Suspicion Of Error Research Articles

On opinion, freedom of speech and its responsibilities

Plato and Aristotle place opinion intermediate between knowledge and ignorance with all opinions under the suspicion of error. Kant summarized that opinion is a consciously insufficient judgement, subjectively and objectively. Belief is subjectively sufficient, but is recognized as being objectively insufficient. Only knowledge is subjectively and objectively sufficient. Despite this philosophically doubtful value of opinions, thinkers such as Milton, Locke, Montesquieu and Mill maintain that the freedom of opinion and speech are the basis of open societies but find limits when it represents a definite risk of damage, either to an individual or to the public. Also the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights proclaims the right to hold opinions without interference provided that it respects the rights or reputations of others and does not interfere with the protection of public health. Hate speech and propaganda for war are expressively prohibited. Postwar US politicians formulated the position that every man has a right to his own opinion, but no man has a right to be wrong in his facts. The impact of this discussion on opinions about control measures of the COVID‐19 pandemic is explored in this editorial.

Kajian Yuridis Penyelesaian Sengketa Medik di Indonesia

The higher level of education and welfare of the community will make the level of legal awareness of the community higher too, in the present context health care is not only seen as an ordinary relationship but has become a legal relationship between health workers and patients, in that relationship disputes can occur between the two sides parties, in fact many cases / medical disputes are directly processed criminally, Indonesian law has stipulated that if a case occurs then it can be resolved through administrative, civil and criminal law, the purpose of this study is to examine the main priorities of medical dispute resolution in case of suspected error and / or negligence committed by health workers. This paper is an idea and legal study that the author peels normatively. The results of the study indicate that if there is a suspicion of error and / or negligence made by a health worker must be checked first by an honorary assembly and sought as far as possible mediated.

Моделювання залежності конфіденційності автентифікації і доступності у інформаційній системі критичного застосування

Current trends in the organization of the authentication process in information systems for critical use are primarily aimed at improving its reliability, however, this approach contradicts the CIA triad that dominates information security, in particular, the first and third components of the triad come into conflict. Consequently, there is a need to formalize the mathematical apparatus that would allow describing the relationship between confidentiality of a complex stepwise authentication procedure and the availability of the information system’s for critical use resources, which would allow flexible adjustment of the access control subsystem in accordance with the operating conditions of the information system. The article first proposed the dependence of the loss of the confidentiality of the authentication process and the availability indicator of an information system for critical use. In this model, unlike the existing ones, the process of an optimal semi-Markov decision management strategy in a Markov authentication process of subjects wishing to gain access to the information system’s for critical use resources synthesis is formalized as a mathematical programming task, which allows minimizing the loss of availability of the authentication process, the confidentiality of which should not fall below the threshold set by the administrator. The article outlines the methodology for applying the model described above, taking into account that the “critical error” and “suspicion of error” situations are described in the system security policy, which can be identified by the access control subsystem during the authentication process. These situations are defined taking into account the fact that the access control subsystem has a stepped, complex, sequentially connected block structure, and each block-level subsystem includes the corresponding sub-blocks for the informative features selection and classifications combined into an ensemble. The experiments carried out using the created model showed that as the requirements for the authentication process are less stringent, the availability of the information system for critical use increases, but when the loss threshold reaches α ≈ 10∙10-2, the availability increase stops, which can be explained by the final completion of the subsystem adaptation delimiting access to the individual features of the subjects for which the system has been trained. It turned out that for small α values, the availability of the information system for critical use is relatively low, which is due to the registration of a large number of “critical error” and “suspicion of error” situations, which take time to process. Access restriction subsystems based on the simplest (perceptron) and complex (GMM-HMM) classifiers provide low availability indicators for small values of α, which is caused by the registration of a large number of “critical error” situations in the first and a large number of “suspicion of error” in the second situations. Finally, the best indicators of accessibility for any α values were shown by access control subsystems, based on deep and deep convolution neural networks, the effectiveness of which for the tasks of biometric identification of subjects based on the individual features of their voices was high.

The Meaning of Faith

THE MEANING OF FAITH AITH IS a concept employed by all philosophers, yet an analysis of what faith really is, is far to seek In fact, modern philosophers with the exception of the NeoScholast :ics for the most part do not even attempt to define "faith" with any clarity. It is the thesis of the present article that for an analysis of the concept '" faith " one must turn to Scholasticism, where the treatment will be shown to be comprehensive and minute as to both faith's practical and its them ·etical aspects. Faith is always a venture: to this Scholastics and non-Scholastics alike agree. Quoting William James, "Faith means belief in something concerning which doubt is still theoretically possible"; we shall however see that the character of the venture differs widely as between the Scholastic and the non-Scholastic philosopher, and that the practical aspect of faith to a greater or less degree overshadows the theoretical in modern treatments of the subject. To cover all or even nearly all important modern usages of the term " faith " is manifestly impossible within the limits of a comparatively brief article; and the selection of philosophers here to be presented must be justified solely on the ground that their discussions seem to this writer to be both interesting and representative-if not completely so-of modem non-Scholastic viewpoints. The first section of the discussion will deal with the use of the concept "faith" by Santayana, Dewey, James, and Brightman, no one of whom accords the term careful analysis from its objective aspect. The four immediately fall into two groups with respect to what they hold to be the object of faith; Santayana and Dewey take certain natural occurrences to be this object; James and Brightman, on the other hand, would extend " faith " to include a transcendent Value, a Highest Good, which they in various terms describe as God. The second part of the discussion will deal with some aspects of the 230 THE MEANING OF FAITH 281 treatment of "faith" by A. E. Taylor and H. B. Alexander, both of whom treat the concept from an objective as well as a subjective standpoint, and both of whom approach rather closely the Scholastic position. Finally, the Scholastic account of "faith" will be given, as being by far the fullest and most comprehensive . A. MoDERN NoN-ScHOLASTIC TREATMENTS oF FAITH: SANTAYANA, DEWEY, JAMES, AND BRIGHTMAN The following accounts will of necessity be brief and rather meager, since these four philosophers simply do not give us any detailed analysis of the concept under discussion; they tend to describe " faith " in purely psychological terms, dealing with the state of the believing subject rather than with the metaphysical status of " faith " itself, and emphasizing practical rather than theoretical considerations. Santayana, in whose treatment of faith from the sceptic's point of view the element of venture is severely restricted, nevertheless affirms that faith of a sort is absolutely essential. " There is no avenue to the past or future, there is no room for breath or for progressive life, except through faith in the intellect and the reality of things unseen." 1 Even the sceptic cannot escape believing. " Scepticism is a suspicion of error about facts, and to suspect error about facts is to share the enterprise of knowledge in which facts are presupposed and error is possible .... Scepticism is accordingly a form of belief. Dogma cannot be abandoned; it can only be revised in view of some more elementary dogma." 2 Santayana describes this indispensable , rudimentary belief which he calls "animal faith" as " a sort of expectation and open-mouthedness " which is earlier than intuition, intuition arriving subsequently " to help it out and lend it something to posit." 3 The unsophisticated man in the street needs not to consider this faith, he simply experiences it as a matter of course. In this unsophisticated state " faith hangs like a pendulum at rest." But when sophistication, 1 Scepticism and Animal Faith, p. 29. • Ibid., p. 8. • Ibid., p. 107. 7 ILSE FOREST achieved through rigorous intellectual discipline, enters in, perplexity arises and causes the pendulum to " swing more and more madly." Eventually the pendulum "may for a moment stop...