Susceptibility Pattern Of Bacterial Isolates Research Articles

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urinary tract infections causing bacterial isolates and associated risk factors among HIV patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

BackgroundUrinary tract infections, a prevalent global infectious disease, are clinical issues not well studied in HIV-positive individuals. UTIs have become a global drug resistance issue, but the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of UTI-causing bacteria among HIV patients in Tigray, Ethiopia, are poorly understood. This study aims to identify the prevalence of UTI-causing bacteria, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors in HIV patients attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.MethodClean-catch midstream urine samples (10–15 mL) were collected from HIV patients who are attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Samples were analyzed based on standard microbiological protocols using cysteine-lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar. Pure colonies of bacterial isolates were obtained by sub-culturing into Mac-Conkey, Manitol Salt agar and blood agar plates. The bacterial isolates were then identified using macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, and Gram staining methods. Gram-negative bacteria were identified using biochemical tests like triple sugar iron agar, Simon’s citrate agar, lysine iron agar, urea, motility test, and indol test, whereas Gram-positive isolates were identified using catalase and coagulase tests. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique was used to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.ResultsAmong the 224 patients, 28 (12.5%) of them had been infected by UTIs-causing bacteria. E. coli was the dominant bacterium (16 (57%)) followed by K. pneumoniae (4 (14%)), and S. aureus (3 (11%)). Of the total bacterial isolates, 22 (78.6%) of them developed multi-drug resistance. All Gram-positive (100%) and 75% of Gram-negative bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to two or more drugs. Patients with a history of UTIs, and with CD4 count < 200 cells/ mm3, were more likely to have significant bacteriuria. Compared to male patients, female patients were more affected by the UTIs-causing bacteria. More than 93% of the UTIs-causing bacterial isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin; whereas they are highly resistant to ampicillin (96%), cotrimoxazole (82%) and tetracycline (71%).ConclusionsMost of the bacterial isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and tetracycline. Female patients were more affected by the UTIs causing bacteria. The highest prevalence (12.5%) of UTIs in HIV patients needs special attention for better management and monitoring. Previous UTI history and immune suppression are predictors of UTIs, highlighting the need for intervention measures involving molecular studies to identify resistant bacteria genes and promote patient immune reconstitution.

Bacterial etiology and antimicrobial resistance pattern of pediatric bloodstream infections: a 5-year experience in an Iranian referral hospital

BackgroundBloodstream infections (BSI) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. The purpose of the current study was to establish the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from bloodstream infections at Children’s Medical Center Hospital (CMC), Tehran, Iran.MethodsWe retrospectively recorded all positive blood cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility of all bloodstream isolates among children admitted to CMC, during 5 years. Specimen culture, bacterial identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed according to standard laboratory methods.ResultsFrom 3,179 pathogens isolated from the blood cultures 2,824 bacteria were cultured, with 1,312 cases being identified as Gram-positive bacteria (46%) and 1,512 cases as Gram-negative bacteria (54%). The most common Gram-negative bacteria isolated were as follows: Pseudomonas spp. (n = 266, 17.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 242, 16%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 204, 13.5%), Enterobacter spp. (n = 164, 10.8%), Escherichia coli (n = 159, 10.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 126, 8.3%), Serratia marcescens (n = 121, 8%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 73, 4.8%). The most common Gram-positive bacteria isolated were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) (n = 697, 53%), Streptococcus spp. (n = 237, 18%), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 202, 15%) and Enterococcus spp. (n = 167, 12.7%). 34% of bacterial strains were isolated from ICUs. The rates of methicillin resistance in S. aureus and CONS were 34% and 91%, respectively. E. coli isolates showed high resistance to cefotaxime (84%). All isolates of K. pneumoniae were susceptible to colistin and 56% were susceptible to imipenem. P. aeruginosa isolates showed high susceptibility to all antibiotics.ConclusionsOur findings emphasize the need of clinicians having access to up-to-date bacterial susceptibility data for routinely prescribed drugs. Continuous monitoring of changes in bacterial resistance will aid in the establishment of national priorities for local intervention initiatives in Iran. The increased risk of BSI caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms, emphasizes the significance of implementing appropriate antibiotic prescribing regulations and developing innovative vaccination techniques in Iran.

Antibiogram and susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates of urinary tract infection among children and adolescents at a tertiary care hospital

Background: UTI is one of the major causes of morbidity among children and adolescents in developing countries like Pakistan, where precise knowledge of causative micro-organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns remains inadequate. To identify common organisms involved in urinary tract infection and their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns among children &amp; adolescents. Material and Methods : This retrospective descriptive study was conducted on urine cultures reports of children less than 18 year presented with suspected UTI in Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital between the periods of January 2020 to December 2022 were taken. Urine sample cultured on CLED agar plates, micro-organism were identified by performing their morphological &amp; biochemical tests. Results: Urine culture reports of 500 patients of age &lt;18 years with suspected UTI were collected, out of which 102 were positive. The most common age for UTI was 5-11 years. The ratio of boys and girls was 30 and 72 respectively. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species were recovered. The ratio of gram negative to gram positive was 94 and 8 respectively. Among Gram-negative bacterial species, E. coli was the most common organism. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of E. coli showed that susceptibility to commonly prescribed drugs as follows Gentamicin (80%), co-amoxiclav (52%), Trimethoprim- Sulfamethoxazole (19%), Cephalosporin’s (8%), and Amoxicillin (5%). Susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin &amp; Fosfomycin was 80% and 63% respectively. Conclusion: E.coli was the most common organism Isolated. Co-amoxiclav, Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin have good susceptibility profile among the oral drugs and Gentamicin has high susceptibility among injectables. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Antibiotic sensitivity, Urine culture

BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ISOLATES

Objective: The present study determined the prevalence of various aerobic bacteria causing ventilator-associated pneumonia in adult patients. Initially the bacteria causing ventilator-associated pneumonia was isolated from ET samples and studied the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates.&#x0D; Methods: Total 250 endotracheal aspiration (ET) samples were collected from patients admitted in Medical, Respiratory and Surgical ICUs for 1 y period. ET aspirates were collected under aseptic precautions and processed as per standard operating procedure for the identification of microorganisms. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines.&#x0D; Results: Out of the 250 samples processed, culture-positive were 34.8% (n=87) and culture-negative were 65.2% (n=163). Out of 87 culture-positive samples, polymicrobial growth was observed in 9.19% (n=8) and monomicrobial growth was observed in 90.8% (n=79). Gram negative bacilli 95.7% (n=91), and gram-positive cocci isolates are 4.2% (n=4). Among Gram-negative organisms isolated, A. baumannii is the most common isolate 33 (34.7%), followed by P. aeruginosa 28 (29.5%) and K. pneumoniae 20 (21.0%) E. coli 8 (8.4%) and E. cloacae 2 (2.1%). Out of 4 Gram-positive organisms isolated, 3 (3.1%) were MSSA, and 1(1.1%) was MRSA.&#x0D; Conclusion: VAP is increasingly associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens due to the production of ESBL, Amp C b-lactamase, Metallo-b-lactamase. It is important to carry out aggressive surveillance to determine the prevalence of MDR organisms and to generate a local antibiogram periodically. Early and appropriate antibiotics in right doses followed by de-escalation based on microbiological culture results are essential to curtail the VAP rate. VAP bundle care shall be implemented correctly.

MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT HEPATITIS C

In individuals with cirrhosis, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common and often fatal bacterial infection with ascites. The Pathological accumulation and collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is known as ascites. Ascites can be a challenging diagnosis. Individuals with or without underlying hepatitis C may have varying SBP. Antimicrobials are used to treat SBP, however because MDR organisms are present, initial empirical treatment may not be effective. The aim of the present study was to investigate the causative agents of ascites in SBP and to check antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates. In recent study twenty-five SBP patients were prospectively studied. The ascitic fluid was inoculated in to conventional bacterial broth, agar culture and blood culture media. Among all tested bacterial species E. coli was the most isolated bacteria present in 23 samples out of 25. The presence of E.coli was 92% followed by Shigella spp (72%), Salmonella spp (68%), Enterobacter spp (60%), K. aerogenes (52%), S. aureus (32%), S. epidermidis (30%), A. israelii (28%), P. aeruginosa (24%), C. freundii (20%) and S. marcescens (08%). A total of six antibiotics were used to check antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates through disc diffusion method. The used antibiotics were Meropenem, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime and vancomycin. Our results showed that most of isolated bacterial species were MDR (Multi drug resistant) except E.coli and A.israelii that were sensitive to used antibiotics. Meropenem was the most effective antibiotic against all tested bacterial species. Meropenem showed maximum zone of inhibition against S.auresus (34mm), followed by A. israelii (33mm), P.aeruginosa (32mm), C.freundii (31mm), S.marcescens (28mm), S.epidermidis (27mm), E.coli (26mm), Salmonella spp (23mm), K.aerogenes (21mm), Enterobacter spp (21mm) and Shigella spp (15mm). It is concluded that gram-positive and gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria were the most common cause of SBP in patients with and without hepatitis C and meropenem was the most effective antibiotic against all tested isolate

Prevalence of Bacteriuria, and Characterization of Their Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern and Efflux Pumps Activity in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Uti Patients

Rationale: Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur more frequently in patients with type 2 diabetes. In developing countries, impairments in the defense system, metabolic disorder during diabetes, and incomplete bladder emptying all contribute to the pathogenesis of UTI in diabetic patients. This comparative study is undertaken to reveal the prevalence of uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and to assess hematological biomarker in diabetic and non-diabetic UTI patients. Methods: The prevalence of uropathogens were tested in 40 diabetic and 40 non-diabetic UTI patients. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates were assessed by the Kirby-Buer disc-diffusion method. Moreover, the bacterial load, Gram-staining, biochemical and serological assays were performed using appropriate methods. Results: The findings showed that diabetic patients are more likely to UTI compared to non-diabetic patients. In terms of uropathogenic prevalence, 61% Escherichia coli, 34% Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2% Staphylococcus aureus, 2% Pseudomonas aureginosa and 1% others. The antimicrobial resistance profile demonstrated that most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin and methicillin but susceptible to azithromycin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Moreover, the drug efflux pumps activity and bacterial burden were significantly high among antimicrobial resistant bacterial isolates. Besides, the C-reactive protein, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C, neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly high in diabetic UTI patients. Conclusion: This study found E. coli was the most frequent bacteria isolates, and this observation is consistent others. Diabetic UTI patients are more vulnerable with high bacterial burden and systemic inflammation. Bioresearch Commu. 10(1): 1413-1419, 2024 (January)

A Study on the Bacteriological Profile of Ascitic Fluids and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Ascitic fluid culture remains an essential step in the management of all patients with ascites, regardless of their presenting complaints. Diagnostic paracentesis should not be delayed or prevent timely administration of antibiotics, particularly in unstable patients. Hence, it is an essential part of the surveillance system of every hospital to perform ascitic fluid culture and assess the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates. In view of this perspective, the present study was conducted at Chengalpattu Medical College Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India. Objective The aim of the study isto determine the bacterial isolatesof ascitic fluid samples and study their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Materials and methods Ascitic fluids received in the central laboratory at the Department of Microbiology from various departments were included in this study. Preliminary identification of isolates wasperformed by direct Gram staining, acid-fast staining, and motility testing by the hanging drop method. Within one hour of receiving the samples, they were plated onto blood agar and MacConkey agar media and incubated for 18-24 hours at 37°C for isolation. Growth was checked, and species identification was done based on conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results In this study, a total of 100 ascitic fluid samples were collected, of which only eight (8%) showed growth. Among the eight isolates, six (75%) were Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Four (66.66%) of the six GNB wereKlebsiella spp., while the remaining two (33.33%) were Escherichia coli. Both Gram-positive cocci wereStaphylococcus aureus. All the GNB isolates were susceptible to meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftriaxone, with varying susceptibilities to other drugs. Both Gram-positive isolates were found to be methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion GNB were the predominant organisms in cases of ascitic fluid infection, and they showed 100% susceptibility to carbapenem drugs (especially meropenem),piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftriaxone.All these drugs can be kept in reserve for serious infections. Amikacin and gentamicin showed promising susceptibility. These drugs can be started empirically with patients on admission before performing culture. Drug adjustments may be later made based on culture reports.

Assessment of Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Blood Culture in Tertiary Level Paediatric Hospital of Nepal

Introduction: Bloodstream infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality which requires antibiotic treatment. Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging serious public health threat in both developed and developing countries. Children are more susceptible to infections requiring an appropriate choice of antibiotic based on blood culture. This study aims to investigate the bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of blood culture isolates and compare the yield of bacterial growth between Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) or BD BACTEC culture media.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 12,795 blood samples were sent for bacteriological culture either for BHIB or BACTEC techniques, 10994 and 1801 samples respectively. Chi-square test was used for showing association between BACTEC and BHIB among isolates.&#x0D; Results: The findings showed that the BACTEC method detected more positive isolates than the BHIB method. The rate of isolation was found highest among children under five years. The most common pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus species (28.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (25.6%), Acinetobacter species (12%), Pseudomonas species (8.2%), Klebsiella species (6.6%), CONS (4.4%), Escherichia coli (4.4%), Salmonella Typhi (3.5%), Enterobacter species (3.2%) and Streptococcus species (0.3%).&#x0D; Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest isolate identified in the current study. BACTEC culture method detected the higher percentage of isolates than BHIB method.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates in Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) is one of the global public health problems accounting for millions of deathsannually. The present study aim is to determine bacterial pathogens' bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patternaffecting the patients with LRI attending a tertiary care hospital. Two hundred and eight sputum samples were collected frompatients with signs and symptoms of LRI. The samples were processed in Microbiology laboratory for bacterial pathogens.Bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performedusing the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Klebsiella pneumoniae (39.6%), followed by Pseudomonas (32%), were the mostpredominant bacteria isolated in the present study. The other bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (16.9%), Staphylococcusaureus (5.6%), Streptococcus species (1.8%), and Acinetobacter (3.7%). Gram-negative bacteria showed high drug resistance toampicillin and cephalosporins and maximum susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and gentamicin. Most of theisolates showed resistance to the Beta-lactam group of antibiotics. The isolated bacterial pathogens' resistance profile indicatesthe need for the appropriate diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility testing before managing the cases.

A study of Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Isolates in Blood Culture in septicemic Children in Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Sepsis in children is a life-threatening condition triggered by an infection. Most commonly, the infection is caused by bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in blood cultures play a crucial role in the management of septicemia in children. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolates in blood culture in septicemic children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Paediatric, Dr. Sirajul Islam Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the period from October 2021 to February 2023. Total 849 children aged less than 18 years with septicemia were included in this study. Result: The study involved 849 participants where majority were in the age group of 5 years or younger and with a near-even gender distribution. In this study, 10.1% tested positive for bacterial growth in blood cultures, with Pseudomonas (33.7%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (22.1%) being most prevalent. Other organisms were also detected in varying proportions. The distribution of these organisms varied according to age and sex. Antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns were observed. A range of antibiotics showed different effectiveness, with varying levels of sensitivity and resistance against the bacterial isolates. Notably, Pseudomonas displayed considerable sensitive to cephalosporins (24.4%) and carbapenems (11.6%). Conclusion: The current study found that pseudomonas, staphylococcus epidermidis, and staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent. Notably, a significant percentage of these bacteria displayed varying levels of antibiotic resistance, underscoring the challenge of managing sepsis in pediatric patients. These findings highlight the need for continuous surveillance of bacterial isolates and their resistance patterns.

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from soft tissues infections among patients visiting a tertiary care centre

Background: Pus is a thick, white to yellow fluid that consists of dead leucocytes, cellular debris, necrotic tissues, and bacteria characteristic of pyogenic infections that may be exogenous or endogenous. The resistant pathogens isolated from wound infections have become a global challenge and a grave threat to the public health worldwide. Objectives: To characterise the bacterial isolates from clinical specimens of pyogenic wound infections and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility test. Methods: A hospital-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out after ethical clearance in the department of microbiology, Nobel Medical College from 2021 May to 2022 January. Various clinical specimens were obtained by convenience sampling. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity test were done as per the standard microbiological procedures. Data were analysed by SPSS v.20. Results: Out of 1704 sample collected, 901 (52.8%) showed growth in which 893 (52.4%) showed monomicrobial growth and 8 (0.46%) showed mixed growth. Among the samples, females outnumbered males (F: M-1.4:1) and majority of infection were observed in age group between 21-30 years. Most of the isolates were Gram-negative bacteria (462, 50.8%) which were mostly sensitive to amikacin. The most predominant organism was Staphylococcus aureus (427, 47%) which was 100% sensitive to vancomycin and highly resistant to ampicillin (341, 79.8%). Conclusion: The dryness in the pipeline of new antibiotic and emergence of multidrug resistant strains have pointed the current need towards active microbial surveillance in all clinical settings and prudent use of antibiotics.

Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in Lahore, Pakistan

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has provoked a global health issue. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should be implemented to overcome this issue. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity patterns of the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) group of antibiotics that assists in the selection of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapies.MethodA descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted for 6 months, in which 422 culture sensitivity sample reports from the Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital’s laboratory were obtained through a convenience sampling technique, and the sensitivity patterns of nine offending bacteria to the WHO AWaRe group antibiotics were determined. Descriptive statistics and differences in frequency distribution among the categorical variables were obtained using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21.ResultsAmong 422 culture sensitivity sample reports, Escherichia coli (16.1%) was the most common Gram-negative pathogen. Acinetobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas showed 100% sensitivity to polymyxin-b and colistin. Proteus showed the highest sensitivity to meropenem (90%), Staphylococcus aureus showed a 98% sensitivity to linezolid, Staphylococcus epidermidis was 100% sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid, and Streptococcus showed the highest sensitivity to penicillin (100%) and vancomycin (94.7%). Polymyxin b and colistin were found to be the most effective antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria (100%). Gram-positive bacteria were highly sensitive to linezolid (99.4%), vancomycin (98.2%), chloramphenicol (89.5%), and tigecycline (82.6%).ConclusionCulture sensitivity reports help to rationalize the empirical use of antibiotics in clinical practice in addressing the challenge of antimicrobial resistance. This study showed that polymyxin-b and colistin were the most effective antibiotics against Gram-negative isolates and that Gram-positive bacteria were highly susceptible to linezolid. Updated antibiograms should be used by clinicians to evaluate bacterial susceptibility patterns and rationalize antibiotic empiric therapy.

Microbiological Assessment and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Exposed Toothpicks in Selected Eateries

Toothpick is mainly used to remove food particles, fishbone and meat stuck between the teeth after a meal. Poor handling and exposure of toothpicks on dinner tables in many eateries could pose a public health risk. In this study, a total of one hundred (100) wooden toothpicks were randomly sampled from twenty (20) eateries in five (5) locations in Benin City. A packet of toothpick purchased from a shop served as control. Microbiological analysis and antibiotic sensitivity tests involved the use of standard methods and disc agar diffusion method, respectively. The percentage occurrence of bacterial isolates from the samples include Bacillus sp. (25 %), Staphylococcus sp. (20 %), Streptococcus sp. (20 %), Proteus sp. (15 %), Salmonella sp. (10 %), Escherichia coli (5 %) and Klebsiella sp. (5 %) while the fungal isolates include Saccharomyces cerevisiae (80 %), Penicillium sp. (10 %) and Mucor sp. (10 %). The bacterial isolates were resistant to many antibiotics used in the study with the exception of gentamicin and ofloxacin. In order to prevent microbial contamination of toothpicks in the eateries which could lead to disease transmission, toothpicks should be rinsed with potable water before using it. Toothpicks should not be exposed on dinner tables. Instead, automatic toothpick dispenser should be provided in eateries.

Monitoring trends in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from horses with ulcerative keratitis

SummaryBackgroundUlcerative bacterial keratitis can result in loss of vision or the eye. Antimicrobial susceptibility data are essential in selecting optimal therapy while pending culture results.ObjectivesTo document aerobic bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibilities from horses with ulcerative keratitis and report susceptibility patterns compared to previously described data from the same hospital.Study designRetrospective clinical case series.MethodsMedical records from horses with positive bacterial cultures and a clinical diagnosis of infectious ulcerative keratitis at the University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center between March 2011 and December 2020 were reviewed and compared to previously published data from January 1993 to May 2004.ResultsThirty‐one bacterial isolates were cultured from 27 samples (26 horses). The most common bacterial genera were Streptococcus (35%), Staphylococcus (29%) and Pseudomonas (13%), with a shift towards more Staphylococcus and less Streptococcus compared to previous years. There were minimal temporal changes in susceptibilities for these three genera. Staphylococcus spp. were statistically more likely to be cultured than other bacteria after the use of topical neomycin‐polymyxinB‐dexamethasone (p = 0.008). In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility results suggest that targeted combination therapy covered a greater percentage of isolates, compared with monotherapy, but in vitro results may not mirror in vivo results.Main limitationsInconsistencies in available medical data, selection bias and a small sample size are inherent limitations in this retrospective study, along with the inability to test against all available ophthalmic medications, challenges of interpreting cultures with limited veterinary susceptibility data and no susceptibility guidelines for topical medications.ConclusionLimited changes have occurred over the past several decades in corneal bacterial isolates and susceptibilities within this equine ophthalmology referral population, with a shift in more Staphylococcus cultured over time. Monitoring temporal trends of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility data is important in every hospital.

Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among patients admitted to intensive care unitofImam Khomeinihospitalin Ilam, Iran.

Nosocomial infections (NIs) are a major challenge worldwide. Identification of antibiotic resistance pattern extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) were the objectives of this study. In this cross-sectional study, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates collected from patients with NIs in ICU was determined. Overall, 42 Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from different infection sites were used to determine phenotypic tests of ESBLs, Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) and CRE. Detection of ESBLs, MBLs and CRE genes were performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. From 71 patients with NIs, 103 different bacterial strains were isolated. The most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli (n = 29; 28.16%), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 15; 14.56%), and K. pneumoniae (n = 13; 12.26%). Also, the rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates was 58.25% (60/103). Based on phenotypic confirmation tests, 32 (76.19%) isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae produced ESBLs, and 6 (14.28%) isolates were identified as CRE producers. PCR showed the high prevalence of the blaCTX-M (n = 29; 90.62%) in ESBL genes. In addition, blaNDM was detected in 4 (66.66%), blaOXA-23 in 3 (50%), and blaOXA-48 gene in 1 (16.66%) isolates. The blaVIM, blaKPC, and blaIMP genes were not detected in any of the isolates. The Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae with high resistance levels were the most common bacteria causing NIs in the ICU. This study for the first time identified blaOXA-11, blaOXA-23, and blaNDM-1 genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Ilam city of Iran.

BACTERIAL ISOLATES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION AND THEIR CURRENT SENSITIVITY PATTERN AMONG PATIENTS ADMITTED IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL.

Background &amp; Objectives: This study was aimed to observe the susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from respiratory tract infection (RTI). Respiratory tract infection is considered as one of the major public health problems and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. Respiratory tract is the part of the human system that plays a vital role in breathing processes. In human, the respiratory system can be subdivided into an Upper respiratory tract and a Lower respiratory tract based on anatomical features. The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to microbes due to the extensive surface area. Methods: The present study was conducted retrospectively for a period of one year November 2021 to October 2022. All respiratory specimens included Sputum, BAL, throat swab; endotracheal aspirate specimens were collected aseptically from patients and cultured on the appropriate bacteriological media (Blood agar, MacConkey agar &amp; Chocolate Agar). Bacterial isolates were identified by biochemical tests and antimicrobial susceptibility performed by standard methods as per CLSI 2022. Results: 152 (72.3%) of total 210 samples were positive for bacterial culture. 126 (82.8%) were gram negative bacilli (GNB) and 26 (17.1%) were gram positive cocci (GPC). The predominant pathogen isolated was K. pneumoniae 46 (30.2%) followed by Escherichia coli 28 (18.4%).The overall susceptibility of GNB was highest towards Imipenem, Meropenem followed by Piperacillin tazobactam and Amikacin. Gram positive organisms exhibited highest susceptibility towards Vancomycin and Linezolid. Conclusion: Imipenem is the most sensitive antibiotic followed by Piperacillin tazobactam and Amikacin which can be used for empirical therapy for respiratory tract infections (RTI). The antibiotic therapy should be modified as per the culture and sensitivity report. Regular determinations of the type of bacterial pathogens and updation of antibiogram must be followed in every institution to aid in better patient management by helping the clinician in the judicious use of antibiotics.

A Study of Bacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates in Sputum Samples in Tertiary care hospital

Aim: The study's objective is to examine the bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated organisms in sputum samples in tertiary care hospitals. Material and method: In Lucknow's Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, the microbiology department conducted the current cross-sectional study. Using a regular sampling technique, a total of 1503 patients with clinically confirmed bacterial illnesses were included in the study. As a consequence, 108 bacterial samples produced positive results suggesting bacterial growth, whereas the other samples showed no bacterial growth or normal flora. The Bartlett's procedures were used to assess the sputum's quality. Result: Among1503 samples, 108 were pathogenic. The most common isolate was Klebsiella pneumoniae [41.6%] followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa [34.25%], Escherichia coli [21.29%], Coagulase staphylococcus aureus [1.85%] and Acinetobacter spp [0.92%] from sputum samples of patients suffering from upper or lowers respiratory infection. Conclusion: In our study Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli were the pathogens in all age groups and sexes.

Magnitude, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates among adult dental caries patients attending Hiwot Fana comprehensive specialized university hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia.

Dental caries is defined as a dynamic diet microbial disease of teeth, which results in localized dissolution and destruction of the mineralized tissues of the teeth. Dental caries develops when there is a susceptible tooth exposed to pathogenic bacteria in the presence of substrate. Under these conditions, the bacteria metabolize substrate to form acid, which decalcifies teeth. Dental caries is among the top oral health problem in both developing and developed nations affecting around 20-50% of the population globally. This study was conducted to assess the magnitude, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates among adult dental caries patients visiting Hiwot Fana specialized university hospital dental clinic from April 23 to-June 23, 2021. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 290 study participants. Convenient sampling techniques were used to select the study participants. Data was entered into Epi-info version 7.2.4.0 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 for analysis. The result was explained by using summary measures of texts, tables, and graphs after analysis by using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Statistical significance was defined at a p-value of less than 0.05. The overall magnitude of bacteria among dental caries patients was 68.3%. S mutans 74(37.4%) and Lactobacillus spp 58(29.3%) were the most predominant isolated bacteria. Lack of teeth brushing (AOR: 2.8, 95% CI:1.6, 4.6), the habit of chewing khat always (AOR:4.8, 95%CI:2.10,8.80), the habit of chewing khat sometimes (AOR: 3.8: 95% CI: 2.520,9.48) and consumption of soft drinks (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI:1.2,3.1) were significantly associated with bacterial dental caries. Almost, all bacterial isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin compared to Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, gentamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, vancomycin and tobramycin. Teeth brushing habit, consumption of soft drink and a habit of chewing khat affects dental health and they are associated with bacterial dental caries. Harari regional health bureau better to focus by giving health education to the community about dental caries based on identified associated factors with dental caries.

Evaluation of Clinico-epidemiology Profile and Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates of Purulent Samples in a University Hospital, India

Background: Patients suffering from trauma, burns or those who have undergone surgical interventions are susceptible to pyogenic infections caused by commensal as well as exogenously acquired pathogens. This study helps us recognize and characterize aerobic bacteria isolated from pyogenic samples and establish antibiotic resistance for clinicians to devise an empirical treatment for patients suffering from similar disease.&#x0D; Methods: This observational study was carried out from November 2019 to May 2020 in the Department of Microbiology at a teaching hospital in northern India and included all patients who presented with suppurative infections during the study period.&#x0D; Results: Total 201 culture positive samples were included in our study of which 80 (40%) samples were of sterile body fluids, 51 (25%) samples were of pus aspirates and the other samples included wound pus and surgical site infection samples. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen (30.34%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.91%) and Pseudomonas spp (13.43%).Sixty eight (33.83%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Enterobacter spp was completely resistant to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone, and 25% sensitive to Cefoperazone-Sulbactam, thus showing the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) character. We studied the association of multidrug resistance to certain risk factors like previous antibiotic therapy, days of wound before admission, increased length of hospital stay, patient comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, heart disease, chronic liver disease and immunosupression.&#x0D; Conclusions: This study reveals Gram negative bacilli to be more commonly causing pyogenic infections in our patients. Local antibiotic susceptibility profile of these pathogens is essential for empirical treatment.

Bacterial Profile and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates Recovered from Intensive Care Unit Environments at Wachemo University Nigist Ellen Mohammed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia.

Bacterial contamination of indoor hospitals, especially in intensive care units is a serious health hazard in the world with a high morbidity and mortality rates. Particularly, multidrug-resistant bacteria can cross-contaminate medical devices, inanimate surfaces, health care providers, and patients in the intensive care unit. This study was aimed to assess the bacterial profile and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from intensive care unit at WUNEMMCSH (Wachemo University Nigest Ellen Mohammed Memorial Compressive Specialized Hospital), Southern Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross sectional study was conducted on 180 intensive care unit environmental samples at WUNEMMCSH from August 1, 2022, to October 30, 2022. In this study, a total of 180 swab samples were collected from medical devices, inanimate surfaces, patients, and health care providers from the intensive care unit by using sterile cotton-tipped swabs moistened with normal saline. Then, bacterial isolates were identified using the standard culture method, Gram stain, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacterial isolates were performed by using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Data were entered into EpiData Version 4.6 cleanup and exported to SPSS V25 for analysis. A total of 180 swab samples were processed from intensive care unit environments, and 143 (79.4%) were found to have been contaminated by at least one potential pathogenic bacterial isolate. A total of two hundred and thirty-eight bacteria were isolated. Of these, the predominant bacteria were coagulase-negative Staphylococci 72 (30.3%), S. aureus 61 (25.6%), E. coli 41 (17.2%), and K. pneumoniae 30 (12.6%). Seventy (49%) out of all swabbed samples were contaminated with mixed isolates. In the antimicrobial susceptibility tests, 19 (86%) Gram-positive bacteria and 25 (76%) Gram-negative bacterial isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, respectively. Vancomycin was sensitive to 83% of Gram-positive isolates. Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates from irrespective sources showed multidrug resistance in 56.4% and 76.2%, respectively. The inanimate hospital environments, medical device, health care providers, and patients in ICU rooms of WUNEMMCSH (Wachemo University Nigest Ellen Mohammed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital) were colonized with 143 (79.4%) of potential pathogenic bacterial isolate, which can cause nosocomial infections with high rates of morbidity and mortality among patients. The frequencies of multidrug-resistant 159 (66.8%) bacterial pathogens were alarmingly high. Therefore, to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination and MDR, strict adherence to hospital infection prevention and control measures should be enforced. These measures include regularly performing hand hygiene, periodic disinfection, and sterilization of medical equipment.