Survival Rate Of Cuttings Research Articles

Karakteristik Pertumbuhan Mucuna (Mucuna bracteata L.) dengan Metode Sungkup dan Tidak Disungkup di Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai

Covering of Mucuna bracteate L. cuttings plays an important role in the survival rate of Mucuna Bracteata plants, as it helps maintain optimal humidity and temperature levels. The adjustment process after the cover is opened is very important before moving the cuttings to open land. This study aims to measure the impact of covering on the survival rate of cuttings. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAK). The treatments used were Covered (P1) and Uncovered (P2), by applying Topsoil 3kg (K0), Topsoil 1.5kg + Sand 1.5kg (K1), Topsoil 1.5kg + Black Soil 1.5kg (K2), Topsoil 1.5kg + Cow Manure 1.5kg (K3). This research was conducted from August 10 to September 9, 2024. This research was conducted in the Yard of a House in Ngaraja 1 Village, Dolok Merawan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. Based on the Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test, Covering and Topsoil (P1K0) consistently showed the best results in terms of number of shoots, tendril length, number of leaves and Root Length. This indicates that covering and topsoil provide optimal conditions for the early growth of Mucuna plants. Topsoil and sand (P1K1) showed the highest root volume. This suggests that the addition of sand to the topsoil may have increased aeration and water drainage, thus encouraging root development. Keywords: covering, vegetative growth, Mucuna bracteata L.

The Effect of Acute Gamma Irradiation on the Radiosensitivity and Morphology of Gomphrena pulchella

Gomphrena pulchella, commonly known as the button flower, stands as an exotic ornamental species celebrated for its beauty in landscaping, fencing, and potted displays. Gamma irradiation-induced mutation has emerged as a promising strategy for induced-mutant breeding. Nonetheless, the application of gamma radiation on G. pulchella remain limited. This study aimed to determine the optimal effective dose by radio sensitivity test and evaluate the effects of radiations on G. pulchella cutting. The cuttings of G. pulchella were irradiated using acute gamma at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy. Each treatment consisted of 35 cuttings. The irradiated cuttings were then planted into a perlite medium and after 60 days, the number of survived cuttings, the number of new leaves and shoots, the length of new shoots and days to flower bud emergence were measured. The survival rate of cuttings decreased as the dose of radiation increased. The highest mean survival rate was 97% obtained from the non-irradiated cuttings (0 Gy) followed by 89% from 10 Gy, 94% from 20 Gy, 69% from 40 Gy, 54% from 60 Gy and 31% from 80 Gy and only 9% survival at 100 Gy. Higher radiation rates also decreased the leaves and shoot numbers, shoot length and fluorescent emergence. Based on the survival rate graph, the lethal dose 50% (LD50) value was 59 Gy. The results revealed that gamma irradiation had various effects on the growth of G. pulchella including vegetative and flower development. The value of LD50 will be used to determine the optimal effective dose for further radiation-induced mutation in G. pulchella research.

DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL OF <i>CAMELLIA</i> SPP. IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS, VIETNAM, FOR DEVELOPING HIGH-VALUE PRODUCTS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

This article focuses on the potential use of yellow camellias in the food technology industry by analyzing and synthesizing information from previous publications. Many rare species of the genus Camellia have been discovered recently in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, including 10 new species discovered in Lam Dong Province between 2012 and 2016. These 10 species account for 55.55% of the 18 species growing naturally in the Central Highlands and demonstrate the diversity of Camellia in the region. The flowers range from light yellow to orange to deep yellow in color. The survival rate of cuttings is 72.24%–83.33%, and the rooting rate when seeds are sown approaches 100%. Yellow camellias do not contain caffeine. The main active ingredient is polyphenol, with a content of 5.22%–30.11% (mg GAE/100 g DW). Camellia extract does not cause acute toxicity and has a blood sugar-lowering effect. Vietnam has much experience growing green tea; the total green tea growing area is 131,200 hectares. The average annual yield is 6.90 tons of fresh leaves per hectare, and the current export market to 60 countries is the basis for expanding the yellow camellias growing area. The Central Highlands has great potential as a stable source of raw materials to create fermented beverages, tea powder, tea oil, and colorants.

Effect of Propagation Media and Plant Growth Regulators on Adventitious Rooting of Softwood Cuttings of Apocynum lancifolium Russanov

Background and objective: <i>Apocynum lancifolium</i> Russanov is a perennial herb native to Korea and belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Herein, cutting mediums and plant growth regulators (PGRs) were examined to investigate the requirements for the cutting propagation of <i>A. lancifolium</i>.Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 6 weeks from May to June 2023. As types of cutting medium for propagation by cutting, Kanuma soil, commercial potting mixes, perlite, and peat moss were used, and the PGRs of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at varying concentrations (100, 500, and 1,000 mg⋅L<sup>-1</sup>) and a 1:1 (v/v) solution of Rootone (0.4% 1-naphthylacetamide) diluted in water were applied for this study. After six weeks, growth characteristics, including cutting survival rate, rooting rate, shoot height, the number of leaves, root length, the number of roots, dry weight of shoots, and dry weight of roots, were examined.Results: Among the different growing substrates used for experimentation, the cutting survival rate on Kanuma soil (81.7 ± 5.0%) was the highest, followed by commercial potting mixes (40.0 ± 7.2%) and perlite (66.7 ± 2.7%), while the lowest cutting survival rate was on peat moss (35.0 ± 6.3%). On treatment with Kanuma soil (81.7 ± 5.0%), the rooting rate was also significantly greater than that when treated with other substrates. In the PGR experiment, the cutting survival rate and rooting rate treated with Rootone (0.4% 1-naphthylacetamide) were significantly higher than those when treated with other substrates. Further, the number of roots increased with an increase in the IBA concentration. Based on the results, we recommend treating <i>A. lancifolium</i> cuttings with Rootone and Kanuma soil to ensure successful cutting propagation of <i>A. lancifolium</i>.Conclusion: This mass production system for <i>A. lancifolium</i> via cutting propagation shows promise in terms of scalability and could help with germplasm conservation efforts for <i>A. lancifolium</i>.

КАЛЛУСООБРАЗОВАНИЕ КАК ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПРИЗНАК НЕДОСТАТКА АУКСИНА В СОСТАВЕ СТИМУЛЯТОРА РИЗОГЕНЕЗА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ УКОРЕНЕНИЯ IN VIVО ЧЕРЕНКОВ ХВОЙНЫХ КУЛЬТУР)

Characteristics of the effectiveness of rooting of coniferous crops are the percentage of rooting, the number of roots formed and their length. Callus formation often accompanies the rooting process, but research data on the relationship of this process with the effectiveness of rooting is contradictory. In the conditions of film cuttings equipped with heated substrate, studies were carried out on the relationship between the rooting of cuttings of coniferous crops and callus formation. To stimulate the rooting of semi-lignified cuttings of Juniperus scopulorum S. cultivar Skyrocket, growth powders Chrysatop and Rizapon 1% containing indolyl-3-butyric acid (IBA) in different concentrations were used. In the control treatment without a stimulant, all cuttings formed callus without rooting; when the bases of the cuttings were dusted with Chrysatop containing 0.25% IBA, callus formation decreased by 3.8 times, and the survival rate was 76%. In the variant with Rizapon powder containing 1% IMC, no callus formation was observed at all, the survival rate reached 81.4%. To stimulate the rooting of green cuttings of Juniperus scopulorum S. variety Blue Arrow, aqueous solutions of potassium salt IMC (IMC-K) were used in the concentration range from 0 to 150 mg/l when the bases of the cuttings were soaked for 16 hours. In the concentration range from 0 to 100 mg/l, an increase in survival rate by 1.89 and 3.87 times was observed, respectively, callus formation decreased by 3.38 times. To stimulate the rooting of semi-lignified cuttings of Thuja occidentalis L. variety Smaragd, Juníperus sabina L. species form and green cuttings of Thuja occidentalis L. variety Brabant, Kornevin growth powder containing 0.5% IBA was used. To obtain a concentration gradient, the powder was diluted with talc. Against the background of high survival rate of cuttings of Thuja occidentalis L. of both varieties – 82.85–96.9%, callus formation decreased from 92.9% in the control variant to 6.3% in the variant with pure Kornevin in cuttings of the Smaragd variety and from 71.88% in the control variant to 19.1% in variant Kornevin:talc 1:1 in cuttings of the Brabant variety. When rooting cuttings of Juniperus sabina L. with an increase in the concentration of IBA in the powder from 0 to 0.25% IBA, the survival rate increased from 10.71 to 89.29%, and the formation of callus on the cuttings decreased from 44.59 to 0%. The data obtained indicate that calus formation can serve as a sign of a lack of exogenous auxin in the rooting stimulator and, accordingly, an increase in the auxin content, all other things being equal, within the effective range is one of the ways to increase the percentage of survival of cuttings of coniferous crops.

STIMULASI AKAR STEK PUCUK PELAWAN MERAH (Tristaniopsis marguensis Griff.) DENGAN PEMANFAATAN HORMON SINTESIS DAN ALAMI

Red Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff.) Peter G. Wilson & J. T. Waterh is a member of the Myrtaceae family. This plant is widely spread in the forests of the Bangka Belitung Islands. This study aims to determine the success of Pelawan propagation by cuttings using a mixture of cocopeat, rice husk and rice husk charcoal as well as the application of synthetic and natural growth regulators (shallot extract). This study was designed using a factorial complete randomized design with the type of media and the type of growth regulator as the factors. Cutting material in the form of shoots, 6-10 cm in size, from a 2 - 4 years old pelawan tree in Pelawan Forest, Central Bangka. Synthetic hormones used the commercial brand Root-Up with a concentration of 15 g/10 ml, and natural hormones used shallot extract with a concentration of 200 g/300 ml of water. The results showed that the use of the two media did not have a significantly different effect, except for the percentage of surviving cuttings. Within 3 months of observation, the aplication of natural hormones, shallots, the cuttings which were able to root reached 4% with a root length of 16.5 mm, and to be sprouted as much as 2% with a shoot length of 5.5mm. Although the growth of cuttings treated with shallots was significantly lower than cuttings treated with synthetic hormones, the survival rate of cuttings reached 68% with shallot hormone treatment, indicating that shallots have the potential as an alternative natural hormone to stimulate the growth of T. merguensis cuttings.

Study on the Identification of Mildew Disease of Cuttings at the Base of Mulberry Cuttings by Aeroponics Rapid Propagation Based on a BP Neural Network

Accurate detection of cutting diseases in the process of aeroponic rapid propagation is very important for improving the rooting rate and survival rate of cuttings. This paper proposes to use image processing, with a dataset of the growth of mulberry cuttings and a backward propagation (BP) neural network, to identify mildew on the roots of mulberry branches in the process of rapid propagation, before extracting texture and color features. An intelligent control aeroponics system was designed to control the ambient temperature and humidity of the entire rapid propagation incubator according to the mildew rate, thereby improving the rapid propagation time of aeroponics, as well as the rooting and survival rates. In order to distinguish the extracted features, they were classified and identified using a constructed BP neural network model. The results indicated that the performance of the neutral network showed the lowest mean square error in the validation set after three rounds of training; therefore, the model of the third round was chosen as the best model. Furthermore, the training effect of the model revealed that the BP neural network model had good stability and could accurately identify diseases in the root zone of mulberry cuttings. After using MATLAB for neural network training, the regression results revealed correlation coefficients R of 0.98 for the fitting curve of the training dataset, 0.98 for the fitting curve of the test set, and 0.99 for the fitting curve of the validation set, indicating that the prediction results aligned well with the actual results. It can be concluded that research method described in this paper had excellent performance in identifying the health status of mulberry cuttings during the aeroponics rapid propagation process, and it was able to quickly and accurately identify mulberry cuttings affected by mildew disease with an accuracy rate of 80%. This research provides a technical reference for aeroponics rapid propagation factories and intelligent nurseries.

Role of IAA and Primary Metabolites in Two Rounds of Adventitious Root Formation in Softwood Cuttings of Camellia sinensis (L.)

The type of adventitious root formation of tea softwood cuttings is different from that of single node cuttings. In addition to the callus at the base of cuttings, the adventitious roots are also formed in the upper cortex of softwood cuttings. In order to find out the similarities and differences between the above two types of adventitious roots of softwood cuttings and the influencing factors for the differences, an integrated analysis of plant hormones, untargeted metabolomics, and transcriptomics of the softwood cutting stems at different positions is performed. The phytohormone results show that IAA plays a leading role, and a high ratio of in vivo auxin to GA3 or ABA facilitated root formation. The ratios of IAA/GA3 and IAA/ABA in the upper and base rooting parts of cuttings are both higher than the middle non-rooting transition zone. Differences in metabolites indicate that 73 metabolites are involved in the formation of adventitious roots in cuttings. Compared with the middle non-rooting transition zone, most saccharides are downregulated in the upper and base rooting parts of softwood cuttings, and the saccharides in the base rooting parts of cuttings are more consumed than that in the upper rooting parts. Most organic acids in the callus at the base of cuttings show an upward trend, while those in the upper rooting parts show a downward trend. Furthermore, coniferyl alcohol is the key metabolite for adventitious root formation in the upper and base rooting parts of cuttings. Transcriptome results show 1099 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are obtained, and KEGG enrichment analysis show that these DEGs are significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), two key modules which have a highly positive correlation with IAA are identified. In summary, maintaining the balance of endogenous hormones and sufficient nutritional elements is very important for adventitious root formation in tea plants. Clarifying the material basis of softwood cutting rooting of tea plant is of great significance to improve the cutting survival rate of tea plant (especially difficult rooting varieties) and shorten the breeding cycle.

Influence of growth regulators and length of cuttings on the propagation potential of Piper pedicellatum C. DC. – A threatened wild leafy vegetable of North-East India

Piper pedicellatum C. DC. is a wild leafy vegetable belonging to the family Piperaceae and is categorized as threatened species. It is one of the widely used popular leafy vegetable in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Sikkim, locally known as Rahre, Raro or Rori. The species is rich in vitamin A, Vitamin C, minerals, dietary fibre, antioxidants, protein, and energy and is also used as an ethnomedicinal plant. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of growth regulators IBA and IAA and length of stem cuttings on propagation potential of P. pedicellatum C. DC in the Forestry Nursery of North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology during the years 2018 and 2019. The experiment revealed that the performance of stem cuttings viz., time taken for first sprouting, maximum sprout per cutting, length of sprouted shoot, number of leaves per cutting, and maximum fresh weight of shoot are found better in the treatment of T4 (L1 + IBA 1500 ppm), T7 (L1 + IAA 1500 ppm), T11 (L2 + IBA 1500 ppm) and T14 (L2 + IAA 1500 ppm), respectively. Similarly, the maximum number of roots per cutting, root length, fresh and dry weight of roots were also recorded in the treatment of T4 (L2 + IAA 1500 ppm) at par with T11 (L1 + IBA 1500 ppm) during both the year. The mean maximum survival rate of cuttings with a higher rooting percentage was observed in T11, which is at par with T7, T14, and T4. Although L2 cuttings performed better than L1 cuttings, the difference was not so prominent. Stem cuttings, irrespective of their length, treated with IBA 1500 ppm and IAA 1500 ppm showed significantly superior performance over the cuttings treated with lower concentrations of IBA and IAA. The outcome of the present study indicated that the P. pedicellatum is a promising wild leafy vegetable plant that can be exploited for conservation, domestication, and cultivation through the vegetative propagation technique, with standardization of its production technology for the adoption of commercial cultivation of the threatened species.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ НА РАЗВИТИЕ КОРНЕСОБСТВЕННЫХ САЖЕНЦЕВ В ШКОЛКЕ

The purpose of the research was to identify growth stimulators that promote the activa-tion of growth processes and root formation, to improve the technology of growing high-quality own-rooted grape seedlings from shortened three-eyed cuttings. The influence of physiologically active substances (PAS): Epin, Silk, Kornevin, Nikfan, Kavkaz on sur-vival, activation of growth processes, root formation of shortened cuttings of Bianca grapes was determined. As a result of pro-cessing cuttings with PAS, the survival rate of cuttings in the nursery increased by 10.6–19.1 % relative to the control. The yield of seedlings of the variety in the experimental variants exceeded the control indicators by 2.8–18.4 %. The effect of preparations on plant growth was noted, the increase in one-year growth in the variants varied from 5.8 to 18.0 cm relative to the control. When the ba-sal part of the cuttings was briefly immersed in a 0.01 % solution of Nikfan, the growth length was 78.1 cm, when soaked in a 0.1 % solution of Kornevin – 76.8 cm, in a 0.1 % solution of Silk –75.5 cm, in the control this indicator was 60.1 cm. The positive effect of growth stimulants on the development of the root system has been established. The indica-tor of the average number of roots per own-rooted seedling for the variants varied from 10.5 to 12.5 pcs., in the control variant – 10.7 pcs. According to the complex of indi-cators, a variant with the treatment of the ba-sal part of the cuttings for 24 hours with the preparation Kornevin-0.1% was identified.

Biochemical characteristics of roots and quality of own-rooted planting material of grape varieties tolerant to phylloxera when using biologically active substances and hormones

The aim of the research is to conduct a comparative assessment of the biochemical status of roots and the influence of physiologically active compounds on the formation of the root system of phylloxera-tolerant grape varieties. It was established, that the hormonal status and the content of BAS in the root system of phylloxera-tolerant varieties of interspecific origin are different. It is assumed that the different survival rate of cuttings of V. vinifera L. varieties and varieties of interspecific origin are due to different hormonal status, in particular, the level of endogenous auxins and the degree of gene expression, including exogenous use of auxin drugs. On varieties of interspecific origin, with the non-root use of a solution of FAS based on cytokinin, auxin and trophic factor, in a ratio of 10:1:25, the formation of a powerful root system, an increase in the number of heel roots and the number of roots with a large diameter, an increase in the trophic potential of the elements of the root system compared with the pre-planting use of auxin preparation (NUC) is observed. this will contribute to the better development and early fruiting of root-related plants in the following years.

Features of energy willow biomass accumulation on floodplain soils of Polissia (Ukraine)

Purpose. To determine the parameters of the main factors affecting the productivity of energy plantations of willow on the floodplain soils of Polissya (Ukraine).Methods. The experimet with energy willow plantations were created using annual cuttings of the varieties ‘Zbruch’, ‘Ternopilska’ and a Salix triandra willow clone, planted in double rows with a distance of 0.75 m between them and with a row spacing of 1.5 m. Planting cuttings density: 10, 15 and 20 thousand pcs/ha.Results. After the first growing season in the 'Ternopilska' variety, the survival rate of cuttings on peat-bog soil ranged from 48.6 to 54.8 %, in the 'Zbruch' variety from 72.8 to 86.6 %, and in Salix triandra from 71.0 to 82.3 %. During the second growing season there was a significant decline in plants, especially in denser stands. On sandy soil, after the second year of vegetation, from 74.1 to 87.5 % of plants remained. Biomass productivity in the first 3 years on peat-bog soil was 0.58–1.10 t/ha/year in ‘Ternopilska’ variety, 0.80 to 3.28 t/ha/year in ‘Zbruch’ variety, and from 0.62 to 0.96 t/ha/year. At the same time, the density of plantations and edaphic conditions significantly affected the productivity of the dry mass of plants. In particular, on sandy loam soil, 'Ternopilska' variety in the first 2 years had productivity from 0.77 to 3.21 t/ha/year, which is significantly higher than on rich of organic substainces moistened peat-bog soils. The largest leaf area was in 'Ternopilska' variety on sandy loam soil, from 22.0 to 31.3 thousand m2/ha, and in 'Zbruch' variety (from 17.2 to 27.5 thousand m2/ha). The average photosynthetic potential according to the experimental options ranged from 1.67 to 5.06 million m2·day/ha, increasing with increasing planting density and leaf area. The highest net productivity of photosynthesis indicators are observed in 'Ternopilska' variety on sandy soil, from 0.98 to 1.62 g/m2 per day and in ‘Zbruch’ variety (0.70–1.16 g/m2 per day). At the same time, these indicators were maximum with a density of 15 thousand plants./ha.Conclusions. In floodplains of the Polissia, sandy loamy soils are more suitable for growing the willow energy biomass compared to peat-bog soils. Willow energy plantations have a large leaf surface area, high photosynthetic potential and net photosynthesis productivity, which provides relatively high biomass productivity indicators. On peat-bog soils from the studied varieties, it is advisable to use ‘Zbruch’ variety, which is characterized by high biomass productivity (3.28 t/ha/year), to create willow energy plantations.

Features of the growth of domestic varieties of Salix viminalis in the energy plantations on peat bog soils of Kyiv Polissia

Purpose. To define the peculiarities of the growth of two domestic varieties of the Salix viminalis L.: 'Ternopilska' and 'Zbruch' on the peat bog soils of Kyiv Polissia of Ukraine.Methods. Studies were conducted during 2017–2019 in the floodplain of the Teterev River in the Ivankivsky district of the Kyiv region on peat bog soil with a peat layer of 30 cm. Cuttings 25 cm long were planted in twin rows with a row distance of 0.75 m between twins and 1.50 m between twin rows. In a row cuttings were placed every 0.89; 0.59 and 0.45 m, which corresponds to densities of 10, 15 and 20 thousand cuttings per 1 ha. The area of the accounting site was 38 m2 with 3 times repetition of options; the placement of the sites is randomized. The survival rate of cuttings and the safety of willow plants was expressed as a percentage of the preserved plants to the number of planted cuttings; the height of the bushes was determined by a measured bar to within 1 cm, and the mass was determined by weighing on an electronic balance to within 5 g. The obtained data were processed on a computer using the Microsoft Excel package.Results. It was found that the survival rate of cuttings of 'Ternopilska' variety according to the density options was from 48.6 to 54.8% after the first year, and for 'Zbruch' variety from 72.8 to 86.6%. After the second year it decreased to 41.8–52.2% and 42.0–65.5%, and remained unchanged in the third year. After the end of the third year of vegetation, the average heights of 'Ternopilska' variety was from 144.6±4.69 to 178.7±4.94 cm and for 'Zbruch' variety - from 180.2±5.03 to 248.6±6.79 cm depending on planting density. In all variants of the experiment, height increment increased each year. The maximum growth rates in height (104.2 cm) were in plants of 'Zbruch' variety with a density of 20 thousand units / ha in the third year of vegetation, while being planted on loamy and sandy soils, the maximum growth of its plants in height was in the second year. In all variants of plant density, plantations of 'Zbruch' variety had a much higher dry mass productivity. At the same time, in the plantations of both varieties, the biomass yields increased with an increase in the number of plants per 1 ha and reached a maximum (9.84 t/ha in 'Zbruch' variety and 3.29 t/ha – in 'Ternopilska' variety) at 20 thousand plants per 1 ha.Conclusions. Of the two varieties of Salix viminalis studied on peat bog soils of Kyiv Polissya, 'Zbruch' variety is more suitable for creating energy plantations, which is characterized by a higher survival rate of cuttings, more intensive growth and higher biomass productivity (up to 9.84 t/ha).

Improving the technology of obtaining clonal root stocks of stone fruit crops

The aim of the research was to study the effect of the cuttings rooting period on the yield of high-quality rootstocks of stone fruit crops. In accordance with the developed methodology of research, modern rootstocks of stone fruit crops on the Crimean selection station Eureka 99 and Kuban 86 for plum, apricot, peach, and also VSL-2 for cherry and sweet cherry were studied. The paper presents the results of three-year experiments on the study effect of the rooting period hardwood cutting for standard stone seed root stocks. The data of mathematical processing the obtained results indicate the rooting period has a significant impact on the survival of hardwood cuttings. During the experiment, the average for the studied rootstocks during the autumn period of rooting, the survival rate of the cuttings was significantly higher than for the spring by 2.8%. According to the obtained data, on average, in terms of rooting for the stock Eureka 99, the highest survival rate of cuttings in experience was observed, significantly exceeding the figure of the other rootstocks by 21, 1-25, 4%. Output rates of standard rootstocks were adequate for the number of rooted cuttings. The results given in the article indicate that rootstocks Eureka 99 and VSL-2 have the highest yield of rootstocks per hectare observed during the spring planting season, exceeding the autumn planting dates by 109 and 217 thousand pieces respectively. The Kuban 86 rootstock has a reverse pattern. The article presents the results of sorting the obtained rootstocks by quality degrees. According to the data obtained, the highest yield of the first grade seedlings in the experiment was observed on almost all variants during the autumn term of rooting.

Early growth and graft success in macadamia seedling and cutting rootstocks

Rootstocks play a vital role in growth and productivity of tree crops through water and nutrient translocation and signal transduction to the scion. Early vigour and graft compatibility of rootstocks are important for further growth and development of the scion, and hence for productivity. This study aimed to identify the variability of early growth and graft success of cuttings and seedlings of different species, cultivars and breeding lines of macadamia that will be subsequently screened in a macadamia rootstock field trial. The experiments were conducted in a mist house at Maroochy Research Facility, Nambour. The experiments comprised macadamia seedlings and cuttings of eight commercial cultivars, fifteen breeding lines, and different sources of wild germplasm of Macadamia tetraphylla, M. jansenii and M. ternifolia. All the existing cultivars and breeding lines in the study are derived from M. tetraphylla and/or M. integrifolia species. There was significant variation among the genotypes in cutting survival and growth rates for both seedlings and cuttings. The study identified a breeding line (BHI2) which produces strong cutting root systems with better striking rates (100%) than existing rootstock cultivars. Cutting survival rate was greatest in standard macadamia rootstocks (79%) and least in M. ternifolia (46%). Growth rate varied depending on the genotype and the method of propagation. ‘H2’ seedlings were greatest for height increase rate, while cuttings of M.jan3, M. ter1, M.ter3, BHI1, BHI2, BHY1, ‘A268’, ‘A4’, ‘D4’ and ‘Daddow’ showed greater growth in height than ‘H2’. Both seedlings and cuttings of BHI2, cuttings of BDW4, M.ter1, M.jan3, BHY1, and seedlings of M.tet2 had greater stem diameter increase rate than ‘H2’. Among groups, standard rootstocks had the greatest rate of increase in height and breeding progeny of high index value had the greatest rate of stem diameter increase. Graft success was significantly higher in seedlings than cuttings. Cuttings of BHI2, ‘D4’ and ‘Daddow’, and seedlings of BDW5, M.tet2, BHI3 and BHY1 outperformed ‘H2’ for graft success. Results from this study suggest that initial rooting in cuttings can be an indicator of graft success. After planting the grafted tree, the relationship of the pre-grafting characteristics of the rootstock with the performance of the scion can be used as tools of identifying high performing rootstocks in the macadamia breeding program.

English

English

Effect of Indole-3-butyric Acid and Maturity Level of Single Node Stem Cuttings on Propagation of Exacum ritigalensis

A study was conducted to observe the effect of different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and maturity levels of single node stem cuttings for vegetative propagation ofE. ritigalensis. Branches of the plant were treated by 20% Clorox in 20 minutes and rinsed it two times using distilled water. Stems cuttings weregrouped into three according to the diameter (20-30 mm, soft wood; 30-40 mm, semi hardwood and 40-50 mm, hardwood).Three differentways of leaves remaining in single node stem cuttings were used; half of single leaf, half double opposite leaves and without leaf. Stem cuttings were treated by IBA (0, 2, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 mgL-1) for 15 minutes.Plant propagators were prepared by poly bags (150 gauges) and filled by sterilized coir dust. Thereafter, they were kept in two months and observed the survival rates of cuttings (greenish or not),number of roots,length of the lengthiest root, number of buds and number of leaves per bud. Experiments were arranged in three factor factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) with ten replicates. Statistical analysis was performed with Duncan’s multiple range test using SAS software (version 9.1.3). It was observed that rooting was at initial stage of all cuttings after one month. Result were showed that the semi hardwood single node stem with half single leaf or double leavestreated by 10 mgL-1 and 15 mgL-1 IBA were best for rooting compare to other all treatments and control, showed 100% survival rate with three buds per cutting.

Preventing unwanted spread of invasive fungal species in willow (Salix spp.) plantations

In North America, biomass production of fast-growing trees represents an important forestry and agroforestry practice for bioenergy, bioproducts and phytoremediation. In Canada, imported cuttings are used as the propagation material to establish Short Rotation Intensive Culture (SRIC) of willow. Profiling the mycodiversity of willow cuttings is vital for early diagnosis, prevention or control of exotic diseases. It also helps to identify disease tolerant willow genotypes to increase the survival rate of cuttings and the establishment of high-density tree plantations, free of introduction of alien pathogenic species to the Canadian ecosystems. In this study, a total of 82 fungal taxa were isolated and identified from asymptomatic willow cuttings imported in Canada. The most abundant phylum was Ascomycota, although some Basidiomycota (Agaricales and Tremellales) were also detected. The most abundant fungal taxa belonged to Hypocreales, while the most abundant species belonged to Kabatiella in Dothideales. In vitro and in planta bioassays results, combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses, revealed that potentially pathogenic species belonging to Glomeraceae, Dermateaceae, Diaporthaceae and Venturiaceae may originate from the willow cuttings, which could be transmitted to tree plantations and spread via standard management and coppice practices. A newly discovered Lecythophora–Coneochaeta complex was the most frequently observed. Pathogenic Cadophora spp. were also detected; they are a potential threat to the health of willow during long cold-storage of cuttings. Among cultivars, SV1 (Salix dasyclados) showed low infection rates and demonstrates the possibility of risk stratification according to willow genotypes.

Enraizamento adventício de estacas deVarronia curassavicaJacq. com uso de ácido indolbutírico

This work studied the need for the use of exogenous auxinindole-butyl acid (IBA) on rooting cuttings of Varronia curassavica Jacq. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with partial control of temperature and humidity in the experimental area of Horticultural sector of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFTM) in Uberaba, MG, Brazil. It has been evaluated the effects of different AIB doses in the rooting process of cuttings (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1000 mg L-1), then planted in plastic tubes containing a mixture of sand and vermiculite in-house-vegetation. The experimental design was a randomized block with six quantitative treatments and four replications, totaling 24 experimental units. After 65 days, were evaluated the rooting by the survival rate of cuttings and statistical analysis was performed using regression analysis. The best dose of IBA hormone for rooting cuttings, for the largest number of sprouting, was 223 mg L-1, by adjusting the degree of model 2. For other doses, do not differ significantly from the control. It is concluded that can be carried out efficiently rooting of the Varronia curassavica Jacq. at a dose of 223 mg L-1 IBA, in semi controlled environmental conditions.

Resprout and Survival of Willow (Salix) Cuttings on Bioengineering Structures in Actively Eroding Gullies in Marls in a Mountainous Mediterranean Climate: A Large-Scale Experiment in the Francon Catchment (Southern Alps, France).

Improving the understanding of the role of vegetation and bioengineering structures on erosion and sedimentation control, especially in torrent-prone catchments in a mountainous Mediterranean climate, has become a key issue today for the scientific community working in ecological engineering and restoration ecology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of willow (Salix) cuttings in resprouting and survival on bioengineering structures in actively eroding gullies in marls and to identify the factors influencing this performance. Measurements were taken from 2008 to 2011 on 336 bioengineering structures, namely brush layers on wooden sills (BL) and brush layers with brush mats on wooden sills (BLM), using 8890 cuttings of Salix purpurea and Salix incana. These structures were built in 18 gullies of the Francon Catchment in marls (73 ha) in the Southern French Alps. After four growing seasons, the results revealed a total cutting survival rate of 45%. They also demonstrated that in BLM, brush mats provided better survival (56%) than brush layers (37%). In BL, brush layers alone showed 51% cutting survival. Cutting resprout and survival were observed for all structure aspects. They were positively related to increasing gully size and vegetation cover on gully sides. The results of this large-scale experiment clarified previous data obtained on a limited sample of bioengineering structures, providing further detail and showing that it is possible to use such structures made of willow cuttings to revegetate actively eroding gullies in marls within a mountainous Mediterranean climate.