Survey Maps Research Articles

Soil landscapes of the United States (SOLUS): Developing predictive soil property maps of the conterminous United States using hybrid training sets

AbstractDetailed soil property maps are increasingly important for land management decisions and environmental modeling. The US Soil Survey is investing in production of the Soil Landscapes of the United States (SOLUS), a new set of national predictive soil property maps. This paper documents initial 100‐m resolution maps of 20 soil properties that include various textural fractions, physical parameters, chemical parameters, carbon, and depth to restrictions. Many of these properties have not been previously mapped at this resolution. A hybrid training strategy helped increase training data by roughly 10‐fold over previous similar studies by combining commonly used laboratory data with underutilized field descriptions tied to soil survey map unit component property estimates (to help represent within polygon variability) as well as randomly selected soil survey map unit weighted average property estimates. Relative prediction intervals were used to help select which training data sources improved model performance. Conventional and spatial cross‐validation strategies yielded generally strong coefficients of determination between 0.5 and 0.7, but with substantial variability and outliers among the various properties, types of training data, and depths. Internal review of the maps highlighted both strengths and weaknesses of the maps, but most of the critical comments were in areas with high model uncertainty that can be used to guide future improvements. Generally, previously glaciated areas and complex large alluvial basins were harder to model. The new SOLUS 100‐m maps will be updated in the future to address identified issues and feedback as users interact with the data.

CII] line intensity mapping the epoch of reionization with the Prime-Cam on FYST. II. CO foreground masking based on an external catalog

The Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST) line intensity mapping (LIM) survey will measure the power spectrum (PS) of the singly ionized carbon 158 $ fine-structure line CII to trace the appearance of the first galaxies that emerged during and right after the epoch of reionization (EoR, $6<z<9$). We aim to quantify the contamination of the (post-)EoR CII LIM signal by foreground carbon monoxide (CO) line emission ($3 < J_ up < 12$) and assess the efficiency to retrieve this CII LIM signal by the targeted masking of bright CO emitters. Using the IllustrisTNG300 simulation, we produced mock CO intensity tomographies based on empirical star formation rate-to-CO luminosity relations. Combining these predictions with the CII PS predictions of the first paper of this series, we evaluated a masking technique where the interlopers are identified and masked using an external catalog whose properties are equivalent to those of a deep Euclid survey. Prior to masking, our CII PS forecast is an order of magnitude lower than the predicted CO contamination in the 225 GHz ( CII emitted at $z=6.8-8.3$) band of the FYST LIM survey, at the same level in its 280 GHz ( CII emitted at $z=5.3-6.3$) and 350 GHz ( CII emitted at $z=4.1-4.8$) bands, and an order of magnitude higher in its 410 GHz ( CII emitted at $z=3.4-3.9$) band. For our fiducial model, the optimal masking depth is reached when less than 10<!PCT!> of the survey volume is masked at 350 and 410 GHz but around 40<!PCT!> at 280 GHz and 60 <!PCT!> at 225 GHz. At these masking depths we anticipate a detection of the CII PS at 350 and 410 GHz, a tentative detection at 280 GHz, whereas at 225 GHz the CO signal still dominates our model. In the last case, alternative decontamination techniques will be needed.

Process evaluation of a breastfeeding support intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding and reduce social inequity: a mixed-methods study in a cluster-randomised trial

BackgroundBreastfeeding is a powerful public health intervention that produces long-term health benefits. However, in high-income countries such as Denmark, breastfeeding rates are suboptimal and unequally distributed across socio-economic positions. The ‘Breastfeeding – a good start together’ intervention, to promote longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding and reduce social inequity, was implemented in a cluster-randomised trial during 2022–2023 across 21 municipalities in two Danish regions. A process evaluation was conducted to assess the implementation, mechanisms of impact, and possible contextual factors affecting the intervention.MethodsThe study was guided by the Medical Research Council’s guidance for conducting process evaluations and employed a mixed-methods approach in a convergence design. Quantitative data: contextual mapping survey (n = 20), health visitor survey (n = 284), health visitor records from 20 clusters and intervention website statistics. Qualitative data: dialogue meetings (n = 7), focus groups (n = 3) and interviews (n = 8).ResultsOverall, the intervention was delivered as planned to intended recipients, with few exceptions. Health visitors responded positively to the intervention, noting that it fitted well within their usual practice and enhanced families’ chances of breastfeeding. Mothers expressed having received the intervention with few exceptions, and reacted positively to the intervention. Although health visitors were concerned about the potential stigmatisation of mothers receiving the intensified intervention, none of the interviewed mothers felt stigmatised. Contextual factors impacting the intervention implementation and mechanisms included staff and management turnover, project infrastructure and mothers’ context, such as resources, social networks and previous experiences. The overall fidelity of the intervention delivery was high.ConclusionsHealth visitors and families responded well to the intervention. Interventions aimed at enabling health care providers to deliver simplified and structured breastfeeding support, in alignment with support provided in other sectors of the health care system, may increase breastfeeding rates and reduce social inequity in breastfeeding, even in international contexts.Trial registrationClinical Trials: NCT05311631. First posted April 5, 2022.

Comparative Analysis of the Infrastructure of the City of Astana with a Sociological Survey of the Mental Well-Being of Citizens in the Context of the Sustainable Development of the Urban Agglomeration

Rapid urbanization entails complex problems not only in cities, but also within urban agglomerations. In modern landscape science, the greatest problems are primarily related to the ecological state of urban ecosystems. In this context, the most important task of urbanism is the interdisciplinary study of urban infrastructure in relation to the well-being of inhabitants, with a focus on the sustainable development of urban agglomerations. The aim of this study is to conduct a theoretical analysis of interdisciplinary research on the interactions between humans and the urban environment in the context of intensive urbanization, as well as to be an empirical study of the relationship between the real ecological state of the city of Astana, based on the use of geographical, environmental, cartographic, statistical, sociological, and socio-psychological research methods, aimed at identifying the mental well-being of citizens in correlation with their consumed urban ecosystem services using an associative psychological experiment, socio-psychological survey, and GIS mapping. As a result of this study, the authors have determined that the research hypothesis 1 “Spatial representations of the city’s geoecological state are interrelated with the mental well-being and satisfaction with urban ecosystem services of citizens depending on the area of residence” is confirmed. Additionally, a positive correlation has been noted among the key indicators and criteria of geoecological condition, mental well-being, and satisfaction with urban ecosystem services across different districts of the city.

Application of Experimental Configurations of Seismic and Electric Tomographic Techniques to the Investigation of Complex Geological Structures

The main purpose of this study is the subsurface investigation of two complex geological environments focusing on the improvement of data acquisition and processing parameters regarding electric and seismic tomographic techniques. Two different study areas, in central–east Peloponnese and SE Attica, were selected, where detailed geological mapping and surface geophysical survey were carried out. The applied geophysical survey included the application of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), seismic refraction tomography (SRT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR). The geoelectrical measurements were acquired with different arrays and electrode configurations. Moreover, various types of seismic sources were used at seventeen shot locations along the seismic arrays. For the processing of geoelectrical data, clustered datasets were created, increasing the depth of investigation and discriminatory capability. The seismic data processing included the following: (a) the creation of synthetic models and seismic records to determine the effectiveness and capabilities of the technique, (b) spectral analysis of the seismic records to determine the optimal seismic source type and (c) inversion of the field data to create representative subsurface velocity models. The results of the two techniques successfully delineated the complex subsurface structure that characterizes these two geological environments. The application of the ERT combined with the SRT are the two dominant, high-resolution techniques for the elucidation of complex subsurface structures.

Massive Ice Outcrops and Thermokarst Along the Arctic Shelf Edge: By‐Products of Ongoing Groundwater Freezing and Thawing in the Sub‐Surface

AbstractSubstantial seafloor morphological changes are rapidly occurring along the Canadian Arctic shelf edge. Five multibeam bathymetric mapping surveys, each partially covering a 15 km2 study area between 120‐ and 200‐m water depth, were conducted over a 12‐year time period. These surveys reveal that 65 new craters have developed between 2010 and 2022, averaging 6.5 m and reaching up to 30 m deep. Remotely operated vehicle investigations revealed massive ice outcrops exposed on two newly formed crater flanks. This ice is not relict subaerially formed Pleistocene permafrost because it is hosted in sediments which were deposited in a submarine setting post‐deglaciation. Low salinity porewater and sediment core ice samples with depleted oxygen isotopic compositions indicate waters with a meteoric signature are discharging and freezing in this area. These ascending brackish groundwaters are likely derived in part from thawed relict permafrost hundreds of meters under the continental shelf. They refreeze as they approach the −1.4°C seafloor, leading to the development of widespread, near seafloor, sub‐bottom ice layers. Conditions appropriate for ice melting also exist nearby where ice is exposed to seawater or warmed by ascending groundwater. Small variations in temperature and salinity lead to shifts between freezing of ascending brackish groundwater or melting of near seafloor ice layers. These conditions have produced a dramatic submarine thermokarst morphology riddled with multi‐aged depressions. Thermokarst geohazards may exist, unmapped, on other Arctic margins with groundwater channeled toward the shelf edge by a relict permafrost cap, and sufficiently cold shelf edge bottom water temperatures.

Interactive contact interface elements and correlations with social behavior in historic commercial streets: a study of Qushuiting Street, Jinan

ABSTRACT As China transitions from rapid urbanization to prioritizing high-quality development, creating sociable streets has become essential. These are spaces designed to encourage interactions among people and their environment, which is crucial for the revitalization of historic districts. This study examines the relationship between “sociability” and interactive elements within historic commercial streets, focusing on identifying key “interface factors” that influence social dynamics. Jinan’s Qushuiting Street was selected as the subject of this study. Survey and behavioral mapping methods were employed to assess interactive contact interface as independent variables, including façade opening, D/H, structural shelter, plant shelter, commercial overflow, seating overflow, and social nexus points. SPSS was employed for multiple regression analysis to examine the correlations between these interface variables and the dependent variable, the sociability index. The findings indicate strong positive correlations between sociability and commercial overflow, seating overflow, and social nexus points. Additionally, plant shelter and structural shelter show a certain positive correlation with the sociability index. This research quantitatively evaluates the sociability of historic commercial streets and identifies key contributing factors, providing scientific guidelines for enhancing street vitality, increasing social interactivity, and securing effective urban and street design strategies.

A Needle in a Haystack: Landscape Survey and Archaeological Detection Experiments in Apalachee Bay

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of a pilot landscape‐scale seismic survey undertaken in Apalachee Bay, Florida, across a submerged landscape that contains dozens of Pre‐Contact sites. In addition to the goals of improving the geophysical and remote sensing ground model for this submerged landscape, the survey also sought to undertake the first independent scientific test of the contentious ‘HALD’ methodology, an acoustic resonance method that it is claimed to identify knapped lithic artefacts at and/or below the seabed through the identification of distinct ‘haystack’ responses. The results of this work indicate that the HALD method, as currently described, produces results that could not be scientifically replicated in this survey. We conclude that any HALD ‘haystack’ signal should therefore not be considered as an example of detection of human‐modified lithic material but rather as a geophysical anomaly that requires additional constraints before it can be used to reliably identify human‐modified lithic materials. Thus, although the authors note that laboratory studies have successfully produced an acoustic signal in human‐modified lithics, the field‐based methods remain yet to be reliably determined. In addition to these results, the landscape mapping survey also recorded valuable information on buried and previously unrecorded landscape features that have archaeological significance and that may guide future site prospection. We therefore conclude that despite the results of the HALD test, the well‐preserved submerged landscape of Apalachee Bay region provides a highly useful testing ground for methods that can be deployed elsewhere globally.

Reconciling short- and long-term measurements of coastal cliff erosion rates

Oblique terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) enables topographic change detection at scales (10−1 –100 cm) that are appropriate for coastal cliff erosion monitoring. Despite this, published applications of TLS on cliff are limited to a small number of sites around the world. Here we report new TLS point cloud datasets from 9 years of monitoring (2014–2023) at Rothesay Bay within the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, which has relatively low wave energy and a meso-tidal range. The 120 m-length scan area includes cliffs of 10–30 m height, formed of horizontally bedded soft sedimentary flysch rock. The cliffs are fronted by an 140 m wide near-horizontal shore platform that terminates in an abrupt seaward edge. Previous research at this site has estimated long-term cliff erosion rates within a range of 1.4 ± 0.1 to 14.3 ± 0.1 mm/year on the basis of measured shore platform width, assuming that the shore platform has widened over time over 6000 years of stable Holocene sea level, and that the seaward edge of the shore platform has not retreated. Volumetric cliff-face erosion rates were detected through 17 scans over a 9-year window (2014–2023), including intensive monthly TLS scanning between July 2021 and July 2022. Results show that the average cliff recession rate over the past decade has been 41 ± 2 mm/year, and monthly scans show a range in erosion rates of 30 to 288 mm/year. The cliff recession rate detected with TLS is 3 to 30 times higher than erosion rates derived based on the shore platform width. If erosion had been constant at this rate over approximately 6000 years, a total cliff retreat of >245 m would be expected, whereas the contemporary shore platform is only 140 m wide. We discuss two possible hypotheses for the confounding width of the modern shore platform: 1) that modern cliff retreat rates are faster than past erosion rates; 2) that the seaward edge of the shore platform does not reliably demarcate Holocene cliff recession. We present new bathymetric survey mapping seaward of the shore platform edge that reveals multiple rocky features that are distinguished by steep slope breaks and planar surfaces. Understanding the evolution of the intertidal shore platforms during the Holocene era may necessitate new insights on how cliffs formed toward the end of the last marine transgression. This could potentially be investigated through the study of subtidal marine bathymetry.

Legislation and policy for involuntary mental healthcare across countries in the FOSTREN network: rationale, development of mapping survey and protocol.

Several countries are currently revising or have already revised their mental health laws to align with the global movement to reduce the use of coercive care. No government has yet fully implemented the recommendation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) to eliminate the use of coercion in mental healthcare. Consequently, the international field of mental health law and policy is in a degree of flux. To describe the rationale, development and protocol for a project that will map and examine how mental health laws, policies and service capacity across European countries relate to the use of coercive measures, including involuntary admissions and treatment, restraints and seclusion. This will help to better understand the current situation and explore future directions of policies regarding coercive care. The project is being carried out under the purview of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) action network, entitled FOSTREN (Fostering and Strengthening Approaches to Reducing Coercion in European Mental Health Services). A multidisciplinary group of experts developed a comprehensive survey assessing mental health laws, policies and service frameworks, based on World Health Organization and UNCRPD recommendations. The survey was piloted in three countries, revised and disseminated to 30 FOSTREN country representatives. The survey will provide data for three strands of work on legislation, policies and service-level context. A comprehensive evaluation will be conducted, drawing on findings from all work packages. The project could inform the development of strategies, interventions and legislation to address gaps and promote compliance with international standards.

Everyday urbanism in Beijing’s edge cities: on spatial and experience patterns

ABSTRACT The concentration of people in mega agglomerations in China has been challenging urban governance to reduce daily commuting by planning and investing in new edge cities. The main objective of this paper is to investigate everyday urbanism in two recently developed edge cities in Beijing by considering spatial conditions as well as resulting activity and experience patterns. The applied mapping surveys include land use distributions and density calculations via evaluating GIS data as well as field observations to investigate the typical experiences of 32 representative neighborhood walks. One of the main findings is the overall dependency of neighborhoods on rigid grid planning defining urbanism with large block sizes, resulting in walking experiences with a majority being dominated by compound walls along main roads and only 15% of walks being experienced along active frontages despite rather high urban densities with up to 300 residents per hectare.

UAV survey mapping of illegal deforestation in Madagascar

Societal Impact StatementUnmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery highlights the extent of illegal deforestation in protected areas for the biodiverse humid forest of central Madagascar. The ultra‐high‐resolution (<10‐cm pixel) images enable the creation of detailed forest 3D base maps and provide the means to quantify forest stand losses. To help communities safeguard their forests, local non‐governmental organisations can use UAV maps in combination with weekly deforestation alerts to facilitate an immediate on‐ground response that significantly restricts illegal activity. Integrating ultra‐high‐resolution UAV mapping and coarse‐resolution freely available satellite imagery should have much wider applications in Madagascar and the humid tropics for community‐based conservation.Summary This study of the Ambohimahamasina humid forest shows that small UAVs offer a detailed (<10‐cm pixel), rapid and cost‐effective solution to provide maps of detailed deforestation patterns not visible in satellite imagery. Calculating forest extent and volume are valuable ways to rapidly assess forest losses and prioritise areas for ground patrols. The use of 3‐dimensional measurements for above ground carbon estimates indicate how, in the future, these metrics could be used to calculate carbon payments for conservation programs. By combining UAV and free satellite imagery, an effective alert system has been developed that supports community initiatives in the protection of their natural forest resources. The wealth of ultra‐high‐resolution UAV data collected in this study provides insights into forest dynamics, supports local community forest management, and has the potential to measure the value of the forest.

Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS): 90 GHz Telescope Pointing, Beam Profile, Window Function, and Polarization Performance

The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a telescope array that observes the cosmic microwave background (CMB) over ∼75% of the sky from the Atacama Desert, Chile, at frequency bands centered near 40, 90, 150, and 220 GHz. CLASS measures the large angular scale CMB polarization to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio and the optical depth to last scattering. This paper presents the optical characterization of the 90 GHz telescope. Observations of the Moon establish the pointing while dedicated observations of Jupiter are used for beam calibration. The standard deviations of the pointing error in azimuth, elevation, and boresight angle are 1.′3, 2.′1, and 2.′0, respectively, over the first 3 yr of observations. This corresponds to a pointing uncertainty ∼7% of the beam’s full width at half-maximum (FWHM). The effective azimuthally symmetrized instrument 1D beam estimated at 90 GHz has an FWHM of 0.°620 ± 0.°003 and a solid angle of 138.7 ± 0.6(stats.) ± 1.1(sys.) μsr integrated to a radius of 4°. The corresponding beam window function drops to bℓ2=0.93,0.71,0.14 at ℓ = 30, 100, 300, respectively. Far-sidelobes are studied using detector-centered intensity maps of the Moon and measured to be at a level of 10−3 or below relative to the peak. The polarization angle of Tau A estimated from preliminary survey maps is 149°.6 ± 0°.2(stats.) in equatorial coordinates. The instrumental temperature-to-polarization (T → P) leakage fraction, inferred from per-detector demodulated Jupiter scan data, has a monopole component at the level of 1.7 × 10−3, a dipole component with an amplitude of 4.3 × 10−3, with no evidence of quadrupolar leakage.

AU3-GAN: A Method for Extracting Roads from Historical Maps Based on an Attention Generative Adversarial Network

In recent years, the integration of deep learning technology based on convolutional neural networks with historical maps has made it possible to automatically extract roads from these maps, which is highly important for studying the evolution of transportation networks. However, the similarity between roads and other features (such as contours, water systems, and administrative boundaries) poses a significant challenge to the feature extraction capabilities of convolutional neural networks (CNN). Additionally, CNN require a large quantity of labelled data for training, which can be a complex issue for historical maps. To address these limitations, we propose a method for extracting roads from historical maps based on an attention generative adversarial network. This approach leverages the unique architecture and training methodology of the generative adversarial network to augment datasets by generating data that closely resembles real samples. Meanwhile, we introduce an attention mechanism to enhance UNet3 + and achieve accurate historical map road segmentation images. We validate our method using the Third Military Mapping Survey of Austria-Hungary and compare it with a typical U-shaped network. The experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms the direct use of the U-shaped network, achieving at least an 18.26% increase in F1 and a 7.62% increase in the MIoU, demonstrating its strong ability to extract roads from historical maps and provide a valuable reference for road extraction from other types of historical maps.

Particle acceleration at the bow shock of runaway star LS 2355: non-thermal radio emission but no γ-ray counterpart

ABSTRACT Massive stars that travel at supersonic speeds can create bow shocks as their stellar winds interact with the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM). These bow shocks – prominent sites for mechanical feedback of individual massive stars – are predominantly observed in the infrared (IR) band. Confirmed high-energy emission from stellar bow shocks has remained elusive and confirmed radio counterparts, while rising in recent years, remain rare. Here, we present an in-depth multiwavelength exploration of the bow shock driven by LS 2355, focusing on its non-thermal properties. Using the most recent Fermi source catalogue, we rule out its previously proposed association with an unidentified γ-ray source. Furthermore, we use deep Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) observations from the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey and the Evolutionary Map of the Universe survey to identify a non-thermal radio counterpart: the third spectrally confirmed non-thermal bow shock counterpart after BD+43°3654 and BD+60°2522. We finally use Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) IR data and Gaia to study the surrounding ISM and update the motion of LS 2355. Specifically, we derive a substantially reduced stellar velocity, $v_* = 7.0\pm 2.5$ km s−1, compared to previous estimates. The observed non-thermal properties of the bow shock can be explained by an interaction between the wind of LS 2355 and a dense H ii region, at a magnetic field close to the maximum magnetic field strength allowed by the compressibility of the ISM. Similar to earlier works, we find that the thermal radio emission of the shocked ISM is likely to be substantially suppressed for it to be consistent with the observed radio spectrum.

Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use in Long-Term Care Facilities: An Antimicrobial Mapping Survey

ObjectivesTo explore antimicrobial management processes in Australian residential aged care facilities (RACFs), including antimicrobial prescribing, supply, administration, and documentation to inform surveillance activities. DesignVoluntary, online cross-sectional survey. Setting and ParticipantsThe survey was disseminated to all South Australian RACFs (n = 237) seeking participation from an infection prevention and control lead (preferred respondent), a nurse or senior RACF staff member, or an aged care pharmacist. MethodsThe survey was open during May-June 2023. Questions aimed to understand clinical and medication management systems, sources of antimicrobial prescription and supply, management by external health care providers and documentation of antimicrobial administration. A process map of antimicrobial management in RACFs was developed. ResultsOf the 54 RACFs included in the analysis (29.5% response rate), most used an electronic clinical documentation system (74.1%) or a hybrid electronic paper-based system (22.2%). Medication charts were either electronic (81.0%), hybrid (5.6%), or paper-based (13.0%). Antimicrobials were prescribed by the resident's usual general practitioner, but also by locums, hospital or specialist physicians, nurse practitioners, virtual care physicians, and dentists. Oral, topical, and inhaled antimicrobial formulations were usually supplied by community pharmacies, and intravenous formulations were predominately supplied by hospitals for administration by outreach nurses. Almost all RACFs (96.2%) had imprest stock of antimicrobials that included both oral and intravenous formulations. Antimicrobials were predominately administered by an enrolled nurse or a registered nurse. Conclusions and ImplicationsAntimicrobial management in RACFs is complex, particularly during care transitions. Multiple prescribers and sources of antimicrobials, use of different systems for clinical documentation, particularly by external health care providers, and clinical governance relating to imprest supplies were identified as key areas where medication management could be improved. Addressing these gaps will facilitate comprehensive, real-time antimicrobial surveillance in Australian RACFs.

Exploring the production of spatial inequality in dockless bicycle sharing in Shenzhen

There have been rising concerns over the unequal geographical distribution of bicycle sharing services in cities. Previous research on inequalities of urban bikeshare has often focused on quantitatively mapping inequalities with big data from travel records. It has thus been unable to examine the causes, reproduction mechanisms, and consequences of observed spatial inequalities in detail. Using the case of Shenzhen, a Chinese megacity with strong governmental control on mobility and a historical legacy of urban segregation, this study aims to achieve a nuanced understanding of the mechanism through which operators, regulators, and users of dockless bicycle sharing interact to produce and reproduce inequalities in accessing and using the service. To achieve this, this study adopts a mixed-method approach consisting of GIS mapping analysis, survey, and interviews with cyclists and experts. The result shows that both the use frequency and perceived accessibility of dockless bicycles are higher in wealthier and more central neighbourhoods. Moreover, strong governmental regulation in the form of a designated parking system, fleet quota distribution and point-based service evaluation have reproduced and enhanced spatial inequalities in dockless bicycle use and access. The findings contribute to the literature by demonstrating how preexisting urban infrastructure and certain regulatory arrangements interact to form a reproduction cycle of inequalities in accessing and using dockless bicycles that favours more central and well-off neighbourhoods at the expense of marginalized communities in Shenzhen.

Detecting Geothermal Phenomena at Sikidang Crater Area Based on Ground Penetrating Radar Method

Abstract Sikidang Crater (2000 masl) is one of the leading tourist sites in the Dieng area. However, not many people realise that Sikidang Crater is located in the Dieng Volcanic Complex where most of the volcanoes belong to the type A category. Sikidang Crater is one of the main geothermal manifestations occupied by mud pools, solfatara, fumaroles, and altered rocks. These manifestations have potential geological hazards such as toxic gases, base surge, and mud explosions. On the other hand, it has a high level of human activity that increases the risk of disasters. As an effort to prevent and mitigate disasters, it is necessary to know the subsurface geological conditions of the crater. This study aims to determine the subsurface geological conditions of the crater. This research uses the methods of detailed geological mapping, manifestation observation, and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) geophysical survey. The tool used is Akula Geoscanner 9000C running at 64.75 Hz frequency, capable of penetrating 50 meters deep, and has a vertical resolution of > 0.85 meters. Sikidang Crater is located at the southeastern foot of Mount Pangonan and it forms semicircular like a horseshoe. According to Van Zuidam, the crater is classified as a solfatara and fumarole field geomorphology unit. The lithology of this area is dominated by the eruption products of Mount Pangonan. In general, radargrams resulting from GPR surveys show various amplitudes of reflected electromagnetic waves. This is consistent when correlated with the variation in rock density of the research area. At some points, there is a decrease in electromagnetic wave velocity due to contrast in dielectric constant values, which is interpreted as geothermal fluid flow towards the surface. The potential level of geothermal fluid flow is classified into high, medium, low, and none based on the density of potential points seen in the radargram.

Mapping regional implementation of ‘Making Every Contact Count’: mixed-methods evaluation of implementation stage, strategies, barriers and facilitators of implementation

BackgroundThe Making Every Contact Count (MECC) programme provides training and materials to support public-facing workers to encourage health-promoting behaviour change by using the day-to-day interactions between organisations and individuals. This...

Reconstructing the long-wavelength matter density fluctuation modes from the scalar-type clustering fossils

Revealing the large-scale structure from the 21cm intensity mapping surveys is only possible after the foreground cleaning. However, most current cleaning techniques relying on the smoothness of the foreground spectrum lead to a severe side effect of removing the large-scale structure signal along the line of sight. On the other hand, the clustering fossil, a coherent variation of the small-scale clustering over large scales, allows us to recover the long-wavelength density modes from the off-diagonal correlation between short-wavelength modes. In this paper, we revisit the reconstruction based on the short-wavelength matter density modes in real space and scrutinize the requirements for an unbiased and optimal clustering-fossil estimator. We show that (A) the estimator is unbiased only when using an accurate bispectrum model for the long-short-short mode coupling and (B) including the connected four-point correlation functions is essential for characterizing the noise power spectrum of the estimated long mode. For matter in real space, the clustering fossil estimator based upon the leading-order bispectrum yields an unbiased estimation of the long-wavelength (k ≲ 0.01 [h/Mpc]) modes with the cross-correlation coefficient of 0.7 at redshifts z = 0 to 3.