Sustainability Of Social Security System Research Articles

THE PROBLEM OF FRAUDULENTLY INSURED AND FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY: CASE OF THE TÜRKIYE SOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEM

Social insurance fraud is a multidimensional and complex problem that affects the sustainability of social security systems and social justice. Nowadays, the most common form of social insurance fraud is fraudulently insured. The aim of this research is to explain the problem of fraudulently insured in its legal, economic, and social aspects and to make solutions for the sustainability of the social security system in Türkiye. This study explains the causes of fraudulent insurance through the differences in access to benefits and rights provided by short and long-term insurance branches and unemployment insurance for 4a and 4b insured persons, and provides recommendations to prevent fraudulent insurance in this context. It is possible to solve the problem of fraudulently insured and ensure the sustainability of the Turkish social security system with regulations to be made in the primary legislation, public policies and practices that raise awareness for insured persons, automation regulations, and more supervision.

The health consequences of returning to work after retirement: Evidence from a Japanese longitudinal survey

Prolonged and active old age provides individuals with more chances to work again after full retirement. Returning to work is an increasingly common form of the retirement process and influences the sustainability of social security systems. Previous studies show a beneficial relationship between returning to work and health; however, little is known about the causal effect of returning to work on health. This study used data from men and women aged 50 and older (11,991 individuals) in the Longitudinal Survey of Middle-aged and Older Adults, conducted annually from 2005 to 2019 in Japan. The effects of three types of labor force transitions (continued work, full retirement, and return to work) on physical and mental health were examined. To obtain the causal effects, an instrumental variable approach was used by exploiting the Japanese pension reform and labor market settings as instruments. Compared with full retirement, returning to work showed significantly worse mental health but no significant difference in physical health. The negative effect of returning to work was pronounced among men, former nonmanual workers, and low-wealth individuals. Contrary to the findings in previous studies, insignificant or detrimental effects of returning to work were found in this study. The rigorous causal analysis adds new evidence to the literature. The findings provide important implications for labor and health policy in aging societies.

Is There a Cap on Longevity? A Statistical Review

There is sustained and widespread interest in understanding the limit, if there is any, to the human life span. Apart from its intrinsic and biological interest, changes in survival in old age have implications for the sustainability of social security systems. A central question is whether the endpoint of the underlying lifetime distribution is finite. Recent analyses of data on the oldest human lifetimes have led to competing claims about survival and to some controversy, due in part to incorrect statistical analysis. This article discusses the particularities of such data, outlines correct ways of handling them, and presents suitable models and methods for their analysis. We provide a critical assessment of some earlier work and illustrate the ideas through reanalysis of semisupercentenarian lifetime data. Our analysis suggests that remaining life length after age 109 is exponentially distributed and that any upper limit lies well beyond the highest lifetime yet reliably recorded. Lower limits to 95% confidence intervals for the human life span are about 130 years, and point estimates typically indicate no upper limit at all.

ARMED BANDITRY AND BORDER MONITORING: CHALLENGES FOR NIGERIA’S SECURITY, PEACE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The greatest challenge facing Nigeria today is international terrorism that is aided by religious extremism, porosity of borderline and cross-border security challenges and crime. Indeed, the existence of porous borders and cross-border and frontier activities in Nigeria has aided crimes and security challenges across Nigerian borders for long without any specific solutions. This paper examines the security challenges and the socio-economic effects of insurgency and armed banditry in Nigeria. The country as a nation state is under a severe internal socio economic and security threat. At a more general level, the threat has social, economic, political and environmental dimensions. Each of these dimensions has greatly affected the nation’s stability, and can be traced to the ethnic militia armies, ethnic and religious conflicts, poverty, terrorism, armed robbery, corruption, economic sabotage and environmental degradation. The efforts of the government to eradicate insurgency, banditry and corruption have been slow and costly in terms of public funds spent, lives and properties lost. This has made the citizenry to question, the efficiency of the menace. Using frustration-aggression theory, the paper then revealed that the major criminal activities in Nigeria borders are smuggling of contraband goods and illegal immigrants, trafficking in weapons and human parts, drug trafficking, vehicle crime, trafficking of illegally exploited natural resources, including the illicit trade in timber, oil and diamond among others. This growth and flourishing entry without proper check or monitoring, has brought about insurgency, armed banditry, kidnapping and corruption, etc. which has become a problem of security as a result of these borderless-borders in Nigeria, with armed banditry becoming one of the most intractable challenges facing the country today. There are many speculations that the groups may have found their way through our porous borders. Therefore, the study probes into the nature of Nigeria borders using Historical/descriptive method of research and analysis in Armed Banditry and Border Monitoring: Challenges for Nigeria’s Security, Peace and Sustainable Development. The study data were collected through documentation of secondary sources, including review of related literature journals and write-ups even as it built on the findings of already existing works about emerging security threats in Nigeria. The study is concluded by recommending among others that the country should evolve a sustainable social security system which will discourage public office holders from engaging in corruption, with good information sharing techniques providing gainful employment opportunities for the citizenry, etc.
 
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Healthy and unhealthy working-life expectancy: opportunities and challenges

In many high-income countries, populations are ageing rapidly. In the coming years, the proportion of individuals of retirement age will increase, while the size of the workforce will decrease. This raises concerns about the sustainability of social security systems in general and of pension systems in particular. In response to these concerns, many countries have introduced measures aimed at increasing the length of working life.

Spatial-temporal characteristics of the coupling coordination of social security and economic development in China during 2002–2018

Clarifying the relationship between social security and economic development is helpful to realize the sustainable social security system and the stable function of sustainable economic development. In this paper, the entropy method, coupling coordination degree, standard deviation ellipse model, and spatial autocorrelation were used to study the spatial-temporal characteristics of coupling coordination of social security and economic development in China from 2002 to 2018. The results indicate that the relationship between social security and economic development in China has been gradually strengthened in the process of mutual adaptation and common development. The benign interaction between the two was unstable, though the coupling coordination degree gradually transitioned to the primary coupling coordination type. Besides, from a spatial perspective, first, the coupling coordination degree of social security and economic development in China contracted in the east-west and north-south directions, and the coupling coordination clustered in the central region in this period; second, the coupling coordination degree generally presented a positive spatial autocorrelation, and regions with similar coupling coordination degrees were in a state of agglomeration; finally, the hot spots clumped together to form a continuous area in the eastern coastal area while the cold spots expanded toward the northwest and northeast. Furthermore, the random distribution areas exhibited a trend of contraction.

Investigating tax systems to reduce disparities and achieve a sustainable and stable society

Better understanding tax systems is key to reducing disparity and inequality, and therefore has the potential to ultimately improve societies. The research of Associate Professor Dr Shoko Sakai, Kaetsu University, Japan, is investigating the optimum tax system for financial stability through empirical analyses and is also using quantitative data to explore taxation issues. Specifically, the research is using quantitative data to consider tax reforms and changes in social conditions of countries outside of Japan over the past few years, especially those with strong welfare systems. It will also explore the fair tax burden according to the taxpaying ability and appropriate distribution to the necessary households. These investigations are expected to assist in the development of tax policy recommendations. The goal of the work is to pave the way towards stable economic foundations and a sustainable social security system and, ultimately, assist in the future development of Japan's economy and improve its society. This goal is being realised through collaboration with other researchers; Ulf Olovsson, Deputy Secretary, Tax and Customs Bureau, Ministry of Finance, as well as receiving support from Associate Professor Eiji Sawada of Kyushu Sangyo University regarding numerical simulation, data construction and analysis. This collaborative effort will facilitate the development of recommendations that will lead to national policies and an improved society, in which inequalities are reduced.

New Work Forms: How to Integrate Them in Our Social Insurances

The increase in the group of atypical workers means that their social security protection needs reviewing. How far should we go in approaching social security for self-employed workers, flex workers, crowd workers and all new employment relationships differently? This will depend on the number of elements in respect to which the atypical employment relationship differs from the established standard: the full-time employee with a permanent employment contract. What we propose is a social security system that is sufficiently flexible in its implementation to give the different groups of workers an equal place and at the same time maintain a financially sustainable social security system providing sufficient social security protection for typical and atypical workers.

Health expenditure, human capital, and economic growth: an empirical study of developing countries.

Social security systems were successively established in most developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s. To ensure the long-term sustainability of these newly established systems it is essential to carefully monitor the economic impact. Based on the panel data of 21 developing countries from 2000 to 2016, this paper is the first to apply the panel threshold model to empirically analyze the relationship between national health expenditures and economic growth under different levels of human capital. The results show that health expenditure and economic growth have significant interval effects because of the different levels of human capital. Specifically, when human capital levels are low, health expenditure is significantly negatively correlated with economic growth. When human capital is at a medium level, health expenditure has a positive but not significant impact on economic growth. When the level of human capital is high, the positive economic impact of the health expenditure is significantly enhanced. In addition, subgroup analyses indicate that population aging and low fertility aggravate the negative impact of health expenditures on economic growth. This study provides reliable analysis and can be used by developing countries to maintain a long-term sustainable social security system.

Enhancing the Sustainability of Indian Pension Disbursal-System by Employing Digital Technology

India is a welfare state progressing well economically. If this progress is to continue without social upheavals, a sustainable social security system is mandatory. Pensions, and pension reforms, are an essential part of any social security system. This paper argues that it is imperative to reform the existing provident and pension fund entities. We also need better systems for administration and delivery of old age assistance. The major areas which the reforms should address are – improvement in administrative systems ; a well-designed social security system; and better regulation mechanism. One area where reforms can be easily implemented is the Civil Service Pensions. This has been taken up by the present Govt in a big way. The lessons learnt in implementation of the reforms here will be useful while expanding the scope of reforms to affect the whole target population. The author, as Nodal Officer, is responsible for implementation of these reforms in his department. As a part of e-governance, employee (and their spouse/dependent) records are being digitized. Digital data base of AADHAAR and of Income Tax Department is being used extensively. This process, including the lessons being learnt, has been discussed in detail in this paper.

Construction of a Sustainable Social Security System in Poland

The paper is about the construction of a sustainable social security system in Poland which is an attempt to define the types of changes that are required for the improvement of this system at the beginning of the 21st century. Optimization of the system should be understood as economic equity and obligatory application of axioms of commonship and unification. In order to construct a valid social security system, it is necessary to define the following factors: a catalog of social risks, a method of benefit funding and parameters of the benefits to be paid. Any structurally and financially sustainable system must be designed so that all its elements are compatible both with social risks that are protected in the system and with the elements of the social security system. The paper presents the Polish social protection system together with the social security system, the risks that are protected in the social insurances and a concept of changes that should be made to optimize the social security system.

Assessing factors associated with long-term work disability after cancer in Belgium: a population-based cohort study using competing risks analysis with a 7-year follow-up

ObjectivesThe number of workers with cancer has dramatically increasing worldwide. One of the main priorities is to preserve their quality of life and the sustainability of social security systems. We...

Role of the social and community prescription in the integrated community-based health care system in Japan

Background : Since Japan introduced long-term care insurance in 2000, the government has been continuing its efforts to integrate community-based care so as to meet the needs of a super-aged society, enacting the Act Concerning the Establishment of Related Acts, Etc. to Promote the Comprehensive Ensuring of Medical and Long-term care in Communities in 2014. This act seeks to establish a sustainable social security system by, among other things, (1) strengthening links between medicine and care, (2) building an integrated community-based health care system and (3) building efficient and high-quality systems for providing medical care in communities. Specifically, this integrated community-based health care system aims to support living at home by skillfully combining five constituent elements: the professional services of prevention, medical care, and nursing care and the preconditions for these services, that is, housing and living support/welfare services. Literature review : In order to build the integrated community-based health care system and improve the quality of such care services, it is important to strategically utilize existing regional resources and new ones that will be created out of changes in the coming years in the social environment. To make this happen, the following areas need to be strengthened: collecting and updating information regarding regional resources; processing and sharing information for its effective utilization; and a coordinating system that will link information on regional resources with specific care services. A variety of organizations and groups have been playing an active role for their local residents in each regional community in Japan. We try to clarify the wide variety of regional activities that may contribute to improving the quality of comprehensive care of the regions by bibliographic consideration. Discussion : The regional activities that will contribute to the improvement in quality of comprehensive care of the regions are broken down into twelve items as shown below: 1 Salon and intercommunication, 2 Fitness, 3 Livelihood support, 4 Watching over, 5 Consultation and support, 6 Tentative place to stay, 7 Residence, 8 Rental space, 9 Education and learning, 10 Employment support, 11 Advocacy, 12 Urban renovation. Also it became apparent that as for the use of regional activities, establishing a coordinating functional capability that links regional activities to specific care services remains a future task. Conclusion : In order to structure the integrated community-based care system, and for improving the quality of comprehensive care in the regions, it is critical to strategically use the regional activities that presently exist in each local region as well as new regional resources that might be created out of changes in the social environment in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to continually update the information on regional activities, which is broken down into certain types, and to build a system to effectively use such information. At the same time, it is likewise necessary to strengthen the coordinating functional capability to link information-based support to the specific care services. Social and Community prescription is a strategic tool which a healthcare professional and a patient can identify together the type of activities that will be of benefit. We can really strengthen the coordinating function by building up the system of Social and Community prescription. This research is supported by Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), # 15dk0107014h0002.

Population Aging: An Emerging Research Agenda for Sustainable Development

In recent years, population aging has been recognized as an emerging challenge in many parts of the world. Earlier studies discussed its impacts on the sustainability of social security systems and national economic growth; however, they tended to focus on the issues at the national level and were limited to developed countries. With the knowledge that population aging will be a predominant trend in both developed and developing countries, this paper aims to: (i) describe the global population aging trend and its regional demography; (ii) provide a structural review of population aging challenges at the national, communal and individual levels; and (iii) elaborate future research topics on population aging with a particular emphasis on developing countries. Several indicators suggest rapid population aging in the coming decades, especially in Asia, Latin America and Africa. The structural review presents the diverse challenges that affect both young and older population groups. Finally, the need for linking population aging with the sustainable development concept and the possible rural decline caused by rapid urbanization are suggested as future research topics. Further studies to establish a body of knowledge on population aging in developing countries are required to place population aging on the agenda of future sustainable development discussions.

Intergenerational effects of a green tax reform for a more sustainable social security system

Green tax reforms are popular in some circles not only because of their direct effect on reducing pollution but also because their revenue capacity may allow to reduce other more distortionary taxes. Despite their potential benefits, the political implementation of green tax reforms is not straightforward. Changes in environmental taxes have different intergenerational effects which need to be taken into account when considering their political support among a country’s population. In this paper, we analyze the economic and intergenerational welfare effects of introducing a green tax reform to ameliorate the Spanish social security system. We consider two types of energy taxes: an energy-consumption tax and an energy input tax. We find that both types of reforms are favored by young individuals, but rejected by older generations. The number of generations supporting the reform depends crucially on the disutility that individuals derive from pollution, suggesting that an increase in environmental awareness may be needed for green tax reforms to be politically viable.

The economic case for education

The case for education can be made from many perspectives. This paper makes the case for education based on economic outcomes. Surveying the most recent empirical evidence, it shows the crucial role of education for individual and societal prosperity. Education is a leading determinant of economic growth, employment, and earnings in modern knowledge-based economies. Ignoring the economic dimension of education would endanger the prosperity of future generations, with widespread repercussions for poverty, social exclusion, and sustainability of social security systems. Policy-makers interested in advancing future prosperity should particularly focus on educational outcomes, rather than inputs or attainment.

Some Considerations of Population Dynamics and the Sustainability of Social Security System

Worldwide discussion on the sustainability of social security systems is an extremely topical issue, especially since, in the current socio-economic conditions, these systems are undergoing a sever crisis. Romania's current situation is characterized by a major transformation of economic structures, by decreasing demographics, by increase in participation rate of youth in higher education and most importantly by a high number of retirements and by migration. These aspects have generated a drastically decline of the labour force. In this picture, the increasing number of non-contributors within the active population represents a major social risk. The starting point of this research is represented by this true reality: in 1990, in Romania there were 8.1 million employees. In 2010, there were 4.7 million employees. In the meantime, starting from 1990, emigration increased considerably, and nowadays in the European Union only, there are about 2.7 million Romanian people (Eurostat). The analysis underlines the effects of this evolution on social security system.

Welfare State in the 21th Century and Sustainability of Social Security System

Welfare State in the 21th Century and Sustainability of Social Security System

(A Study on Japanese Fiscal Sustainability and Fiscal Discipline)

(A Study on Japanese Fiscal Sustainability and Fiscal Discipline)

A Study on Japanese Fiscal Sustainability and Fiscal Discipline

A Study on Japanese Fiscal Sustainability and Fiscal Discipline