indicator of the possibility of active mobility and the indicator of the level of satisfaction with public transport. Based on the calculated values of indicative indicators, it can be argued that some indicators of sustainable urban mobility for the city of Rivne are of mediocre importance. This indicates the need to develop strategic measures to improve the city's public passenger transport system in conjunction with its spatial development to increase the comfort of movement of residents of all groups.

Are the electric vehicles more sustainable than the conventional ones? Influences of the assumptions and modeling approaches in the case of typical cars in China

In order to make the sustainable development of transport system, China has taken actions toward the electrification transition of vehicles. However, whether the electric vehicles (EVs) are more environmentally friendly than the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in China is still not clear due to a lack of complete and consistent environmental impact comparison of vehicles. This study takes the vehicle models from BYD Qin Pro series in China as illustrations to compare the environmental impact of battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) with the conventional ICEV. The environmental profiles of vehicles across the whole life cycle within a set of environmental indicators are analyzed. The key aspects that may heavily influence the environmental impacts, i.e. regional heterogeneity, technology improvement and different modeling methods (attributional vs consequential) choices, are further tested, respectively. The results show that already today the BEV and PHEV powered by the current average Chinese electricity mix offer 23% and 17% reduction of global warming potential (GWP), respectively, compared to the gasoline ICEV. But it is achieved at the expense of considerable increases in mineral resource scarcity and ecological and human toxicity, etc. All of the factors considered show markedly influences on the environmental profiles of EVs, even up to 51% of GWP differences for different modeling methods application. And they all have the possibility to reverse the environmental priorities of some impact categories among ICEV, BEV and PHEV.

Environmental Impact Assessment of the Transportation Sector and Hybrid Vehicle Implications in Palestine

During the last two decades, the development of sustainable transportation systems has been highlighted as a key element in solving environmental problems related to climate change and impacts on greenhouse gases. Globally, the transportation sector has become one of the main contributors to these environmental problems. Thus, the environmental impact assessment of this sector and the implications of new vehicle technologies have begun to be considered as first steps for any long-term future strategies in this sector. In Palestine, the lack of environmental data related to the transportation sector and the absence of studies that address the new vehicle technologies (such as hybrid vehicles) and their future implications make it difficult to set up any future strategies or plans. In this study, the current and the future environmental impacts of the transportation sector have been assessed, and the future implications of hybrid vehicles have been determined. The gross domestic product (GDP), population, and the number of vehicles for the period 1994–2018 have been used to develop an auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) prediction model for the future number of vehicles. Then, the total traveled kilometers and the total consumed fuels (by diesel and gasoline vehicles) have been predicted. After that, the current and future (2020 and 2030) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including CO2, N2O, and CH4, have been estimated. Finally, the future implications of hybrid vehicles, based on two scenarios (10% and 20% hybrid vehicles) have been estimated. The results have showed that the estimated CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions from the transportation sector in 2020 are 4,842,164.5, 213.8, and 445.8 tons, which are very high, and even much higher than the total national emissions of 2014 (the only officially available data). Moreover, in 2030, replacing 20% of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) by hybrid vehicles would lead to 4.66% and 13.31% reductions in CO2 and N2O, respectively, as compared to 100% ICEVs, while the CH4 emissions will increase. However, the overall CO2-equivalent will decrease by 5%; therefore, a more sustainable transport system will be achieved.

ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT PLANNING UNDER SUSTAINABLE CITY DEVELOPMENT

This research paper devoted to the urban freight transport planning under sustainable city development. Continued urban population growth, traffic congestions, financial losses because of longer delivery times, harm-ful impact on environmental are highlighted as strong arguments for the freight traffic management in the cities. The article aims to help all stakeholders understand the challenges brought about by freight activities in an urban context, and make the planning process consistent and comprehensive for the city freight transportation system improvement. The brief overview of some recent foreign and native studies in urban transport planning and traffic engi-neering reveals main field of interests for modern researchers. The clear focus of the analysed scientific works di-rected on such aspects in sustainable urban freight transport development as energy and economic efficiency, eco-friendliness, safety, institutional and legal issues of freight transportations. Special attention is paid to the analy-sis of government initiatives in sustainable transport system development of Ukraine. Identification of the main freight transportation features in an urban area is carried out on the initial re-search stage. Each feature has an explanation for better understanding necessity of their usage in the freight transport planning process. The other focus of the research devotes to the description of the stages during urban freight transport planning process. Author attends a deep freight transport demand and supply analysis for a de-termination of the basic freight distribution regularities in an urban context. Therefore, a list of indicators for subsystem of city freight transportation evaluation is presented in the article. The whole set of indicators is divid-ed into economical, operational, environmental, social and general groups of indicators. Moreover, the compo-nents of successful measures implementation for an urban freight transport subsystem improvement are highlight-ed. Financial management, political support, institution, organisation and legal framework condition are consid-ered as the key elements of successful plans and measures implementation. Keywords: planning, sustainable development, freight transport, urban population, authorities.

Feasibility Study on Sustainable Development of Inland Navigation Under Changing Traffic Scenario of Kerala: A Case Study

Water transportation dates back to the time of ancient civilizations on earth. The demand for cost-effective and environment-friendly mode urges the use of waterways currently. India is a country with huge potential for waterways. States like Bihar, Assam, Goa, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala have good networks of inland waterways. These networks if developed can meet the travel demands of the area. A study was conducted to understand the potential and demand for the inland waterway in the state of Kerala between Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram districts for a stretch of 74 km. Traffic surveys were conducted to collect socio-economic characteristics and travellers preferences, and ArcGIS software was used to study the main features of the existing waterways, which is in the dormant stage for the past 50 years. The main findings of the study include the demand for the waterway, its social, technical and economic feasibility. It was concluded that if the neglected navigation system is developed efficiently and economically, it will be a milestone in the development of sustainable transportation systems in the country especially logistics and tourism on the verge of fast nearing completion of the international seaport in the south-east coast of India. From the study, emission and transportation cost was found to be 90% and 82% lesser and the overall cost was 20% higher for waterway development compared to that of roadways. But from the benefit–cost analysis, it was found that the project will yield 66% more benefit, compared to roadways in various aspects such as improved safety, reduction in environmental pollution, reduction in transportation cost, decongestion of roads and development of tourism.

Main directions of sustainable development of transport systems of major cities and agglomerations

This article considers the main directions of sustainable development of transport systems of major cities and urban agglomerations. The authors notice the factors affecting the operation of transport systems, formation and redistribution of transport flows. The work analyzes conditions for ensuring interaction between different modes of transport in different urban planning conditions. This article indicates the features and prospects of wide use of public transport. In this work characteristics of the development of transport systems of urban agglomerations are indicated, including in conditions of repackaging of urban areas. The authors define the measures necessary for the improvement of transport framework of agglomerations and formation of intermodal transport system.

Using Reinforcement Learning to Minimize the Probability of Delay Occurrence in Transportation

Reducing traffic delay is of crucial importance for the development of sustainable transportation systems, which is a challenging task in the studies of stochastic shortest path (SSP) problem. Existing methods based on the probability tail model to solve the SSP problem, seek for the path that minimizes the probability of delay occurrence, which is equal to maximizing the probability of reaching the destination before a deadline (i.e., arriving on time). However, they suffer from low accuracy or high computational cost. Therefore, we design a novel and practical Q-learning approach where the converged Q-values have the practical meaning as the actual probabilities of arriving on time so as to improve the accuracy of finding the real optimal path. By further adopting dynamic neural networks to learn the value function, our approach can scale well to large road networks with arbitrary deadlines. Moreover, our approach is flexible to implement in a time dependent manner, which further improves the performance of returned path. Experimental results on some road networks with real mobility data, such as Beijing, Munich and Singapore, demonstrate the significant advantages of the proposed approach over other methods.

A Sustainable Multimodal Transport System: The Two-Echelon Location-Routing Problem with Consolidation in the Euro–China Expressway

Sustainable development of transport systems is a common topic of concern and effort in multiple countries, in which reducing carbon emissions is one of the core goals. Multimodal transport is an effective way to achieve carbon emission reduction and to efficiently utilize transport resources. The intercontinental transport system, represented by the Euro–China Expressway, is a prominent exploration that has recently received attention, which promotes the sustainable development of transport between countries and carbon emission reduction. In the intercontinental multimodal transport system, the reasonable connection of roads and railways, especially the optimization of consolidation, is an important link which affects the system's carbon emissions. This paper focuses on the consolidation of sustainable multimodal transport and summarizes the multimodal transport two-echelon location-routing problem with consolidation (MT-2E-LRP-C). We aim to solve multimodal consolidation optimization problem, especially locations of multimodal station, by routing of highway and railway. We propose a two-layer mixed integer linear problem (MILP) model, which highlights the consolidation of roads and railways, focuses on road and rail transport connections, and optimizes road routes and railway schemes. To validate the MT-2E-LRP-C model, we design a series of random instances for different quantities of nodes. In order to solve large-scale instances and realistic transport problems, we propose a hybrid differential evolution algorithm, which decomposes the problem into a railway layer and a highway layer for heuristic algorithm solving. Furthermore, the MILP model and algorithm are tested by small-scale random instances, and the hybrid differential evolution algorithm is solved for the large-scale random instances. Finally, we solve the realist instance from the Euro–China Expressway to develop instructive conclusions.

The EMITRANSYS model and the possibilities of its application for the analysis of the development of sustainable transport systems

The transport system has a direct impact on the economic and socio-economic situation of each country. Planning its development is an important element of policy. Bearing in mind the importance and complexity of this issue, it should be considered using both quanti-tative methods and mathematical models, as well as advanced simulation tools for modelling transport. The article presents a proposal for an approach to simulation tests of the different transport system in the aspect of the emission of harmful exhaust gas compounds from road transport.The tool for analysing and assessing the functioning of e xisting or designed systems is a model in which the properties of the real system, which are important from the point of view of the research objective, should be mapped. The Model of Proecological Transport System (MEST) was presented formally as an ordered four. Also elements of optimization taks shaping of proecological transport system in form of datas, decision variables, conditions and goal function were presented. An example of tests on simulation model was shown.