Survey Of Pests Research Articles

Survey of some insect pests of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), from Kopargaon tahasil of Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, India

Survey of some insect pests of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), from Kopargaon tahasil of Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, India

Survey and Management of Major Insect Pests of Summer Paddy

Roving survey was conducted for the major insect pests of summer paddy in north eastern zone of Karnataka. At vegetative stage, the incidence of yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) was highest in Vijayanagar district (2.38%), whereas, the occurrence of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (1.61/hill), green leafhopper Nephotettix nigropictus (Stål) (1.66/ hill) and rice gall fly Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (6.10%) was maximum in Koppal. The incidence of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) (1.33%) was highest in Raichur. All the five insects pest of summer paddy surveyed were abudant in Koppal at reproductive stage. The efficacy of bioagents was evaluated. Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) formulations. Dipel was effective with least S. incertulas (1.93%) and C. medinalis damage (1.72%) whereas, azadirachtin and Dipel recorded the lowest S. incertulas (2.64% and 2.72%) and C. medinalis (1.67% and 1.71%), respectively. Similarly, azadirachtin and Metarhizium anisopliae recorded lowest N. lugens (1.90 hoppers/ hill) and N. nigropictus (0.70 hoppers/ hill) after three sprays at 15 days interval.

Characterisation of palms and ornamentals in the EU: a tool for crop‐based survey of Union quarantine pests

Characterisation of palms and ornamentals in the EU: a tool for crop‐based survey of Union quarantine pests

Characterisation of fruit trees in the EU: a tool for crop‐based survey of Union quarantine pests

Abstract This technical report was prepared in the context of the EFSA mandate on plant pest surveillance (M‐2020‐0114) at the request of the European Commission. Its purpose is to support Member States in planning and preparing crop‐based surveys of Union quarantine pests in line with Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. In particular, the report includes a list of species reported as hosts of the regulated pests targeted by the call: GP/EFSA/PLANTS/2022/05 – 'Development of crop‐based survey tools for plant pests of fruit trees, conifers, and palms and ornamentals in the EU' – Lot 1. Additionally, a classification of their occurrence in the EU is provided. The report provides basic information regarding the cultivation in the EU of 19 species of fruit trees widely cultivated in the EU, hosting at least one pest of the call in the families of the Ebenaceae, i.e. persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. f.); Ericaceae, i.e. bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), high‐bush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum); Lythraceae, i.e. pomegranate (Punica granatum L.); Moraceae, i.e. silkworm mulberry (Morus alba), fig (Ficus carica L.); Rosaceae, i.e. apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), pear (Pyrus communis L.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), plum (Prunus domestica), almond (Prunus dulcis Miller D.A. Webb.), apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), sour cherry (Prunus cerasus), peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.); Rutaceae, i.e. bitter orange (Citrus × aurantium L.); and Vitaceae, i.e. grape (Vitis vinifera). For the selection of cultivated fruit‐tree species, information on the main phenological stages, management practices, agroecosystems, climate suitability and distribution, regulatory requirements and trade of key commodities are provided.

Diagnostic Survey of Honeybee Diseases, Pests and Predators in Selected Districts of West Hararghe Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Darolabu, Ciro and Gemechis Districts of West Hararghe Zone with the objective of determining the occurrence and prevalence of honeybee diseases, pests and predators and their effects on honeybee colonies and bee products in selected districts of West Hararghe Zone. Three districts were purposefully selected based on their relative beekeeping potentials in highland, midland and lowland agro–ecologies. Three Kebeles from each district and ten beekeepers from each Kebeles were selected for the interview. For major honey bee diseases and pest examination, a total of 68 suspected bee colonies were sampled. Out of the total respondents, 58% and 77.4% of beekeepers replied that honeybee colonies and honey yield, respectively, were decreasing from time to time. The respondents listed a lack of bee forages, disease, pest and predators as the major constraints of beekeeping in the study area in their decreasing orders. Wax moth, honey badger and hive beetles were more commonly occurring pests and predators, while nosema and amoeba were among the important diseases. The prevalence all bee diseases and pests including nosema, amoeba, varroa mite, bee lice, wax moth, and small hive beetle, was not associated with either agro-ecology or hive type. The factors contributing for their prevalence across all agro-ecologies and hive types need further study.

A Field Survey of the Most Important Insect Pests Affecting Cut Flowers in Central Iraq

A Field Survey of the Most Important Insect Pests Affecting Cut Flowers in Central Iraq

Demography and fitness of Sesamia inferens Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on three important gramineous crops

BackgroundPink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker), a major rice pest, has rarely been reported to cause serious damage to sorghum in China. During a survey of insect pests in glutinous sorghum for Chinese liquor production areas in Guizhou Province, it was found that S. inferens has caused serious damage to local sorghum in recent years.MethodsIn this context, we assessed the adaptation of S. inferens to three gramineous crop host plants (maize, rice and sorghum) based on age-stage, two-sex life table theory.ResultsSesamia inferens had the highest development time, survival rate and total longevity on rice, followed by on sorghum and maize. There was no significant difference in intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase among maize (r = 0.0702 day−1, λ = 1.0727 day−1), sorghum (r = 0.0681 day−1, λ = 1.0705 day−1) and rice (r = 0.0645 day−1, λ = 1.0666 day−1), but the mean generation period (T) was significantly higher for populations reared on rice (53.84 days) than on sorghum (49.53 days) and maize (47.31 days).ConclusionsThe results of our study indicate that S. inferens was able to complete the full developmental cycle on all three host plants. This study further supports that glutinous sorghum is an adaptable host plant for S. inferens.

Characterisation of conifers in the EU: a tool for crop‐based survey of Union quarantine pests

Characterisation of conifers in the EU: a tool for crop‐based survey of Union quarantine pests

Survey and Population Fluctuation of Major Pests Infesting Kidney Bean Crops and its Relation with Natural Enemies in Assiut, Egypt

Survey and Population Fluctuation of Major Pests Infesting Kidney Bean Crops and its Relation with Natural Enemies in Assiut, Egypt

Introduction to PM 3 Standards on Phytosanitary procedures

EPPO BulletinVolume 52, Issue 3 p. 516-517 EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATIONFree Access Introduction to PM 3 Standards on Phytosanitary procedures PM 3/66 (3), PM 3/77 (2), PM 3/81 (3), PM 3/82 (3), PM 3/94 (1) First published: 20 December 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12898AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat 1 APPROVAL EPPO Standards are approved by the EPPO Council. The date of approval appears in each individual Standard. In the terms of Article II of the IPPC, EPPO Standards are Regional Standards for the members of EPPO. 2 REVIEW EPPO Standards are subject to periodic review and amendment. The next review date for this set of EPPO Standards is decided by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations. 3 AMENDMENT RECORD Amendments will be issued as necessary, numbered and dated. The dates of amendment appear in each individual Standard (as appropriate). 4 SCOPE EPPO Phytosanitary Procedures are intended to be used by NPPOs in their capacity as bodies responsible for the inspection and testing of plants and plant products moving in trade, or for the implementation of surveys against quarantine pests. 5 DEFINITIONS These definitions are extracted from the Glossary of phytosanitary terms (IPPC, 2019): Inspection: Official visual examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine if pests are present and/or to determine compliance with phytosanitary regulations. Monitoring: An official ongoing process to verify phytosanitary situations. Phytosanitary procedure: Any official method for implementing phytosanitary measures, including the performance of inspections, tests, surveillance or treatments in connection with regulated pests. Survey (of pests): An official procedure conducted over a defined period to determine the presence or absence of pests, or the boundaries or characteristics of a pest population, in an area, place of production or production site. Test: Official examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles, other than visual, to determine if pests are present, identify pests or determine compliance with specific phytosanitary requirements. 6 OUTLINE OF REQUIREMENTS EPPO Standards on phytosanitary procedures describe the methods to be followed for performing inspections or tests of commodities moving in trade, or surveys against quarantine pests. Methods to be followed for performing treatments of commodities and treatments of crops for containment or eradication of regulated pests are included in series PM10. EPPO Standards on phytosanitary procedures arise from the programmes of activity of the EPPO Panels on Phytosanitary Measures, on Phytosanitary Measures for Potato, and on Phytosanitary Procedures. The full list of phytosanitary procedures Standards (Series PM3) is available at https://www.eppo.int/RESOURCES/eppo_standards/pm3_procedures with direct links to the Standards in the EPPO Bulletin. The new and revised Standards published in the present issue of the EPPO Bulletin are PM 3/66 (3) Guidelines for the management of plant health risks of biowaste of plant origin, PM 3/77 (2) Vegetable plants for planting under protected conditions -Inspection of places of production, PM 3/81 (3) Inspection of consignments for Xylella fastidiosa, PM 3/82 (3) Inspection of places of production for Xylella fastidiosa, PM 3/94 (1) Raising professional operators' awareness of regulated and emerging plant pests. REFERENCES EPPO (2022) EPPO Standard PM 1/2 EPPO A1 and A2 lists of pests recommended for regulation in EPPO countries. In EPPO Standards: General phytosanitary measures. EPPO, Paris (FR). Available at https://www.eppo.int/media/uploaded_images/RESOURCES/eppo_standards/pm1/pm1-002-31-en_A1A2_2022.pdf [accessed on 1 October 2022] or in EPPO Global Database https://gd.eppo.int/standards/PM1/ [accessed on 1 October 2022]. FAO (2008) ISPM No. 31, Methodologies for Sampling of Consignments. IPPC Secretariat. FAO, Rome (IT). Available at https://www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2016/11/ISPM_31_2008_Sampling_of_consignments_EN.pdf [accessed 1 November 2020]. IPPC (2019) Glossary of phytosanitary terms. ISPM no. 5. In International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, pp. 41– 63. IPPC Secretariat, FAO, Rome (IT). Available at https://www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2019/06/ISPM_05_2019_En_Glossary_2019-06-26_PostCPM-14-Fixed.pdf [accessed 1 November 2020]. Volume52, Issue3December 2022Pages 516-517 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Survey of insect pests of summer pearl millet in Gujarat

Survey of insect pests of summer pearl millet in Gujarat

An intelligent monitoring system of diseases and pests on rice canopy.

Accurate and timely surveys of rice diseases and pests are important to control them and prevent the reduction of rice yields. The current manual survey method of rice diseases and pests is time-consuming, laborious, highly subjective and difficult to trace historical data. To address these issues, we developed an intelligent monitoring system for detecting and identifying the disease and pest lesions on the rice canopy. The system mainly includes a network camera, an intelligent detection model of diseases and pests on rice canopy, a web client and a server. Each camera of the system can collect rice images in about 310 m2 of paddy fields. An improved model YOLO-Diseases and Pests Detection (YOLO-DPD) was proposed to detect three lesions of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Chilo suppressalis, and Ustilaginoidea virens on rice canopy. The residual feature augmentation method was used to narrow the semantic gap between different scale features of rice disease and pest images. The convolution block attention module was added into the backbone network to enhance the regional disease and pest features for suppressing the background noises. Our experiments demonstrated that the improved model YOLO-DPD could detect three species of disease and pest lesions on rice canopy at different image scales with an average precision of 92.24, 87.35 and 90.74%, respectively, and a mean average precision of 90.11%. Compared to RetinaNet, Faster R-CNN and Yolov4 models, the mean average precision of YOLO-DPD increased by 18.20, 6.98, 6.10%, respectively. The average detection time of each image is 47 ms. Our system has the advantages of unattended operation, high detection precision, objective results, and data traceability.

Hierarchical governance in invasive species survey campaigns

Large-scale delimiting surveys are critical for detecting pest invasions and often undertaken at different governance levels. In this study, we consider two-level hierarchical planning of surveys of harmful invasive pests including a government agency with a mandate to report the spatial extent of an invasion, and regional governments (counties) concerned about the possible threat of an outbreak. The central agency plans delimiting pest surveys across multiple administrative subdivisions. Counties could participate in these surveys if funds become available. Our goal is to find the optimal levels of cooperation between the central agency and regional governments in the form of the central agency sharing funds with regional governments in a way that benefits both it and the other entities. We propose a Stackelberg game model that finds optimal levels of collaboration between two levels of government in large-scale pest survey campaigns. We apply the model to surveillance of hemlock woolly adelgid, a harmful pest of hemlock trees in Ontario, Canada. Our solutions help anticipate the underperformance of surveys conducted by regional governments because their goals do not fully align with the central agency survey objective. The methodology can be adapted to explore governance hierarchies in other regions and political jurisdictions.

Insect pests of Khasi mandarin in East and West Khasi hills district of Meghalaya

Roving survey of insect pests on Khasi mandarin carried out during August 2018 to February 2019 in the East and West Khasi hills districts of Meghalaya revealed the spectrum of insect pests. The survey covered five villages in each district, that is major citrus growing one. The results revealed eight insect species as the more dominant, and incidence observed individually for these showed that the citrus leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella) was found in abundantly in all the villages. The vector pests of citrus aphid (Toxoptera citricida) was found more in citrus tristeza viral disease prone areas and citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi) also occurred.

SURVEY OF BACTERIA AND PESTS OF SMOKED CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (AFRICAN CATFISH) OBTAINED FROM IKPAYONGO, ABINSI AND DAUDU MARKETS

Survey of bacteria and pests of smoked Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) obtained from selected Markets (Ikpayongo, Abinsi and Daudu Markets) in Benue State Nigeria was carried out. Of the markets where the survey was carried out, microbial population count was highest in Daudu market (6.26±0.29) while the least (6.14±0.56) was recorded for Ikpayongo market. Of the 9 isolates (Shigella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus sp, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sp, Esherichia coli, Streptococcus sp, Micrococcus sp and Enterobacter sp) while Bacillus sp has the highest mean population count from Abinsi market, highest mean population counts (7.75±0.25 and 7.67±0.20) were recorded for Shigella sp from Daudu and Ikpayongo markets, respectively. The lowest mean population counts (4.15±3.45), (4.45±0.05) and (5.75±0.25) were recorded for Streptopcoccus sp, Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coli, respectively. Highest mean fungi population counts (6.82±0.63) was recorded for Daudu markets while the least (6.28±0.65) was recorded for Abinsi market. Of the six (6) fungi isolates (Penecillium sp, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sp, Mucor sp, Aspergillus fumigates, and Rhizopus sp), highest mean fungi population count (8.65±0.15), (8.80±0.30) and (8.65±0.15) were recorded for Aspergillus sp from Abinsi, Daudu and Ikpayongo markets, respectively while the lowest (2.56±0.20), (2.64±0.03) and (2.61±0.70) mean fungi population counts were recorded for Rhizopus sp from Abinsi, Daudu and Ikpayongo markets, respectively. Highest mean bacterial count (6.87±0.05) was recorded for Daudu market while lowest mean bacterial count (6.27±0.01) was recorded for Ikpayongo market. Also, while highest mean fungi count (6.77±0.01) was recorded for Daudu market, the lowest (6.21±0.01) was recorded for Abinsi market. Three species of pest (Blow flies, Necrobiarufibes and Dermestes maculate) were observed during the study period. Of the three species of pest, the highest percentage (%) frequency of occurrence (12.00), (38.00%) and (55.60%) were recorded for Blow flies, Necrobia rufibes and Necrobia rufibes from Abinsi, Daudu and Ikpayongo markets, respectively while the lowest (11.00%), (11.00%) and (11.50%) were recorded for Necrobia rufibes, Blow flies and Blow flies from Abinsi, Daudu and Ikpayongo markets, respectively. Generally, Necrobia rufibes was most prevalent while blow flies were the least abundant pest observed.

ANALISIS KESELAMATAN KERJA DALAM PELAKSANAAN SURVEI PENGENDALIAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT IKAN AIR TAWAR

Survey implementation is a way to get data of controlling fish pests and diseases. The impact of fish pests and diseases attacked cause of losses for aquaculture activity. However, there is no job safety analysis in implementation survey of fish pest and disease management. The aim of this study was to determine the job safety analysis in implementation survey to control fish pests and diseases. This research was conducted in 7 regencies/cities in Bangka Belitung Province from February to September 2021. This research used descriptive qualitative survey. Data collected by Walk Through Survey (WTS), interviews and documentation. Then, analyzed with Job Safety Analysis so the level of risk and impact on job safety can be assessed. The results of this study are the implementation survey of fish pests and disease management has low to high risk of work accidents. Some control efforts such as through administration, substitution and personal protective equipment (PPE) can prevent to work accidents.Key words : Analysis, Fishery, Job, Safety.

Introduction to PM 3 Standards on Phytosanitary procedures

EPPO BulletinVolume 51, Issue 3 p. 352-353 EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATIONFree Access Introduction to PM 3 Standards on Phytosanitary procedures PM 3/76 (2), PM 3/78 (2), PM 3/80 (2), PM 3/68 (2), PM 3/92 (1), PM 3/93 (1) First published: 16 December 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12818AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat 1 APPROVAL EPPO Standards are approved by the EPPO Council. The date of approval appears in each individual Standard. In the terms of Article II of the IPPC, EPPO Standards are Regional Standards for the members of EPPO. 2 REVIEW EPPO Standards are subject to periodic review and amendment. The next review date for this set of EPPO Standards is decided by the EPPO Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations. 3 AMENDMENT RECORD Amendments will be issued as necessary, numbered and dated. The dates of amendment appear in each individual Standard (as appropriate). 4 SCOPE EPPO Phytosanitary Procedures are intended to be used by NPPOs in their capacity as bodies responsible for the inspection and testing of plants and plant products moving in trade, or for the implementation of surveys against quarantine pests. 5 DEFINITIONS These definitions are extracted from the Glossary of phytosanitary terms (IPPC, 2019): Inspection: Official visual examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine if pests are present and/or to determine compliance with phytosanitary regulations. Monitoring: An official ongoing process to verify phytosanitary situations. Phytosanitary procedure: Any official method for implementing phytosanitary measures, including the performance of inspections, tests, surveillance or treatments in connection with regulated pests. Survey (of pests): An official procedure conducted over a defined period to determine the presence or absence of pests, or the boundaries or characteristics of a pest population, in an area, place of production or production site. Test: Official examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles, other than visual, to determine if pests are present, identify pests or determine compliance with specific phytosanitary requirements. 6 OUTLINE OF REQUIREMENTS EPPO Standards on phytosanitary procedures describe the methods to be followed for performing inspections or tests of commodities moving in trade, or surveys against quarantine pests. Methods to be followed for performing treatments of commodities and treatments of crops for containment or eradication of regulated pests are included in series PM10. EPPO Standards on phytosanitary procedures arise from the programmes of activity of the EPPO Panels on Phytosanitary Measures, on Phytosanitary Measures for Potato, and on Phytosanitary Procedures. The full list of phytosanitary procedures Standards (Series PM3) is available at https://www.eppo.int/RESOURCES/eppo_standards/pm3_procedures with direct links to the Standards in the EPPO Bulletin. The new and revised Standards published in the present issue of the EPPO Bulletin are listed below: PM 3/81 (2) Inspection of consignments for Xylella fastidiosa PM 3/82 (2) Inspection of places of production for Xylella fastidiosa PM 3/88 (1) Testing of potato varieties to assess resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum PM 3/89 (1) Control of volunteer potato plants PM 3/90 (1) Inspection of citrus fruits consignments PM 3/91 (1) Sentinel woody plants: concepts and application REFERENCES EPPO (2020) EPPO Standard PM 1/2 EPPO A1 and A2 lists of pests recommended for regulation in EPPO countries. In EPPO Standards: General phytosanitary measures. EPPO, Paris (FR). Available at [accessed on 1 November 2020] or in EPPO Global Database https://www.eppo.int/media/uploaded_images/RESOURCES/eppo_standards/pm1/pm1-002-29-en.pdfhttps://gd.eppo.int/standards/PM1/ [accessed on 1 November 2020]. Google Scholar FAO (2008) ISPM No. 31, Methodologies for Sampling of Consignments. IPPC Secretariat. FAO, Rome (IT). Available at https://www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2016/11/ISPM_31_2008_Sampling_of_consignments_EN.pdf [accessed 1 November 2020]. Google Scholar IPPC (2019) Glossary of phytosanitary terms. ISPM no. 5. In International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, pp. 41– 63. IPPC Secretariat, FAO, Rome (IT). Available at https://www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2019/06/ISPM_05_2019_En_Glossary_2019-06-26_PostCPM-14-Fixed.pdf [accessed 1 November 2020]. Google Scholar Volume51, Issue3December 2021Pages 352-353 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Survey of storage insect pests and management of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, using botanicals on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) at Jawi District, Northwestern Ethiopia

Storage pests are the main cause of crop losses. This study was carried out to assess the status of storage insect pest infestation and evaluate the efficacy of botanicals for the management of rice weevil at Jawi District, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess storage insect pest infestation. Botanical insecticides were evaluated against Sitophilus oryzae. The treatments were arranged using completely randomized design and replicated three times. Data were collected through questionnaire and experiment and analysed using SAS version 9.0. The result of the study showed that the most important insect pests of stored sorghum were S. oryzae (57%), maize weevil 17% and other pests were 26% and 100% store infestation were recorded. The species of storage insect pests identified were rice weevil, maize weevil, angoumois grain moth, flour beetle, flat grain beetles and saw-toothed grain beetle. The average grain weight loss was 13.63%, physical grain damage 7.22%, germination speed index of 46.36% and germination percentage of 68.75% were recorded. Experimental results revealed that all treatments were exhibited significant differences in mortality rate against S. oryzae. Efficacy of botanical revealed that neem seed powder (50.70%) and garlic (53.33%) were significantly superior in efficacy against S. oryzae after 28th days of exposure. Neem leaf powder, Mexican tea, orange peel and ginger gave moderate mortality rate of 48.55, 26.11, 36.87 and 41.65, respectively, compared with the control. All botanicals have the potential F1 S. oryzae reduction effect. The highest F1 reduction was recorded in neem seed powder (73.14%), neem leaf powder (72.54%) and garlic (66.94%). The highest mean germination of 70, 63.33 and 61.33% were recorded from neem seed powder, garlic and neem leaf powder exposed seeds, respectively. Neem seed powder, garlic and neem leaf powder can be suggested as management options of S. oryzae in storage condition.

Detection of Monema flavescens (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) Cocoons Using Small Unmanned Aircraft System.

Current unmanned aircraft system (a.k.a. drone) technology is an effective tool for aerial survey of pests including weeds, plant diseases, and insects. This study was conducted to develop an aerial survey method that can locate cocoons of the oriental moth, Monema flavescens Walker, for precise and accurate detection of the cocoons in winter to prevent defoliation in the subsequent summer. We used a rotary-wing drone for an aerial survey of M. flavescens cocoons on 15 trees at 3-5 m above the tree canopy. We also conducted a conventional ground survey of M. flavescens cocoons on the same trees for two different conditions of cocoons: open (i.e., adult moths already emerged from cocoons) and closed (i.e., adult moths were not emerged yet). A validation census with destructive sampling was conducted to determine the precision and accuracy of the aerial and ground survey methods. The results of this study showed that from the aerial survey with the drone, images of open cocoons differed from those of closed cocoons. We found higher precision and accuracy and lower type I and II error rates for closed cocoons by the aerial survey with the drone than those by the ground survey. No significant relationships of the number of cocoons with tree height and diameter at breast height were found. This is the first study to demonstrate direct detection of insects with an aerial survey by using a drone.

Incidence of potato green aphid and Lyriomiza sp. in radish plants grown on different levels of organic fertilizer

Radish is a short cycle horticultural product from family Brassicaceae. Between the insects found on radish leaves, potato green aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) is one of the main pests of this culture, causing economic damage. Synthetic fertilizers used in conventional crops can promote changes in the pattern of amino acids in plants, leading to a higher insect damage. The source of fertilization is one of the factors that could influence in the incidence of pests. The objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of potato green aphid and other pests on radish plants grown with different doses of organic fertilizer. The experiment was carried under semi-field conditions, in Fortaleza (Ceará State). A completely randomized design was used, with six replicates. The treatments consisted of five doses of organic compost (0; 45; 60; 75; 90 t.ha-1). For the population survey of pests and natural enemies, counts were made in three evaluations (7, 14 and 21 days after sowing). The counting data were subjected to deviance analysis using a generalized linear model (GLM). It was observed significant differences in the number of adults M. persicae in the treatments of 75 and 90 t.ha-1. Presence of leafminer (Lyriomiza sp.) was observed on plants without and with the lower doses of organic fertilizer. Even using organic fertilizers that promote a slower liberation of nutrients, high incidence of pests (Mainly M. persicae) was observed on radish plants.