Susan Rose Research Articles

Susan Rose, The Wealth of England: The Medieval Wool Trade and its Political Importance, 1100–1600. Oxford, Oxbow Books, 2018, 238 pp., £40, 9781785707360 hb

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Remembering Stephen P. Quigley.

Dr. Stephen P. Quigley passed away this past April. Drs. Susan Rose and Peter Paul were influenced by and collaborated with Dr. Quigley on a number of publications. Dr. Paul was Dr. Quigley's last doctoral student to graduate from the University of Illinois, in 1984. Following are two personal memorial accounts.

The Wealth of England: The Medieval Wool Trade and Its Political Importance 1100–1600 by Susan Rose

Reviewed by: The Wealth of England: The Medieval Wool Trade and Its Political Importance 1100–1600 by Susan Rose Sybil M. Jack Rose, Susan, The Wealth of England: The Medieval Wool Trade and Its Political Importance 1100–1600, Oxbow Books, 2017; hardback; pp. 304; b/w and colour illustrations; R.R.P. £40.00; ISBN 9781785707360. Susan Rose has recently published a number of nicely illustrated books, initially on the wine trade and the history of Calais, intended to bring together various aspects of English trade and the sea during the Middle Ages and early modern period. This is a further work in what is effectively a series. Her coverage in all these books can be described as comprehensive and thematic. In The Wealth of England, Rose relies heavily on surviving monastic material to cover the management of sheep farming, including the types of sheep involved, and the size and location of the flocks. She goes on to the role of the Crown and the ways in which it exploited the dependence of other countries on English wool as well as taxes on the product. She concludes with a survey of the behaviour of merchants and clothiers at different periods and the reasons why, towards the end, the English wool trade was in decline. Rose does not, however, attempt to assess the relative importance of the trade of one of the smaller more peripheral countries of Europe compared to that of the wealthier, more sophisticated states, nor does she attempt to set the trade in wool [End Page 233] into the overall English trade in all goods. This is a pity, as to appreciate fully the total wealth of any country it would be necessary to consider how each item of both outgoing and incoming product contributed to the well-being of the land. And yet, to judge the individual importance of one source of state finance, the whole structure of the taxation department including customs and excise would need to be evaluated. This would be a massive research undertaking and Rose understandably confines herself to the one or two contemporary attempts made by royal servants to calculate crown resources. Rose leaves unresolved the reasons why English wool was so highly regarded, avoiding commitment in the long-running debate about the early existence of distinctive sheep breeds despite the increasing evidence that material from archaeology and parchment are making available. In order to link the production of wool to its final use she seeks to draw together aspects of the subject that have elsewhere been treated separately by researchers. Her strength lies in the recounting of specific examples that illuminate the way in which the business was carried on. In some cases these descriptions, such as that of the experiences of the Johnsons in the 1540s, could have usefully been extended, as they reveal all too well the pitfalls of the dealer’s life. Rose confines herself fairly narrowly to trade, treating the manufacturing of cloth in England as a side issue, so that the percentage of the wool produced that was employed locally at any given period remains unclear. The possible level of owling in the period is not discussed. Unfortunately, she does not repeat in the present book material she used in her history of Calais about the structure and role of the merchants of the Staple, which would improve the current reader’s understanding of the political and military role of the institutions involved in managing the English wool trade. She focuses on the long-term official bodies such as the staplers, who claimed a monopoly over the trade, largely ignoring other major players such as the Italian traders who came to Southampton with private royal grants. This means that the role of the local ports in the trading patterns is not examined. The overall result, while she develops some interesting details, is somewhat unbalanced. For instance, she refers in various places to the problems of exchange without fully clarifying what these were and how the system worked. As she fully acknowledges, she has drawn much of her material from the work of T. H. Lloyd, but she restricts herself narrowly to the trade in wool and...

The weight of Light Contradictions for Susan Rose and dancers: An exercise in parallel processing and power

Abstract This article returns to the improvisatory practice of Los Angeles-based choreographer, Susan Rose and her 1978 dance work, Light Contradictions. Analysis of the rule-based improvisation illuminates a critical choreographic practice based on parallel processing and power plays that has sustained in performance for four decades. Reliant on its simple rules, Light Contradictions makes its main message known: Do what I say as I say it, and I’ll do whatever you tell me to. The doing and saying duet appears friendly enough as an arrangement based on equal parts. What ensues, however, is the hysteria of two people – or several sets of two – as they aim to draw out a boundless repertoire of tasks and actions by way of bossing each other around. As the piece travels, rotating performers and crowds, it acts as a platform for keen interpersonal provocation and cultural exchange, simultaneity and contradiction.

Dickinson College Builds Carlisle Indian Industrial School Resource Center

NAIS 1:2 FALL 2014 Dickinson College Builds Carlisle Indian School Resource Center 149 Notes from the Field MALINDA TRILLER DORAN Dickinson College Builds Carlisle Indian Industrial School Resource Center MORE THAN TEN THOUSAND STUDENTS attended the Carlisle Indian School (CIS) between 1879 and 1918, and each one of them has a story. Over the last century, however , materials documenting the Carlisle experience, including photographs, letters, and the administrative files of the school itself, have been dispersed among various institutions. This scattered historical record makes it a challenge for descendants, scholars, teachers, and students to connect with the lives of the individuals who were affected by the school. The Archives and Special Collections department of Dickinson College has partnered with the College’s Community Studies Center to create a website that will bring together and make freely available these widely dispersed materials. The CIS paper trail currently leads to institutions such as the National­ Archives in Washington, D.C.; the Cumberland County Historical Society in Carlisle, Pennsylvania; and the Special Collections of Dickinson College. Jim Gerencser, college archivist at Dickinson, had long dreamed of building an online resource that would provide convenient access to digital versions of these resources, regardless of their geographic location. In October 2012, more than 290 individuals gathered at Dickinson for the symposium titled “Carlisle, PA: Site of Indigenous Histories, Memories, and Reclamations.” The response to this symposium provided the energy necessary to set a digitization project in motion. Gerencser collaborated with Susan Rose, professor of sociology and Community Studies Center director, and Malinda Triller Doran, special collections librarian, to develop a plan for an online Carlisle Indian School Resource Center . In spring 2013, the three project leaders secured funding from an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Digital Humanities grant and Dickinson’s Research and Development Committee. Since that time, they have sent four research teams to the National Archives in Washington, D.C., to scan and photograph records located within the Bureau of Indian Affairs Record Group. These teams have scanned the files of four thousand students, which include items Malinda Triller Doran NAIS 1:2 FALL 2014 150 such as ­ photographs, correspondence, newspaper clippings, and administrative forms documenting the experience of students while they were enrolled at CIS and after they returned to their homes. One member of the research team also photographed twelve bound ledgers that contain entries documenting events such as the arrival and departure of students and their outing assignments. Upon their return to Dickinson, members of the research teams have prepared the digital images for presentation on the project website: http:// carlisleindian.dickinson.edu. As of July 2014, more than 1,775 student files were available online. Members of the project team have also begun transcribing the contents of the ledger volumes to provide the information they contain as searchable and sortable text. Gerencser, Rose, and Triller Doran plan to continue adding resources to the CIS website over a period of several years. Additional research teams will scan and upload the remaining student files and ledgers located at the National Archives in order to provide comprehensive access to those resources. Gerencser has also begun to seek partnerships with other institutions that hold materials related to the CIS, such as the Beinecke Library at Yale University , which holds the papers of Richard Henry Pratt, founder of the CIS, and the U. S. Army Heritage and Education Center in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The ultimate goal is to provide a searchable database that will facilitate discovery, whether an individual wishes to search for information about a specific student or explore broader aspects of the CIS experience, such as tribal affiliations or outing assignments. The project leaders also anticipate building interactive capabilities into the site that will allow individuals to contribute photographs, family documents, or oral histories. In addition, they plan to work with both Native and non-Native scholars, teachers, and community members to develop teaching and learning materials utilizing the resource center content. The Carlisle Indian School Resource Center will continue to grow as project staff add new content almost daily. For more information about the project , please contact Jim Gerencser or Malinda Triller Doran in the Dickinson College Archives and Special Collections at...

A Breadth of Perspectives on CBM

A Breadth of Perspectives on CBM Stephanie W. Cawthon (bio) A Measure of Success: The Influence of Curriculum-Based Measurement on Education. Edited by Christine Espin, Kristen McMaster, Susan Rose, and Miya Miura Wayman. Univ. of Minnesota Press. 392 pp. $60. ISBN 978-0-8166-7970-6. This book review is the first in a planned series for the American Annals of the Deaf. One goal of the Annals is to publish articles that draw from a broad range of epistemologies and have the potential to positively affect the lives of individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. These articles frequently reflect interdisciplinary perspectives, creating exciting bridges between scholarship and practice and across diverse fields of study. Yet there is much to be gained not only from stand-alone research pieces, but also from books that present a “bird’s-eye” view and tie together issues in the field. It is an honor to contribute to the Annals as the book review editor, and I hope that these summaries are useful to you, our readers. The first book in our series focuses on Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM), an assessment approach that is largely used in special education but also has a significant presence in recent large-scale standardized assessments. A Measure of Success: The Influence of Curriculum-Based Measurement on Education is an edited volume that consists of 29 chapters covering a breadth of perspectives on CBM. The chapter authors are, without exception, leaders in their fields and well situated to offer thoughtful reflections on 40 years of CBM in educational policy and practice. The impact of CBM is often mentioned in the same breath as the name of Dr. Stanley Dano; A Measure of Success thus serves not only as a primer on the context, history, research, and application of CBM, but also as a testament to Dano and his (continuing) contribution to the field. Many of the chapter authors are connected in some way to the University of Minnesota, whose press is the publisher of this book, either as Dano’s colleagues or as his students (and now grand-students). The chapters are highly personal in that way, giving a glimpse not only into the why and how and what of CBM, but also insight into the person behind the movement and its principles. While Deno does not directly contribute a chapter or commentary, he is a welcome guest within the narrative throughout this volume. In its most straightforward form, CBM is a process by which student progress in a domain (such as reading fluency) is measured in a systematic way so as to both (a) screen for potential difficulties in achieving learning goals and (b) identify the effectiveness (or lack thereof) of instructional strategies and interventions. The goal is to give educators simple, sound measurement frameworks to work with in making evidence-based decisions about student learning, and then, ideally, adjust the educational context to improve outcomes when the expected progress does not occur. Each chapter of A Measure of Success ties to this basic framework in some way, either through a case study, summary of research, explication of method, or application of theory to practice. CBM is inherently principled in its ontology, and the terms “big ideas” and “main points” clearly anchor many of the discussions in the volume. One of the driving concepts behind CBM is the critical role of accurate and valid measurement that is both timely and accessible to teachers and parents. In essence, A Measure of Success ties together the evidence for the evidence-based practice that is CBM. For professionals working with individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing, this principle is valued, but highly challenging to achieve. In a field where evidence-based practice can be fleeting or at least controversial, it was refreshing to see how some simple approaches of CBM can help crystalize what is working for an individual student and show how to identify potential pathways to future success. One of the achievements of CBM is to normalize, or make available to all students, quality assessment practices that lead to purposeful instruction, regardless of the basis of an [End Page 387] individual student’s eligibility...

Edward III and the War at Sea: the English Navy 1327-77 - By Graham Cushway

International Journal of Nautical ArchaeologyVolume 41, Issue 1 p. 222-223 Edward III and the War at Sea: the English Navy 1327–77 – By Graham Cushway SUSAN ROSE, SUSAN ROSE Highgate, LondonSearch for more papers by this author SUSAN ROSE, SUSAN ROSE Highgate, LondonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 February 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2011.00333_15.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume41, Issue1March 2012Pages 222-223 RelatedInformation

Calais: an English town in France, 1347-1538 - By Susan Rose

Calais: an English town in France, 1347-1538 - By Susan Rose

Calais: An English Town in France, 1347-1558

Exactly one hundred years after the publication of George Sandeman's Calais under English Rule Susan Rose has produced a timely book-length overview of the history of this northern French town under English governance. The book takes a narrative approach to some two hundred years of English rule, beginning with Edward III's siege in 1347 and ending with the town's capture by the duc de Guise in 1558. Other chapters explore its fourteenth-century history, the development of the wool staple, its role in the later Hundred Years War and the Wars of the Roses, and its economic and social history in the later fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The book stresses the town's importance as a commercial centre, vital in the English wool trade with the Low Countries, rather than its military or diplomatic role. Rose's stress on the town's economic life might be due to her reliance on the wonderful letter collections of the Cely and Johnson families (both wool merchants). The account of mercantile life during the 1540s and 50s from the Johnson letters, for example, occupies as much space as her entire discussion of the administrative, diplomatic, military and religious developments of the early Tudor period (which witnessed the formal incorporation of Calais into the realm of England through its representation in Parliament from 1536). In this discussion, as elsewhere, Rose is reliant on the work of others; this is, first and foremost, a work of synthesis and the areas where she is weakest (the role of Calais in cultural exchange, for instance, particularly in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries) are those where research is still in its infancy. Given the author's linguistic skills and knowledge of French history, however, it is disappointing that the book does not explore more fully the perception of the town and marches from the continent. This would have certainly given the book added value, but perhaps, as other have argued, Calais was indeed ‘un petit morceau d’Angleterre overseas’ after all? Nevertheless, this book should be welcomed. It is a well-written and lively account of one of the most overlooked towns of the late middle ages and should provide the basis for more research on the importance of Calais to both England and its continental neighbours.

Calais: an English town in France, 1347-1558

The capture of Calais by Edward III was an exploit which, coming shortly after his victory at Crecy, carried his fame as a warrior to the furthest corners of Europe. The melodramatic incident at the end of the siege with the leading citizens pleading for their lives brought the king even more public notice. Equally well known is the sad remark of Mary Queen of England in 1558 that, following its loss to the French, the name of Calais would be graven on her heart. This book fills in the gap between these two milestones. It allows the reader to understand not only the military and political importance of the town for the English but also its key role in the English economy.Utilising the richness of the personal sources surviving, from the mid fifteenth century to the last years of English rule, it also provides a more intimate picture of the vibrant life of the town with its crowds of courtiers, soldiers and merchants all enjoying and profiting from the opportunities offered by 'an English town in France'. Dr Susan Rose is an Associate Lecturer at the Open University.

Calais: An English Town in France, 1347-1558 - By Susan Rose

Calais: An English Town in France, 1347-1558 - By Susan Rose

The Medieval Sea - by Susan Rose

The Medieval Sea - by Susan Rose

A Combined Analysis of North American Case-Control Studies of Residential Radon and Lung Cancer

Cohort studies have consistently shown underground miners exposed to high levels of radon to be at excess risk of lung cancer, and extrapolations based on those results indicate that residential radon may be responsible for nearly 10–15% of all lung cancer deaths per year in the United States. However, case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer have provided ambiguous evidence of radon lung cancer risks. Regardless, alpha-particle emissions from the short-lived radioactive radon decay products can damage cellular DNA. The possibility that a demonstrated lung carcinogen may be present in large numbers of homes raises a serious public health concern. Thus, a systematic analysis of pooled data from all North American residential radon studies was undertaken to provide a more direct characterization of the public health risk posed by prolonged radon exposure. To evaluate the risk associated with prolonged residential radon exposure, a combined analysis of the primary data from seven large scale case-control studies of residential radon and lung cancer risk was conducted. The combined data set included a total of 4081 cases and 5281 controls, representing the largest aggregation of data on residential radon and lung cancer conducted to date. Residential radon concentrations were determined primarily by α-track detectors placed in the living areas of homes of the study subjects in order to obtain an integrated 1-yr average radon concentration in indoor air. Conditional likelihood regression was used to estimate the excess risk of lung cancer due to residential radon exposure, with adjustment for attained age, sex, study, smoking factors, residential mobility, and completeness of radon measurements. Although the main analyses were based on the combined data set as a whole, we also considered subsets of the data considered to have more accurate radon dosimetry. This included a subset of the data involving 3662 cases and 4966 controls with α-track radon measurements within the exposure time window (ETW) 5–30 yr prior to the index date considered previously by Krewski et al. (2005). Additional restrictions focused on subjects for which a greater proportion of the ETW was covered by measured rather than imputed radon concentrations, and on subjects who occupied at most two residences. The estimated odds ratio (OR) of lung cancer generally increased with radon concentration. The OR trend was consistent with linearity (p = .10), and the excess OR (EOR) was 0.10 per Bq/m3 with 95% confidence limits (−0.01, 0.26). For the subset of the data considered previously by Krewski et al. (2005), the EOR was 0.11 (0.00, 0.28). Further limiting subjects based on our criteria (residential stability and completeness of radon monitoring) expected to improve radon dosimetry led to increased estimates of the EOR. For example, for subjects who had resided in only one or two houses in the 5–30 ETW and who had α-track radon measurements for at least 20 yr of this 25-yr period, the EOR was 0.18 (0.02, 0.43) per 100 Bq/m3. Both estimates are compatible with the EOR of 0.12 (0.02, 0.25) per 100 Bq/m3 predicted by downward extrapolation of the miner data. Collectively, these results provide direct evidence of an association between residential radon and lung cancer risk, a finding predicted by extrapolation of results from occupational studies of radon-exposed underground miners. E. G. Létourneau and J. B. Schoenberg have retired; J. A. Stolwijk holds an emeritus position. We acknowledge the helpful input of the following individuals who served on the International Steering Committee for the North American combined analysis: Ken Chadwick (CEC Radiation Protection Program), Susan Conrath (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), Sarah Darby (Oxford University), Evan Douple (U.S. National Academy of Sciences), Colin Muirhead (UK National Radiation Protection Board), and Susan Rose (U.S. Department of Energy). Salary support for Drs. Field, Lynch, and Steck was provided in part by grant numbers R01 ES05653 and P30 ES05605 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH and grant number R01 CA85942 from the National Cancer Institute, NIH. This research was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (formerly the Medical Research Council of Canada) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to D. Krewski, who currently holds the NSERC/SSHRC/McLaughlin Chair in Population Health Risk Assessment at the University of Ottawa. Financial support for the meetings of the Analysis Team and the Steering Committee was also provided by Health Canada and the U.S. Department of Energy. We are grateful to Dr. Huixia Jiang for assistance with the combined analysis, and to Jackie Monaghan for technical assistance in preparing this report.

The Unholy Darkness: An Autobiography Sightlines: The View of a Valley Through the Voice of Depression How I Stayed Alive When My Brain Was Trying to Kill Me: One Person's Guide to Suicide Prevention The Thief of Happiness: The Story of an Extraordinary Psychotherapy Detour: My Bipolar Road Trip in 4-D

The Unholy Darkness: An Autobiography Sightlines: The View of a Valley Through the Voice of Depression How I Stayed Alive When My Brain Was Trying to Kill Me: One Person's Guide to Suicide Prevention The Thief of Happiness: The Story of an Extraordinary Psychotherapy Detour: My Bipolar Road Trip in 4-D

Review of the 1999 RCM Conference, Glasgow

A service of dedication opened the 117th Annual Meeting and Conference of the Royal College of Midwives in Glasgow. Soloists Susan Rose sang Words of Praise and Linda Donaldson sang the midwives' hymn, Vita Donum Dei (Life is the gift of God). A Celtic blessing concluded the service and a warm welcome to Glasgow. The Glasgow midwives did a brilliant job in a conference centre that seemed to engulf the 300+ midwives attending. The enormity of the centre seemed to reduce the normal camaraderie between delegates and others in attendance. There was certainly not the same buzz about the conference as in previous years. A ‘first timer’ from South Yorkshire was disappointed that the buzz she expected did not happen, although another midwife from the West Midlands did.

In Appreciation of Claude Warren and Susan Rose's "William Pengelly's Techniques of Archaeological Excavation"

The short (40 pages) pamphlet by Warren and Rose (1994) provides the answer to a complex question regarding credit for an important archaeological methodology, stratigraphic excavation. Let me set the stage for this appreciation.<br /><br />Continuing research on the beginnings of stratigraphic excavations in North America (Browman and Givens 1996), I sought the origins of the idea of actually excavating by strata, rather than post-facto interpretation, seen in North American as early as 1895 in the work of Henry Chapman Mercer, but not really introduced into the repertoire of American techniques until the work of Gamio, Kidder and Nelson between 1911 and 1914. The roots of the latter three seemed to lie with individuals such as Reisner, Boas, Uhle, who in turn seemed to rely on Hugo Obennaier, Gabriel de Mortillet, Marcellin Boule, and perhaps Pitt-Rivers, while Mercer's work could be traced to Boule and Albert Gaudry.<br /><br />Doggedly following back the roots, I found that Chapman (1989) could make a reasonable case that Pitt-Rivers had actually learned of the idea of strati­graphic excavation from Evans, Prestwich, and Lubbock, from the British scientists working with the Upper and Middle Paleolithic excavations during 1858-1868.

Book Reviews

Book review in this ArticleValuing the Environment, Raino MalnesControlling Environmental Policy: The Limits of Public Law in Germany and the United States, Susan Rose‐ AckermanUNEP's New Way Forward: Environmental Law and Sustainable Development, Lai KurukutasuriyaInternational Institutional Law, Henry G. Schermers and Niels M. BlokkerThe Precautionary Principle and International Law, The Challenge of Implementation, David Freestone and Ellen Hey (eds.)Participation in World Treaties on the Protection of the Environment: A Collection of Data, Maria Clara Maffei et al. (eds)

Review of &lt;em&gt;Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector.&lt;/em&gt; David Osborne and Ted Gaebler. Reviewed by Mark Lusk, Boise State University.

For most, the concept of a public entrepreneur is an oxymoron much like military music. But for a new generation of thinkers, such as those at the Progressive Policy Institute, government can be held accountable to its constituency by combining democratic representation with lessons learned in the marketplace. Therein lies the essence of a series of publications of which the present volume is among the better recent examples. Beginning with Peter Drucker's Age of Discontinuity in 1968 and culminating in the 1991 publication of Susan Rose- Ackerman's Rethinking the Progressive Agenda, non-conservatives have been considering the importance of market forces and consumer accountability to the management of the public sector. Lessons from the private sector are being incorporated into the building of a new model of democratic capitalism that the authors contend is being practiced from the schoolhouse to the Pentagon.

Language learning practices with deaf children. Patricia L. McAnally, Susan Rose, and Stephen P. Quigley. Boston, MA: College Hill Press, 1987, Pp. ix + 238.

Language learning practices with deaf children. Patricia L. McAnally, Susan Rose, and Stephen P. Quigley. Boston, MA: College Hill Press, 1987, Pp. ix + 238.

Reviews

International Journal of Nautical ArchaeologyVolume 13, Issue 4 p. 349-354 Reviews First published: November 1984 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1984.tb00166.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Book reviewed in this article: Research, international law and the sea in man's future La galeota ?Arle. Le capture ?une galere catalane en Camargue en 1469. PHILIPPE RIGAUD Ľépave étrusque ?Antibes et le commerce en Méditerranée occidentale au Vie siècle av. J.-C. BERNARD BOULOUMIÉ Yassi Ada I. A seventh-century Byzantine shipwreck. GEORGE F. BASS and FREDERIC H. VAN DOORNINCK Quaternary coastlines and marine archaeology: towards the prehistory of land bridges and continental shelves. P. M. MASTERS and N. C. FLEMMING (Eds) Middle English sea terms, standing and running rigging, volume 3. BERTIL SANDAHL The navy of the Lancastrian kings. SUSAN ROSE (Ed.) Volume13, Issue4November 1984Pages 349-354 RelatedInformation