Sustainable Agricultural Policy Research Articles

The long-term effect of biochar application to Vitis vinifera L. reduces fibrous and pioneer root production and increases their turnover rate in the upper soil layers.

Fibrous and pioneer roots are essential in the uptake and transport of water and nutrients from the soil. Their dynamic may be influenced by the changing of soil physicochemical properties due to the addition of biochar, which, in turn, has been shown to improve plant growth and productivity in the short term. However, the long-term effects of biochar application on root dynamics are still widely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of biochar application on grapevine fibrous and pioneer root dynamics and morphological traits in relation to soil characteristics. To this aim, grapevine plants amended in 2009 and 2010 respectively with one and two doses of biochar, were analyzed in their fibrous and pioneer root production and turnover rate, standing biomass, length, and specific root length, over two growing seasons. Our findings demonstrate that in the long term, biochar application significantly increased soil pH, nutrient availability, and water-holding capacity causing a decrease in the production of fibrous and pioneer roots which is reflected in a reduction of the root web characterized though by a higher turnover rate. Furthermore, we observed that these root morpho-dynamical changes were of higher magnitude in the upper soil layers (0-20 cm) and, at least in the long term, with no significant difference between the two doses. These results suggest that in the long term, biochar can be a powerful tool for improving soil quality, which in turn lowers carbon-cost investment toward the root production and maintenance of a reduced root web that might be directed into grapevine growth and productivity. Such effects shed some light on the root plastic and functional adaptation to modified soil conditions facilitated by the long-term application of biochar, which can be used for implementing adaptive agricultural practices to face the current climate change in a frame of sustainable agricultural policies.

How Do Greenhouse Gases and Other Factors Affect Rice Production in Bangladesh? An Insight from Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach

Purpose: The study aims to elucidate the impact of greenhouse gases and other factors on rice production in Bangladesh. By considering the influences of greenhouse gases, technological factors, and industrial activities, the research unveils significant insights into the long-term and short-term effects on rice production. Methodology: This research employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to investigate the impact of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, agricultural land, agriculture as percentage share of GDP, and industry on rice production in Bangladesh through EViews-12 Software. Findings: Our findings suggest that CO2 emissions, industrial and agricultural share as percentage of GDP exhibit a negative impact, decreasing rice production, while N2O and agricultural land have a notable positive effect. Technical factors such as the area under rice cultivation, agriculture and industry are identified as pivotal contributors to rice production. Practical Implications: Finally, the study concludes with policy implications and recommendations based on our findings for sustainable agricultural practices, technological advancements, and policy interventions tailored to enhance rice production and secure food sustainability in the unique agricultural landscape of Bangladesh. Originality/Value: As per as our knowledge, no research has been carried out in Bangladesh to investigate the impact of greenhouse gases and selected factors on rice production. Research Limitations: Due to difficulties in data collection procedure, we could not include all variables of greenhouse gases. We expect in future, there will be more data sources which would help many researchers to contribute to rice production related researches.

Contingent valuation versus choice experiment: estimating the willingness to pay for organic oranges in Vietnam

PurposeThe study estimates the willingness to pay for organic oranges and identifies its influencing factors among consumers in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThe study used survey data from 413 households in the Mekong Delta from March 2022 to July 2022. The choice experiment (CE) and contingent valuation method (CVM) were employed to analyze consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP). STATA 17 software was used to analyze research data in the logit model and mixed logit model.FindingsThe research results from the CVM approach show that a number of demographic characteristics have a direct impact on WTP, such as education, educational attainment, family size, the presence of children and the elderly in the household, food safety and environmental awareness. The CE model shows product attributes that influence consumers’ WTP, such as country of origin, traceability, quality grade, organic certification, ecolabel and organic content. Both approaches show that price is the main barrier to organic orange consumption.Research limitations/implicationsThe study surveyed four large cities in four provinces representing the Mekong Delta region.Practical implicationsOur study helps administrators have a deeper insight into consumer preferences and behavior, specifically the factors that affect consumers' WTP, an important indicator of demand for the success of manufacturers and marketers in developing as well as improving marketing strategies. Knowledge of a product’s WTP on behalf of (potential) customers plays an important role in many areas of marketing management, such as pricing decisions or new product development.Social implicationsFurthermore, this understanding will inform policymakers about the future of agricultural markets in Vietnam and help them better prepare for the making of sustainable agricultural policies. Develop organic agriculture to both protect human health, protect the living environment and protect the soil from degradation, ensuring sustainable agricultural production. This is also one of the measures to help people stay away from diseases to limit the social burden.Originality/valueThe study confirms that both CVM and CE models can be used to estimate WTP. However, CVM fits the overall WTP estimate, while CE is more appropriate when estimating WTP for individual scenarios through combining attributes with different levels.

Dynamics of agricultural transformation in Punjab: Crop trends, instability and decomposition analysis.

Agricultural transformation in Punjab, spurred by the Green Revolution of the mid-1960s, has led to significant shifts in land use patterns, crop diversification, and cropping dynamics. This transformation has profound implications for sustainability and economic resilience. This study delves into the complex relationship among agricultural growth, instability, and environmental sustainability in Punjab. It examines the growth and instability in the state's key crops' area, production, and yield/productivity over 56years, from 1966-1967 to 2021-2022. Using secondary data, this study employs an assortment of methodologies, including compound annual growth rate, simple linear regression, diversity indices such as the Herfindahl index and Simpson diversity index, instability analysis, and decomposition analysis. The results indicate an increase in cropping intensity, indicating agricultural intensification, with a shift towards wheat and rice monoculture from once diverse cropping patterns. The instability analysis reveals that wheat and rice emerge as the most stable crops in their area, production, and yield, while others exhibit instability, raising concerns about diminishing crop diversity and its implications for Punjab's natural resources. The study emphasizes the urgent necessity for sustainable agricultural practices and policies to counteract monoculture's adverse effects and ensure long-term agricultural resilience.

Pathways towards low-carbon sustainable agriculture: how farmland size affects net carbon emissions

ABSTRACT Understanding the impact of farmland size adjustment on net crop carbon emissions (NCEs) is crucial for both effective farmland management and sustainable development, which are essential topics in agri-environmental science. However, studies exploring the relationship between farmland size and NCEs remain limited, particularly in developing countries with scarce farmland, such as China. To fill this gap, this paper discusses farmland size’s impact on NCEs using a threshold model combining endogenous switching regression (ESR) and two-stage least squares (2SLS) with survey data from 2600 Chinese farmers. The results show that increasing farmland size curbs the scale and intensity of NCEs. However, their relationship follows a triple threshold effect, where substantial NCEs mitigation occurs only when the per-household farmland size exceeds specific thresholds of 5.1, 15.2, and 46.7 ha. Expanding farmland size can also indirectly reduce NCEs by promoting green agricultural technologies (GAT) adoption. Moreover, lowering farmers’ time preferences and enhancing technical training can increase the positive effect of farmland size expansion on GAT adoption and reduce NCEs further. However, the emission reduction effects vary by GAT type. Soil testing and fertilization technology, pest control technology, and water-saving irrigation technology reduce NCEs, while the other GAT have insignificant effects. Overall, our study sheds light on the intricate relationships between farmland size, GAT adoption, and NCEs, and provides valuable insights for low-carbon, sustainable agriculture policies. We suggest that policymakers can reduce NCEs and facilitate agriculture’s low-carbon transition by promoting moderate farmland size expansion and locally adapted GAT.

Training on Making Eco-Enzyme as a Natural Insecticide and Liquid Organic Fertilizer for Farmer Groups to Create Environmentally Friendly Agriculture

Habaring Urung is a sub-district where most farmers work and is one of the local vegetable and fruit-producing areas in Palangka Raya City. So far, farmers tend to use synthetic insecticides and chemical fertilisers obtained from agricultural shops to cultivate plants. Apart from expensive operational costs, synthetic insecticides and chemical fertilisers are known to damage the environment if used over a long period. Therefore, this program aimed to equip the knowledge and skills of farmer groups in the Habaring Hurung Sub-district to make environmentally friendly insecticides and liquid organic fertilisers. This activity was carried out using the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method. Implementation of activities consisted of several stages, i.e., preparation, problem identification, focus group discussions to determine programs that suit the problem, program implementation through training, and evaluation by administering questionnaires. This program was implemented in September 2023 at the Habaring Hurung Sub-district Office Hall with 39 activity participants. The enthusiasm and active participation of participants during the implementation of the program showed a positive response. The questionnaire results as part of the program evaluation also showed that almost all participants agreed (72.22%) and strongly agreed (27.78%) that participants' knowledge and skills increased after participating in this activity program. In addition, this program is also considered very useful and is planned to be continued independently by the activity participants. It shows that the program has increased the knowledge and skills of farmer groups in the Habaring Hurung Sub-district in making insecticides and liquid organic fertilisers that are environmentally friendly and of high value to support sustainable agricultural policies.

Implementation of Sustainable Agricultural Land Transfer Policy in Sidrap Regency

Agricultural land conversion is a crucial issue in facing the challenges of food security and natural resource conservation. Sidrap District, as one of the agricultural regions in Indonesia, faces significant pressure related to agricultural land conversion. Therefore, the implementation of local government supervision policies is very important. This research aims to analyse the implementation of local government supervision policies on agricultural land conversion in Sidrap Regency. This research uses a qualitative method with data sources from interviews, documentation, and observation. The data of this study used Nvivo 12 Plus to obtain relevant analyses. The findings of this study show that in the implementation of the policy to monitor the conversion of agricultural land in Sidrap District, there are two main approaches, namely preventive and repressive approaches, which work together to maintain the integrity of agricultural land. The preventive approach focuses on prevention efforts, while the repressive approach aims to enforce regulations with appropriate sanctions. In addition, determinant factors such as communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure also play a crucial role in this overall process. With a holistic effort involving effective coordination between relevant agencies and improvements to these determinant factors, Sidrap district has the potential to maintain agricultural sustainability and food security in the future.

Comparison of direct and indirect soil organic carbon prediction at farm field scale

To advance sustainable and resilient agricultural management policies, especially during land use changes, it is imperative to monitor, report, and verify soil organic carbon (SOC) content rigorously to inform its stock. However, conventional methods often entail challenging, time-consuming, and costly direct soil measurements. Integrating data from long-term experiments (LTEs) with freely available remote sensing (RS) techniques presents exciting prospects for assessing SOC temporal and spatial change. The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost, field-based statistical model that could be used as a decision-making aid to understand the temporal and spatial variation of SOC content in temperate farmland under different land use and management. A ten-year dataset from the North Wyke Farm Platform, a 20-field, LTE system established in southwestern England in 2010, was used as a case study in conjunction with an RS dataset. Linear, additive and mixed regression models were compared for predicting SOC content based upon combinations of environmental variables that are freely accessible (termed open) and those that require direct measurement or farmer questionnaires (termed closed). These included an RS-derived Ecosystem Services Provision Index (ESPI), topography (slope, aspect), weather (temperature, precipitation), soil (soil units, total nitrogen [TN], pH), and field management practices. Additive models (specifically Generalised Additive Models (GAMs)) were found to be the most effective at predicting space-time SOC variability. When the combined open and closed factors (excluding TN) were considered, significant predictors of SOC were: management related to ploughing being the most important predictor, soil unit (class), aspect, and temperature (GAM fit with a normalised RMSE = 9.1%, equivalent to 0.4% of SOC content). The relative strength of the best-fitting GAM with open data only, which included ESPI, aspect, and slope (normalised RMSE = 13.0%, equivalent to 0.6% of SOC content), suggested that this more practical and cost-effective model enables sufficiently accurate prediction of SOC.

Evaluating cropping intensity in registered and unregistered farms: Evidence from Kenya

Sustainable agricultural intensification strategies are crucial in increasing Africa's agricultural productivity. Globally, literature shows strong linkages between land tenure security and sustainable agriculture. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), findings remain inconsistent. Studies attribute this inconsistency to the use of cost-benefit and yield methodologies that are limited in capturing the nuance of subsistence farming and spatial and temporal distribution. Thus, this study seeks to fill this gap using Tharaka Nithi County in Kenya by employing remote-sensing and spatial econometrics to evaluate this relationship. The study uses the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as the dependent variable and a proxy for cropping intensity, which similar studies have not used. NDVI datasets covered seven years (2014–2020) acquired from Copernicus Global Land Service. Explanatory factors include land registration status, topography and climatic characteristics. The study utilises a three-step analysis, which includes exploratory regression for model selection, global regression using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), and localised regression using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). Spatial autocorrelation tests on OLS residuals using Moran's Index indicated spatial heterogeneity; hence, the study ran GWR. GWR performed better with an adjusted R2 value of 0.941, compared to OLS with an R2 value of 0.807. Mapping the GWR model illustrated that NDVI is lowest in unregistered land in the semi-arid zone of the County (0.012608) and highest in registered areas (0.883172). A hot-spot analysis using the Gettis-Ord Gi* Statistic validated the findings. The test showed cold spots in unregistered land in the semi-arid zone and hot spots in registered land, which was significant at 99 % confidence. The findings shows that the relationship between land registration and cropping intensity is highly significant, particularly in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), an indicator that land tenure security promotes sustainable agriculture in Kenya. The results enrich policy discussions aimed at land reforms and sustainable agriculture. The study recommends fast-tracking land registration prioritising ASALs, implementing the national land information system, and modernisation of land registries in Kenya to improve public access to land information. The study also recommends similar studies on various agroecological zones to supplement the findings, mainly where subsistence farming is dominant. The findings will add a critical layer of information in decision-making for sustainable agriculture and land reform policies.

Analyzing Farmers’ Engagement with Sustainable Agricultural Policies: Insights from Indonesia’s LP2B Initiatives

Analyzing Farmers’ Engagement with Sustainable Agricultural Policies: Insights from Indonesia’s LP2B Initiatives

Carbon budget of diversified cropping systems in southwestern China: Revealing key crop categories and influencing factors under different classifications

Cropping systems are considered the largest source of agricultural GHG emissions. Identifying key categories and factors affecting cropping systems is essential for reducing these emissions. Most studies have focused on the carbon budget of cropping systems from the perspective of a single crop or crop category. Comprehensive studies quantifying the carbon budget of diversified cropping systems, including farmland and garden crops, are still limited. This study aims to fill this gap by quantifying the carbon budget of diversified cropping systems, clarifying their carbon attributes, and identifying key crop categories and influencing factors within different classifications of the system. This study analyzed the carbon budget of a diversified cropping system consisting of 19 crops in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, using a crop-based net greenhouse gas balance methodology based on the “cradle-to-farm” life cycle idea. Crops were categorized into three levels of categories to assess the potential impact of categorization within the cropping system on its carbon balance. Results showed that Yunnan's diversified cropping system is a significant carbon sink, with net sequestration of 33.1 Mt CO2 eq, total emissions of 37.4 Mt CO2 eq, and total sequestration of 70.5 Mt CO2 eq. Cereals, vegetables, and hobby crops were the main contributors to carbon emissions, accounting for 41.61%, 21.87%, and 15.37%, respectively. Cereal crops also made the largest contribution to carbon sequestration at 53.18%. Bananas had the highest emissions per unit area (11.45 t CO2 eq ha−1), while walnuts had the highest sequestration (20.64 t CO2 eq ha−1). In addition, this study highlights effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as reducing nitrogen fertilizer use, minimizing reactive nitrogen losses, and controlling methane emissions from rice fields. By elucidating the impact of carbon dynamics and crop categories, this study provides insights for sustainable agricultural practices and policies.

Analysis of The Implementation of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Protection Policy in Bandung District: A Case Study of Rice Field Conversion in Cikancung District

The policy of sustainable protection of agricultural land becomes crucial in addressing land degradation and land use conversion, especially from agriculture to non-agriculture, alongside the increasing demand for land due to population growth and economic development, which can lead to negative impacts such as a decrease in food security, marginalization of agricultural land, and an increase in flood risks. This research aims to analyze the implementation of the Sustainable Protection of Food Agricultural Land Policy, understand the rate of paddy field conversion, and identify trends in land conversion after the policy's enforcement. This study employs a qualitative approach, with data obtained through interviews, observations, and documentary studies. The research is conducted in Bandung Regency, with samples taken from Cikancung Sub-district, Bandung Regency, West Java Province. Informants involved in this research are selected through judgment sampling and are individuals related to the sustainable protection of agricultural land policy and relevant stakeholders. Data analysis is conducted using qualitative and spatial analysis. The research findings indicate that the implementation of sustainable agricultural land protection policy in Bandung Regency is still in the socialization and planning stages. Based on spatial analysis, the implementation of the policy in Cikancung Sub-district has led to the conversion of paddy fields, particularly in non-technical irrigation paddy fields, predominantly converted into industrial land. This conversion covers a total area of 20.3 hectares, with the most significant change occurring in non-technical irrigation paddy fields converted into industries, covering an area of 13.7 hectares. Based on internal, external, and policy analysis, it can be concluded that the policy implementation in Cikancung Sub-district has not been optimal in addressing the conversion of paddy fields.

Egyptian Ecosystem's Impacts on Climate Change: A Case Study of Some Agricultural Indicators

Objective: the current study aims to empirically examine the dynamic impacts of ecosystem, with a particular focus on some agricultural indicators such as agricultural value added, crop production index, and livestock production index on CO2 emissions using annual time series data from 1990 to 2021. In order to enhance agricultural practices and develop successful sustainable agriculture policies in Egypt's agriculture sector. Method: A literature review involving numerous studies has revealed that agriculture is a significant contributor to the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, hence exacerbating the phenomenon of global warming. These studies utilized many methodologies, including ARDL, DOLS, FMOLS, CCR, and Johansen, to accomplish their objectives. These methodologies were applied to annual data from multiple countries. Therefore, this study used Johansen's cointegration test to fulfill their objectives. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that a 1% rise in agriculture value added and crop production index is found to be associated with a long-run decrease in carbon dioxide emissions of around 0.48% and 0.78%, respectively. A bidirectional causal relationship existed between carbon dioxide emissions and livestock production. Additionally, livestock production has a causal effect on crop production and conversely, crop production influences livestock production. Research Implications: Enhancing agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability can be achieved by adopting climate-smart practices in the agriculture sector, at both local and global levels. Originality/Value: This research study makes a valuable contribution to the existing body of literature by examining the significant and causal connections between environmental degradation and agriculture in the long term. This research demonstrates its significance and worth through its potential to aid policymakers in Egypt and other developing countries in formulating and executing efficient policies designed to address environmental degradation.

Political economy of farmer group empowerment policy to support the achievement of SDGs

The policy of forming and strengthening farmer groups is not a practical solution for advancing agriculture/improving farmer welfare. Strengthening institutions and empowering farmer groups is not merely a matter of agricultural economics, but of political economy. The problem is, there are many technical and non-technical obstacles that place farmer groups as actors in sustainable agricultural policy and development in accordance with SDGs #2. This study discusses the complexity of agricultural problems in Watu Lanur Village, Poco Ranakan Sub-District, East Nusa Tenggara. The less than optimal natural carrying capacity, the socio-economic conditions of rain-fed farmers and the lack of intensive assistance from the government are among the causes. Empowerment of farmer groups is hampered by subsistence ethics and socio-cultural issues (customs/traditions). This study uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and observations of farmer groups. This study shows that the community is trying to empower itself by helping farmer groups. However, in the process, technical and non-technical obstacles are still found that do not support the community's innovation movement. The conclusion of this study is that farmer group institutions are weakened and less oriented towards implementing sustainable agriculture as a result of the establishment of farmer groups simply to fulfill formal aspects of empowering farmers in order to improve farmer welfare and less use of local knowledge in empowering farmer groups.

Importance of women empowerment for eco‐efficiency of small farms in the context of other social factors: Building sustainable agriculture in Central and Eastern European countries

AbstractIt is widely assumed that women's empowerment plays a key role in achieving sustainability in agriculture. However, there is a lack of empirical analysis to support this claim and operationalise the concept of women's empowerment. Furthermore, it has not been formally demonstrated through which farming practices women's empowerment can contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture, or whether gender empowerment is indeed meaningful compared with other well‐documented social drivers. We calculated frontier eco‐efficiency, taking into account specific environmental pressures (i.e., soil biodiversity loss) and public goods (i.e., plant diversity) as desirable outputs in small crop farms, which dominate in Central and Eastern European countries (Poland, Romania, Serbia and Moldova), based on a survey conducted in a sample of 1630 units. We estimated the impact of different levels of women's and men's empowerment on eco‐efficiency in the context of other time‐invariant socio‐economic factors (i.e., succession, age, education and specialisation) in a two‐stage double‐bootstrapped Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. A set of four levels of gender empowerment was defined, taking into account social participation and decision‐making power. We then assessed the degree of input and output inefficiency associated with each level of gender empowerment. The general conclusion is that lower levels of women's empowerment have a negative impact on eco‐efficiency. Therefore, the issue of gender empowerment, not only in terms of equality, decision‐making and access to resources, but also in terms of social participation, should be emphasised in sustainable agriculture policies, on a par with the issue of ageing farmers and farm succession.

Structured Equations to Assess the Socioeconomic and Business Factors Influencing the Financial Sustainability of Traditional Amazonian Chakra in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This study focuses on investigating the dimensions of sustainability and their influence on financial-economic sustainability (FES) in traditional agroforestry systems (TAFS) using the case of the Amazonian Chakra. The main objectives were to analyze the dimensions of sustainability and to establish the causal relationships between these dimensions and the FES. To carry out this research, 330 households in Napo Province that use the Amazonian Chakra system to grow cocoa were selected in order to analyze the relationship between the different dimensions of sustainability and FES in this unique context. The results of the study show that practices related to food security (FS) and business factors (BF) have a positive and significant impact on the FES of cocoa-producing households in the Amazonian Chakra system. These findings support the importance of ensuring the availability and quality of food and promoting responsible business practices in these environments. In contrast, the dimensions of environmental resilience (ER) and biodiversity conservation (BC) showed a negative impact on FES, highlighting an economic-financial imbalance in relation to conservation and environmental resilience actions in the Amazonian Chakra. This study contributes to the knowledge needed to promote agricultural practices that include an equal focus on FES, biodiversity conservation, and environmental resilience practices in a globally significant area, providing valuable information for the design of sustainable agricultural policies and practices in the Amazonian Chakra.

Roles of international agricultural organizations in economy revamp: The Nigerian experience

The enduring problems of hunger and poverty in Nigeria are mostly the result of the agriculture sector's failure to have the desired positive impact on the populace. Hence, the study reviewed the roles of international agricultural organizations in economy revamp: the Nigerian experience. In retrospect, a few governments did make an effort to make a statement about agriculture through the creation of farm settlement programs and state-owned agricultural development organizations. However, welfare concerns more than ever served as justification for these activities rather than absolute economic need. The intervention of International Agricultural Organization (IAO) through various types of international agricultural programmes became significant by concentrating on sustainable agricultural practices, technology transfer, capacity building, and policy advocacy, modernizing agriculture, infrastructure development, policy advocacy and reforms, global agricultural trade , market access and trade, climate resilience, research and development, international research and collaboration, food security and agricultural development. To mention but a few, World Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development and United State Agencies for International Development have contributed to agriculture revamp in the Nigerian economy. Challenges Affecting the Nigerian Agricultural Economy in International Business include: Infrastructure Deficiency, Limited Access to Finance, Inadequate Research and Development, Policy Instability and Inconsistency. It was presented in the study that by providing solutions to these challenges will contribute to a way forward to revamp agriculture in the Nigerian economy, making it more robust, sustainable, and inclusive.

Integrating Multiscale Geospatial Analysis for Monitoring Crop Growth, Nutrient Distribution, and Hydrological Dynamics in Large-Scale Agricultural Systems

Monitoring crop growth, soil conditions, and hydrological dynamics are imperative for sustainable agriculture and reduced environmental impacts. This interdisciplinary study integrates remote sensing, digital soil mapping, and hydrological data to elucidate intricate connections between these factors in the state of Ohio, USA. Advanced spatiotemporal analysis techniques were applied to key datasets, including the MODIS sensor satellite imagery, USDA crop data, soil datasets, Aster GDEM, and USGS stream gauge measurements. Vegetation indices derived from MODIS characterized crop-specific phenology and productivity patterns. Exploratory spatial data analysis show relationships of vegetation dynamics and soil properties, uncovering links between plant vigor, edaphic fertility, and nutrient distributions. Correlation analysis quantified these relationships and their seasonal evolution. Examination of stream gauge data revealed insights into spatiotemporal relationships of nutrient pollution and stream discharge. By synthesizing diverse geospatial data through cutting-edge data analytics, this work illuminated complex interactions between crop health, soil nutrients, and water quality in Ohio. The methodology and findings provide actionable perspectives to inform sustainable agricultural management and environmental policy. This study demonstrates the significant potential of open geospatial resources when integrated using a robust spatiotemporal framework. Integrating additional measurements and high-resolution data sources through advanced analytics and interactive visualizations could strengthen these insights.

Poor Land Management and its Impacts on Climate Change

The poor land management practices exacerbate climate change. The study elucidates the intricate relationships between deforestation, soil degradation, and their repercussions on climate patterns. The findings underscore the critical need for integrated land-use policies, afforestation initiatives, sustainable agricultural practices, community empowerment, and policy reforms to mitigate these adverse effects and foster a more resilient environment. The importance of land management in addressing climate change and mitigating its effects, which is the primary source of livelihood in developing countries. In this paper, we explore the basic concepts and principles of sustainable land management to combat climate change. A major focus is to provide an overview of the most important problems that the world faces with land-related, environmental, and climate change issues. However, the poor management of land is a silent crisis that permeates multiple aspects of our lives. This article sheds light on the critical importance of responsible land management and the far-reaching consequences of neglecting this vital resource. To ensure the success of this study, a variety of sources were used. These included books, journals, and special reports (UNFCCC, FAO, IPCC, IFG, and Land Portal special reports on sustainable land management and climate change). We used research-related tools like Arc GIS and QGIS to determine which land is most vulnerable and to find solutions for managing it and changing it into sustainable land.

FOOD SECURITY AND RAJASTHAN

This research paper explores the nuanced understanding of "food security," tracing its evolution from a mere "availability at all times of adequate world food supply" in the 1970s to Amartya Sen's comprehensive perspective on entitlements in the 1980s. Sen's emphasis on entitlements, beyond mere food availability, distinguishes his approach from traditional notions of effective demand. While Keynes' effective demand related to monetary income in a capitalist economy, Sen's analysis extends to a "mixed economy" with multiple classes.
 In the context of Rajasthan, this study reveals the intricate dynamics of food security, considering diverse demographics, geographical variations, and vulnerability indicators. Urbanization trends, examined through three distinct phases, present potential implications for food distribution and accessibility across regions. Recognizing the heterogeneity of regions in Rajasthan, the paper stresses the importance of tailored policies that account for climatic variations, regional interests, and health demands.
 A thorough investigation into the nutritional status of the population highlights concerning trends, particularly the prevalence of anemia and malnutrition among women and children. Despite advancements in education and awareness, persistent nutritional challenges demand a holistic approach addressing both immediate and underlying causes.
 In conclusion, this research underscores the multi-faceted nature of food security challenges in Rajasthan. It advocates for targeted interventions incorporating sustainable agriculture, improved infrastructure, and inclusive policies. By addressing the root causes of food insecurity and malnutrition, the paper provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners striving to enhance food security in the region.Top of Form