Survey Monkey Audience Research Articles

Implementing trauma-informed care practices in the workplace: a descriptive phenomenological study

The effects of trauma are becoming more prevalent in the clinical setting, which has helped generate conversations about being more trauma-informed and providing trauma-informed care services. The principles centered around trauma-informed care could be applied to a person’s everyday life, including the work setting with the goal of creating a more trauma-informed environment for all employees. This qualitative descriptive phenomenological study aimed to investigate what trauma-informed care principles are needed in the workplace from the employee perspective to create a more trauma-informed environment. The survey instrument used in this study was a modified version of Fallot and Harris’s (2011) consumer satisfaction survey in their published article Creating Cultures of Trauma-Informed Care: A Self-Assessment and Planning Protocol. The instrument contained 13 questions, with each core question having an optional secondary question requesting additional details about the participants’ responses. The tool was categorized into four sections: safety, trustworthiness, choice and collaboration, and empowerment. Ninety participants accessed the survey through SurveyMonkey Audience, but four did not meet the criteria to participate and exited the study. The researcher was left with 86 completed surveys. The qualitative analytical tool Quirkos was employed to help analyze the data and generate themes. The category that produced the most themes was empowerment. Employees want to be viewed as a person rather than a resource to get the job done. Likewise, participants wanted to be valued and have their voices heard. To push this conversation forward, future researchers should conduct interviews face-to-face to produce more in-depth findings.

Respectful Maternity Care in the United States-Characterizing Inequities Experienced by Birthing People.

The purpose of this study is to understand experiences of respectful maternity care (RMC) from the perspective of birthing people in the United States from 2013 to 2018. We conducted an online cross-sectional survey of United States birthing people ages 18-50 in April 2018 using SurveyMonkey Audience. Quantitative survey data consisted of demographics and responses to RMC indicators. Qualitative data consisted of comments from individuals regarding their birth experiences. 1036 birthing people participated in the survey. Most births (95%) occurred in hospitals. 16.3% of Black or African American participants reported discrimination compared to 5.5% of participants who did not identify as Black or African American (p < 0.001). Participants who speak a language other than English were also more likely to report discrimination. 19.5% of all respondents felt neglected during their birth experience. Most prevalent experiences of disrespect and mistreatment were related to neglect (most commonly in postpartum phase of care), poor interpersonal communication, lack of respect for patient wishes, negative experience with breastfeeding services, peripartum complications, and discrimination. Birthing people in the United States experience many forms of mistreatment, particularly those who identify as Black or African American or speak a language other than English. Patients described experiencing neglect most commonly after birth-an opportunity to improve the provision of RMC postpartum. Strategies to improve quality of maternal health care in the United States should include the provision of RMC as part of a larger effort to reduce inequities in maternal health experiences and outcomes.

Consumer Expectations and Attitudes About Psychotherapy: Survey Study.

Although mental illness is common among adults in the United States, access to, and public perception of, mental health care continue to present as key barriers to care. Given the importance of attitudes toward, and perceptions of, mental health treatment in the successful access to mental health care and treatment of mental health issues, the primary goal of this survey study was to further investigate consumer perspectives of psychotherapy among adults in the United States; specifically, adding to the literature by investigating perceptions of both the general public and patients receiving telehealth. More specifically, the aims were to better understand openness to, and satisfaction with, therapy; perceptions, preferences, and expectations around therapy; and perceptions of psychotropic medication. An electronic survey was administered to current and former patients (those receiving psychotherapy) of Brightside, a nationwide telehealth company, as well as to the general public; both were convenience samples. Using the same survey questions, Brightside surveyed its own members (using Qualtrics; Qualtrics International Inc) and the general population (using SurveyMonkey's Audience tool; Momentive). This survey included questions about basic participant demographics, as well as questions about current mental health treatment, perceptions about therapy, and therapists' qualities. A total of 714 people completed the survey. The data were fairly evenly split between those collected from Brightside patients (368/714, 51.5%) and those collected from the general public (346/714, 48.5%). Combining both samples, overall participation was 67.1% (479/714) women; 73.1% (522/714) White, 7.3% (52/714) Asian, 6.7% (48/714) African American, and 7.4% (53/714) Hispanic or Latinx; largely aged 25 to 34 years (255/714, 35.7%) or 35 to 44 years (187/714, 26.2%); from either the Mid-Atlantic (131/714, 18.3%) or South Atlantic (129/714, 18.1%) regions of the country; and most (402/714, 56.3%) earning annual salaries of US $30,000 to US $100,000. There were generally favorable perceptions of both psychotherapy and psychiatric medication. Selecting a therapist as well as cost and insurance are the common factors in therapy that are important to patients. The most commonly held perception of psychotherapy duration was indefinite (250/714, 35%). Very few (58/714, 8.1%) thought that therapy typically lasts 1 to 3 months. Most of the participants (414/714, 58%) thought that evidence-based practice was important. Public education is needed to increase awareness of the typical duration and cost of psychotherapy. There seem to be generally favorable perceptions of both psychotherapy and psychotropic medication. Selecting a therapist as well as cost and insurance are the common factors in therapy that are important to patients. Practitioners and those marketing their services might consider using their marketing campaigns to counter some of the more common falsely held beliefs.

Use of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine in nine countries: A cross-sectional multinational survey

ObjectivesTraditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TC&AM) play an exceptional role in health care around the world as many patients has sought a holistic approach. SettingIn this study, a multinational survey was developed and administered to obtain experience, attitude, and promotion information with regard to the international use of TC&AM among nine countries: Germany, United States, Japan, China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Russia, Kazakhstan, and United Arab Emirates (UAE). The survey was administered via online to members of SurveyMonkey Audience, a proprietary panel of respondents who were recruited from a diverse population worldwide. ResultsA total of 1071 participants has completed the survey. The participants were in favor of the treatments and therapies as well as expressed positive attitudes and also have used herbal medicine treatment more than acupuncture therapy and also used the modalities to promote metabolism rather than treating musculoskeletal diseases. Moreover, participants mentioned that TC&AM should be applied for treating and managing infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. Additionally, participants recommended using Facebook channel to promote its treatments and therapies. ConclusionBased on the results, this study provides initial insights on TC&AM that may influence the non-users globally and perhaps inspire a need for further research including more countries in different continents.

PD32-01 CONSTRUCT AND CONTENT VALIDATION OF THE PELVIC FLOOR AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE SURVEY (PFAKS)

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Pelvic Prolapse (PD32)1 Sep 2021PD32-01 CONSTRUCT AND CONTENT VALIDATION OF THE PELVIC FLOOR AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE SURVEY (PFAKS) Claire Burton, Alexandra Dubinskaya, Eunice Choi, Falisha Kanji, Carrie Stewart, Victoria Scott, Karyn S. Eilber, and Jennifer T. Anger Claire BurtonClaire Burton More articles by this author , Alexandra DubinskayaAlexandra Dubinskaya More articles by this author , Eunice ChoiEunice Choi More articles by this author , Falisha KanjiFalisha Kanji More articles by this author , Carrie StewartCarrie Stewart More articles by this author , Victoria ScottVictoria Scott More articles by this author , Karyn S. EilberKaryn S. Eilber More articles by this author , and Jennifer T. AngerJennifer T. Anger More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002033.01AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Pelvic floor disorders are prevalent conditions affecting up to 50% of women. Yet, women have a poor understanding and low rates of care utilization for these disorders. Previous studies have shown that knowledge of disease increases patient involvement and compliance with treatment. We sought to develop a knowledge questionnaire about pelvic organ prolapse (POP), stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and overactive bladder (OAB). METHODS: The PFAKS is a 31-item knowledge questionnaire tailored to an eighth-grade reading level with three domains: POP (11 items), SUI (10 items) and OAB (10 items) with questions on condition pathophysiology, management, and quality of life. Ten experts developed the content and reviewed the draft questionnaire with additional input from ten patients. The survey was distributed to three groups of women in order to assess construct validity: Non-FMPRS urologists, patients in a FPMRS clinic, and a general population sample (SurveyMonkey Audience). Scores were stratified by disease history, menopausal status, birth history, and level of education, and two-tailed t tests were performed to assess survey validity. Twenty patients were given both the PFAKS and the previously developed Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Quiz (PIKQ) to assess content validity. Patients were also asked to subjectively rate their experience in taking the two surveys. RESULTS: Total score was significantly different between groups (25.77±3.1 for urologists (n=35), 12.48±7.5 for patients (n=95), and 12.36±7.7 for the general population (n=155), p<0.01). Among the general population and patient groups combined, women who had previously been diagnosed with a PFD scored better than those who did not (13.8 vs 10.9, p<0.01). There was no difference in total scores between pre and post-menopausal women (11.4 vs 12.6, p=0.26). Of the women who completed both the PFAKS and the PIKQ the correlation coefficient was R2=0.78. Respondents reported that the PFAKS was more relevant to them (p=0.04), and trended toward being easier to understand and causing less anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The construct and content validity as well as the qualitative advantages of the PFAKS emphasize its potential to serve as a tool to uncover patient misconceptions about POP, SUI and OAB. Interventions that improve knowledge may help patients navigate management and treatment options. Source of Funding: National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) R56DK117261 (JA) © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e544-e544 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Claire Burton More articles by this author Alexandra Dubinskaya More articles by this author Eunice Choi More articles by this author Falisha Kanji More articles by this author Carrie Stewart More articles by this author Victoria Scott More articles by this author Karyn S. Eilber More articles by this author Jennifer T. Anger More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

Crowdsourcing for Online Samples in Counseling Research

The use of panels and registration systems for sampling procedures in counseling research offers an innovative method of recruiting participants. Websites such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk, provide quick access to pools of participants for an assortment of research designs. Other sites such as Qualtrics and SurveyMonkey Audience offer tailored and targeted searches and recruitment of specific samples to create online panels. Although these methods of accessing a sample provide ease of access and flexibility of design, there are several cautions to consider when using them for counseling research. In this article, we accomplish several aims: (a) define and describe the concept of crowdsourcing research participation, (b) describe some benefits and cautions about their use, and (c) present different applications of this approach to sampling. We also note the implications of this sampling method for counseling research.

Comic-Con: Can Comics of the Constitution Enable Meaningful Learning in Political Science?

ABSTRACTThis article explores the value and application of using comic images to teach difficult political texts. We presented either visual or textual portions of the Constitution to 71 American 18- to 22-year-olds using Survey Monkey Audience, measuring and comparing their knowledge of the Constitution before and after viewing. Respondents viewing the comic of congressional duties experienced statistically significant gains in pretest to posttest mean knowledge scores. Respondents viewing the text also experienced an increase in mean scores pretest to posttest; however, these changes were smaller and not statistically significant. This indicates that students may better comprehend content from visual depictions of difficult texts. We conclude by providing an example of one way that we use comics of political texts as a tool for student learning in an international civics exchange program.

Respectful Maternity Care in the US [15T

INTRODUCTION: To understand the status of respectful maternity care (RMC) in the U.S. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of U.S. women age 18-50 in April 2018. SurveyMonkey Audience distributed this anonymous survey online. Women were eligible if they gave birth in the U.S. in the last 5 years. Participants were those who answered at least one question about RMC from their most recent birth. Quantitative survey data consisted of demographics and responses about RMC indicators and comments about their birth experience. RESULTS: Of 1081 eligible, 1036 women (95.8%) participated. The locations of births from this group spanned the entire U.S. Most births (95%) occurred in hospitals. 36.7% of births were cesarean deliveries. The median maternal age was 32. 19.5% of respondents felt neglected at some point during their birth experience; more than half in the postpartum phase of care only. 333 left decipherable comments. When women reported issues, they were almost always one of the following: clinical staff performance or competency, neglect, interpersonal communication issues, lack of respect for wishes, negative experience with breastfeeding services, peri-partum complications, or perceived discrimination. CONCLUSION: This is the first study on RMC from women who have delivered in the U.S. Overall, the women surveyed were treated with dignity during their birth experiences. However, this data suggests that care for women during their birth experiences can be more respectful and that women feel more neglected during the postpartum period. Strategies to improve quality of maternal health care in the U.S. should include attention to the provision of RMC.

Utilisation and perceptions towards smart device visual acuity assessment in Australia: a mixed methods approach

ObjectivesTo investigate mobile health product use in Australia and societal and clinician perceptions towards smartphone based visual acuity (VA) assessment tools.DesignQuantitative analysis of a cross-sectional survey delivered to the general...

How Perceived Benefits and Barriers Affect Millennial Professionals’ Online Security Behaviors

Over the past decade, there has been an increase in cybersecurity breaches through identity theft, hacking, phishing attacks, and the use of malware such as viruses, worms, or trojans. The breaches have triggered an increase in investment in information security in organizations. As technology continues to improve, the risks of having cybersecurity incidents also increase. Cybersecurity firms reported that in 2016, there were 1209 total breaches with 1.1 billion identities exposed. Most experts agree that human vulnerability is a significant factor in cybersecurity. Most issues related to advanced threats come from human nature and ignorance. For the study, the researcher examined the relationship between Millennial professionals’ perceptions of cybersecurity risks and users’ online security behaviors. The study focused on two elements of perception which are perceived benefits and perceived barriers. The researcher administered a survey to 109 participants randomly selected among Survey Monkey audience members. The Spearman’s correlation test performed supported the analysis of the strength of the relationship and the level of significance between each of the independent variables and the dependent variable. The results from the statistical test provided enough evidence to reject each of the null hypothesis tested in this study. There were significant correlations between each of the independent variables, Perceived Benefits (PBE) and Perceived Barriers (PBA) and the dependent variable Online Security Behaviors (OSB).

Body image and the role of romantic relationships

AbstractA variety of sociocultural factors have been recognized as important influences on appearance-related issues but little research has examined the intersection between romantic relationships and body image among adults. This study examined whether self-evaluative and motivational investment in appearance, overweight preoccupation, and body satisfaction differ between men and women who were involved (or not) in a romantic relationship. Moreover, we investigated the associations between relationship experiences (relationship type, relationship length, commitment, passion, and intimacy) and body image. To that, 423 men (Mage = 45.32 ± 13.86 years) and 505 women (Mage = 43.52 ± 13.07 years) completed an online survey through the SurveyMonkey Audience database in the United States, including several measures of body image and relationship functioning. Our results demonstrated that the importance given to appearance was lower among uninvolved (“single”) participants; overweight preoccupation did not diff...

Leveraging user perspectives for insight into cannabis concentrates

ABSTRACTBackground: The US has seen an increase in the popularity of highly concentrated forms of cannabis (hereafter concentrates) and too little is known about the potential risks associated with their use.Objectives: The present study aims to better understand the patterns and outcomes of concentrates use through the perspectives of young adult users.Methods: Participants (N = 234, 27.9% female) aged 18–35 years were recruited using SurveyMonkey Audience® and had ingested concentrates at least once in the past 6 months. They were queried on concentrates use patterns (e.g., frequency, medical/recreational) and the effects experienced after using concentrates (e.g., physiological/psychological, strength/duration).Results: A total of 27.8% of participants reported frequent use of concentrates (≥10 days in past month). Those who used for medical purposes or lived in states where use is legal were more likely to use concentrates frequently. While most (64.2%) did not report experiencing potentially serious side effects, some reported a sense of altered reality/confusion (23.3%), rapid heartbeat (11.2%), lung pain (9.9%) and severe paranoia (6.9%). Among those who used concentrates in the past month (N = 168), 72.6% used concentrates with other cannabis forms, 57.7% used along with alcohol, and 22.6% used with other drugs.Conclusion: Continued research on concentrates use in the US is needed. Research-informed policies that foster safe and responsible use of concentrates are necessary to protect users, especially those who use concentrates frequently, from potential negative side effects.

Mobile Web Survey in the International Setting (Presentation Slides)

There is no doubt that more people are taking web surveys using their mobile devices. In non-English speaking countries, in particular, more respondents complete online surveys using mobile devices than using desktop or laptop computers. This phenomenon has a huge implication on survey research as different devices are associated with different survey measurement and nonresponse errors, which in turn could affect the survey estimates themselves. Also, data quality, as measured by survey satisficing theory, could also be affected by the survey-taking device. An increasing amount of research has been devoted to examining and comparing survey data collected from mobile and non-mobile devices. This study will expand the existing literature by examining mobile web survey data from six countries, up to three samples within each country, and across three waves of data collection. Specifically, the study was conducted in the U.S., U.K. Australia, China, Brazil, and India. Within each country, data were collected through up to three online panel providers, including SurveyMonkey Audience, Cint, and TapResearch. In addition, for each country/sample combination, three waves of data collection were performed, with each wave one month apart. The samples were independent across the three waves. Respondents could choose the device (as opposed to been assigned to) for taking the survey. The same questionnaire (except minor changes to the demographic questions) was used in the study. In the presentation, we will present whether the mobile web usage different by country and sample. Also, we will show the demographic and data quality differences, if any, between mobile and non-mobile respondents by country and sample. This is the first study of this kind that examines the mobile web in such large scale and cross-cultural perspective.

Understanding how Millennial shoppers decide what to buy

PurposeThe shopper journey can cross a number of channels leading up to the point of a possible purchase, which may be unseen by the retailer or brand for the targeted purchase. The purpose of this paper is to gain a greater understanding of the decision making and purchase intention activity for online Millennial shoppers in deciding what fashion garments to buy in the digital retail environment. The paper also investigates the use of technology and social media involvement in the shopper journey leading up to the point of purchase.Design/methodology/approachIn line with other studies that investigated online shopper behaviour (Balabanis and Reynolds, 2001; Pavlou et al., 2007), the authors have undertaken an exploratory investigation using an online survey conducted with respondents sourced through using Survey Monkey Audience. The survey was conducted with over 580 respondents (49.7 per cent female and 50.3 per cent male) between 16 and 34 years old living in England.FindingsThe findings highlight a picture of shoppers going on very different shopper journeys with different lengths, influenced by different touch points and using different media and devices. Each customer has their own individual experience and expectation. They can move through extremely diverse, long and complicated journeys in the buying process before they purchase a product. Most striking is their willingness to reach out and be influenced by other people beyond the control of any retailer – using platforms that are not necessarily specifically related with any retailer. Shoppers can undertake numerous activities before they make their final purchase decision, seeking content from different retailers, asking for social validation of their decision from their social networks both online and offline which is often out of sight of the retailer or brand.Practical implicationsThe findings show how retailers and brands can understand the shopper decision journey and their behaviours across all the devices and channels that are used. Moreover, for some or part of the digital journey the shopper can often be unseen by the retailer or brand.Originality/valueConsumers actively seek out novelty, knowledge and inspiration but shoppers employ a variety of interactions over a much greater period of time to arrive at the moment of purchase. This research provides an insight into the range of complex views and positions held by each individual to get a much more complete picture of where shoppers are looking to buy and what are their interests.

Enterprise Risk Management: Factors Associated with Effective Implementation

Risk management is undergoing a great change, as organizations shift from the traditional and compartmental to an enterprise wide approach. Consequently, enterprise risk management (ERM) is gaining global attention among risk management professionals and academics. The demand for the adoption of ERM has led to several companies embracing it, yet its implementation has become challenging. Research shows that ERM approach emphasizes a holistic approach for assessing and evaluating the risks that an organization faces as against the “silo” approach of the traditional methods. The extant literature shows that through the reduction of the risk that an organization faces, ERM is capable of improving the performance and value. The study used a non-experimental correlational approach to explore the relationship between the presence of a chief risk officer (CRO) and an audit committee (AC), and the support of top management (TM) in relation to the implementation of ERM. A survey instrument was provided to self-identified risk-management professionals who are members of Survey Monkey Audience Service database. The target sample frame requested for analysis using a power of .95 was (n = 119). However, the final number analyzed was (n = 134). Frequencies and percentages were conducted on the demographic survey items and regression and correlational analyses were also performed. The study findings show that there was a significant relationship between the role of a CRO, the presence of an AC, and the support of TM and the level of ERM deployment. The study also found significant correlations between management support level and CRO, and AC. In addition, a much strong positive correlation was noted between the presence of a CRO and an AC.

Enterprise risk management: Factors associated with effective implementation

Risk management is undergoing a great change, as organizations shift from the traditional and compartmental to an enterprise wide approach. Consequently, enterprise risk management (ERM) is gaining global attention among risk management professionals and academics. The demand for the adoption of ERM has led to several companies embracing it, yet its implementation has become challenging. Research shows that ERM approach emphasizes a holistic approach for assessing and evaluating the risks that an organization faces as against the “silo” approach of the traditional methods. The extant literature shows that through the reduction of the risk that an organization faces, ERM is capable of improving the performance and value. The study used a non-experimental correlational approach to explore the relationship between the presence of a chief risk officer (CRO) and an audit committee (AC), and the support of top management (TM) in relation to the implementation of ERM. A survey instrument was provided to self-identified risk-management professionals who are members of Survey Monkey Audience Service database. The target sample frame requested for analysis using a power of .95 was (n = 119). However, the final number analyzed was (n = 134). Frequencies and percentages were conducted on the demographic survey items and regression and correlational analyses were also performed. The study findings show that there was a significant relationship between the role of a CRO, the presence of an AC, and the support of TM and the level of ERM deployment. The study also found significant correlations between management support level and CRO, and AC. In addition, a much strong positive correlation was noted between the presence of a CRO and an AC.

An Interdependence Approach to Relationship Maintenance in Interracial Marriage

This study investigated the extent to which positive and negative maintenance communication predicted marital satisfaction and commitment in a sample of 90 individuals in an interracial marriage. An interdependence theory approach was used. Participants completed an online survey using SurveyMonkey's audience request. Results of a regression equation indicate that four maintenance activities predicted 52% of the variance in satisfaction, with two being negative predictors (infidelity and avoidance) and two being positive predictors (conflict management and social networks). Three maintenance behaviors predicted commitment, with infidelity and giving advice being negative predictors and the use of social networks being a positive predictor. Finally, consistent with interdependence theory, marital satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between maintenance activity and commitment.

Knowledge and Attitudes about Contraception and Abortion in Canada, US, UK, France and Australia

Objectives: 1) To describe and compare knowledge and attitudes about contraception and abortion of women in Canada, US, UK, France and Australia. 2) To assess usefulness and validity of online panels to conduct this type of research. Method: We used Survey Monkey Audience to obtain a sample of women aged 18-44 to administer a survey about knowledge and attitude to contraception and abortion. We assessed the representativeness of our samples by comparing the demographics and attitudes to relevant data in each country. Results: 1117 surveys were completed in January 2013: 233 in Canada, 223 in the US, 230 in the UK, 221 in France and 210 in Australia. The majority of women incorrectly believed abortion and contraception were more risky than births. About half (47.1%) of the participants were classified as pro-choice because they indicated that women should be allowed to have an abortion for any reason in the first 3 months: 38.7% in Canada, 37.1% in USA, 42.0% in UK, 68.7% in France and 53.6% in Australia (p<.001). Women who believed that abortion should be restricted were more likely to provide incorrect answers to all 10 knowledge questions about abortion and contraception (p=<.001) and this pattern was similar in all five countries. Based on comparisons with census data from each country, the Survey Monkey Audience participants appear to be broadly representative of the reproductive age women in the five countries surveyed. Conclusion: Women from these five countries were similar in terms of their knowledge about the risks of abortion and contraception. The majority of women gave incorrect answers to the knowledge questions. Women who favored restrictions to abortion access, in all five countries, were more likely to incorrectly overestimate the risks of both abortion and contraception. On-line panels can be a useful, rapid and inexpensive method of conducting surveys across multiple jurisdictions.

Product Review Users' Perceptions of Review Quality: The Role of Credibility, Informativeness, and Readability

Research problem: Gauging the quality of product reviews through helpfulness votes is problematic for a variety of reasons. We examine potential characteristics of review quality that span review credibility, informativeness, and readability to contribute to better ways of assessing review quality. Research question: Do specific review characteristics improve reviewer users' perceptions of review quality? Literature review: Studies from information systems, electronic marketing and commerce, and technical and professional communication suggest that characteristics of reviews fall into three areas, each with specific characteristics of quality. Findings from these studies suggest the 11 characteristics of review quality within those three areas as potential contributors to review quality. The first area is credibility, a construct consisting (in part) of expertise; we tested these potential specific characteristics of credibility: an assertion of a relevant role, of use of a prior model, of other products in the brand, of a similar product, of having conducted research on the product, and of having tested the product. The second area is informativeness, which is a review's diagnosticity. We tested these potential specific characteristics: a general recommendation, a specific recommendation, a statement about the product's value, and a statement about the extent to which the product met expectations. The third area is readability, which is (in part) comfort of reading, and has this specific characteristic: the use of headings. Methodology: We conducted a quantitative study using a survey distributed though SurveyMonkey Audience, a service that samples from a pool of 30 million respondents. Using control and experimental versions of 11 product reviews, we gauged participants' perceptions of review quality on a five-point scale. We looked for significant differences in participants' perceptions of quality using Pearson's chi square. Results and conclusions: We received 829 responses to include in the analysis. We found the following significant at the p > 0.05 level: a statement about reviewer's prior experience with a similar product (credibility). We found the following significant at the p > 0.01 level: A statement about researching the product, for example, online research (credibility), a general recommendation about the product (informativeness), and formatting with headings (readability). We found the following significant at the p > 0.001 level: a statement about the extent to which the product met expectations (informativeness) and a specific recommendation about the product (informativeness). Using these results, companies can better locate quality reviews; reviewers can increase the quality and, therefore, salience of their reviews; and communication specialists can help reviewers write and revise reviews for improved quality. Future research on review quality could investigate other potential characteristics of credibility, informativeness, and readability.

Online Instrument Delivery and Participant Recruitment Services: Emerging Opportunities for Behavioral Accounting Research

ABSTRACT Behavioral accounting researchers have historically been constrained in their ability to reach externally valid research participants. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize researchers with two relatively new and innovative ways to overcome this issue. First, this paper discusses two online instrument delivery services provided by SurveyMonkey and Qualtrics that can be used to distribute experimental materials to geographically distributed participants quickly and inexpensively. Second, it reviews a number of participant recruitment services that behavioral accounting researchers can use to identify and recruit externally valid research participants. Specifically, this paper discusses commercial participant recruitment services provided by SurveyMonkey Audience, Qualtrics, Amazon's Mechanical Turk, and other commercial firms, as well as several non-commercial participant recruitment services associated with industry and professional organizations. Each service is evaluated against three criteria that are important to behavioral accounting researchers: (1) cost, (2) flexibility, and (3) access to populations of interest.