Survey Of Egypt Research Articles

Assessing vaccinated persons’ intention to take the COVID-19 boosters using a combined theoretical framework: an online survey in Egypt

Vaccines, like the Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, can control diseases, but vaccine hesitancy reduces their use. It is important to assess the intention to use COVID-19 vaccines boosters and the determinants of this intention to help in developing programs to promote the uptake of boosters. An online survey collected data from adults in Egypt between March and June 2022 using a questionnaire that assessed demographic characteristics, and constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Health Belief Model (HBM). The survey was uploaded to SurveyMonkey and the links were posted on social media platforms. Binary regression analysis was used and the dependent variable was intention to use boosters of COVID-19 vaccines. The independent variables were indicators of the HBM including perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 infection (medical history) and possibility of disease prevention (awareness of the availability of types of COVID-19 vaccines); and indicators of the TPB including attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines (that they are harmful, that they may lead to death and confidence in locally and foreign manufactured vaccines), perceived norms (the percentage of vaccinated persons in one’s circle) and perceived control over booster uptake (presence of government mandates for COVID-19 vaccination). The confounders were sociodemographic factors (age, sex, education, and place of residence). Complete responses were available from 1113 out of 1401 participants (79.4%), with mean (SD) age = 25 (9.5) years, of whom, 66.7% (n = 742) were females and 68.6% (n = 764) were university students. About 39.4% and 31.2% indicated that they would get or would definitely get the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccines. In multiple regression, intention to use a booster dose was significantly related to not agreeing (AOR = 4.87, P < 0.001) or not agreeing at all (AOR = 8.46, P = 0.001) that vaccines are harmful and to having no confidence (AOR = 0.21, P < 0.001) or no confidence at all (AOR = 0.14, P < 0.001) in foreign-manufactured vaccines. Most university-educated Egyptians in the study intended to take the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose and this intention was associated with attitude toward the harm of the vaccine and confidence in foreign-manufactured vaccines. Awareness campaigns are needed to counteract misinformation and promote booster dose uptake.

Efficient role of VITEK systems in rapid identification of different corneal ulcer infectious microorganisms during an updated survey in Egypt

Efficient role of VITEK systems in rapid identification of different corneal ulcer infectious microorganisms during an updated survey in Egypt

Epidemiology of dental caries in permanent dentition: evidence from a population-based survey in Egypt

BackgroundIn recognition of the risk factors common between oral diseases and various chronic conditions and the intersection between oral health and some sustainable development goals, the current cross-sectional study was designed to quantify the burden of dental caries and identify factors associated with its occurrence in permanent teeth.MethodsUsing data from Egypt's population-based survey (2013–2014), two individual-level outcomes; past caries experience (DMFT > 0) and presence of untreated carious lesions (DT > 0) were assessed using the WHO basic methods for oral health surveys. Information on potential explanatory variables including sociodemographic characteristics, exposure to fluoridated water, dental attendance, and dental anxiety was gathered using a structured questionnaire. Stratified multistage cluster random sampling was used to recruit survey participants. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify significant potential risk factors for caries in the permanent dentition of Egyptians.FindingsA total of 9,457 participants were included of which 70.3% had at least one untreated carious lesion. After adjusting for all covariates, analphabetic Egyptians were found to have significantly higher odds of caries experience in permanent dentition DMFT > 0 (OR 1.54, 95% CI [1.20–1.98]), DT > 0 (OR 1.62, 95% CI [1.32–2.00]). Males, however, had significantly lower caries risk DMFT > 0 (OR 0.75, 95% CI [0.67–0.85]), DT > 0 (OR 0.81, 95% CI [0.73–0.89]) when compared to females. Regarding age, mean DMFT scores were significantly lower in age groups (6–15 years) (OR 0.03, 95% CI [0.014; 0.082]), (16– 20 years) (OR 0.09, 95% CI [0.037; 0.23]), and (21–35 years) (OR 0.22, 95% CI [0.09; 0.53]) than among people ≥ 60 years. ConclusionAddressing individual-level caries risk factors should be complemented by addressing upstream factors to reduce burden of untreated dental caries among Egyptians.

Comparing single-sitting versus modular text message surveys in Egypt

Abstract Text message surveys enable cost-efficient data collection and can be applied with hard-to-reach populations while other survey modes suffer from undercoverage in regions with low landline and/or internet penetration. Little is known about how to best administer surveys in this mode. We experimentally compared two different designs of automated text message surveys in terms of response rate, nonresponse bias, and participation in a follow-up survey in Egypt. In the single-sitting design, respondents automatically received a text message with a new question once they replied to a question. In the modular design, respondents received a new question each day, regardless of whether they had responded to the previous question. We invited 1,081 Egyptian parents of kindergarten children who owned a mobile phone to participate in a text message survey with eight questions on the nutrition behavior of their children. We found that, compared to the single-sitting design, the modular design yielded a higher number of answered questions but had fewer fully completed questionnaires. We found no nonresponse bias in either group and no difference in the probability of responding to a follow-up survey. Our results will help researchers make design decisions about how to implement text message surveys.

Illiberal Democrats in Egypt

ABSTRACT Despite years of high expressed support for democracy in the Middle East, recent social movements have not resulted in durable democratization. Egypt, in particular, experienced an authoritarian reversion under a military coup. This article addresses Egyptians’ support for democracy in the context of Democratic Culture Theory. Using an original survey in Egypt and machine learning, it finds that support for liberal values and support for elected government function independently in Egypt. A large minority of the survey respondents were liberal democrats, but the Egyptian public also includes sizable blocs of illiberal democrats and liberal non-democrats. These results suggest that, although there is real support for democracy in Egypt, there is less commitment to the values that can sustain democracy.

Measuring the Economic Benefits for Reusing Organic Wastes in Generating Gas and Electricity to Create Self-Sustain City

Some cities in the Global South are challenging the adverse effects of accumulating waste, which pollutes the environment and affects public health. This research presents a solution to get rid of organic waste and reuse it to generate energy. The research methods included a two-stream approach of data collection in: a qualitative method of collecting data using a field survey in Egypt and a quantitative way of measuring the amount of energy generated from using anaerobic digesters. The results revealed that anaerobic digester tanks produced 396 more than the gas consumed by the community and covered 3.6% of the electricity needed. The findings compared the energy generated from storing organic waste in anaerobic digester tanks with the power consumed by citizens. The results indicated that Egypt has challenges managing organic waste and needs innovative policies to confront draining a large portion of the local economy and causing environmental hazards.

Description of three new species and a new record of eriophyid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from Egypt

Four eriophyid mite species were collected on plants during field survey in Egypt. Abacarus sacchari ChannaBasavanna is recorded for the first time from Egypt and a supplementary morphological description and illustrations are given. A new species, Aculodes sacchari sp. nov., is vagrant in grooves on the inner surface of the leaves of Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) and no apparent symptoms were observed. Two other new species are described: Aculus glinus sp. nov., causes deformations on stems and leaves of Glinus lotoides L. (Molluginaceae), and Aceria nodiflorae sp. nov., is vagrant on leaves and flowers of Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene (Verbenaceae) and no apparent symptoms were observed. Both adult sexes and immature stages are described and illustrated for all species.

Clinical and immunological profile of newly diagnosed diabetic patients in a cohort of young adults of national hepatitis C Virus survey in Egypt

T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) is considered a disease that affects old age group. Recently, it has become common in children, adolescents and adults. Aim of the work - to highlight the challenges in differentiating T1DM (type1 diabetes mellitus) from T2DM (type2 diabetes mellitus) in early onset diabetes in youth depending on clinical and laboratory characteristics. Our cross-sectional study was performed on 200 newly diagnosed diabetic patients aged (18-30) years. All patients were subjected to detailed medical history and full clinical examination. Laboratory investigations included FBS, 2hPP, HbA1C, fasting C peptide and GADA. About 59% (118) of our patients were T2DM while (82) 41% were T1DM. T1DM was more dominant than T2DM in age group less than 25 years (T1DM 79% versus T2DM 21%, P<0.001), while T2DM was more than T1DM in age group more than 25 years (T2DM 93% versus T1DM 17%, P<0.001). GADA was detected in 73.2% of T1DM patient and it was high titer while GADA was detected in only 8% of T2DM with low titer, in addition GADA positive patients were significantly younger than negative patients, age (20.9±2.5 years vs. 26.4±3.5 years respectively) (P <0.001). About 8% of phenotypically type 2 diabetic youth had GADA positive antibodies which did not confer impact on c peptide level or glycemic control yet type 1 diabetics who were GADA negative had a better glycemic control.

Buy now before it expires: a study of expiration date-based pricing

PurposeFood waste and retail losses due to expiration dates are an important problem worldwide. Expiration date-based pricing (EDBP) is a price promotion technique consisting of charging different prices for perishable product approaching expiration date. The authors explore the influence of EDBP on impulse buying (IB) and on cognitive dissonance.Design/methodology/approachA mall intercept survey in Egypt was used to test the proposed model.FindingsThe results show that, while EDBP does not affect IB, it impacts cognitive dissonance. In addition, cognitive IB impacts cognitive dissonance, while affective IB does not.Practical implicationsResults suggest that there is a need to reconsider the effects of EDBP and call for alternative strategies to promote products approaching its expiration date, including strategies based on environmental protection by reducing waste arguments rather than on the sales promotional framework.Originality/valueIn spite of the importance of understanding consumer behaviour with perishable goods, this topic has taken little or no attention in the literature. The results provide useful insights for understanding EDBP.

Rheumatologists' practice during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a survey in Egypt.

The aim of this work is to trace how rheumatologists all over Egypt are approaching the COVID-19 pandemic and what changes it has brought about in the patients’ care with special attention to its effect on vulnerable rheumatic disease (RD) patients. This survey further aims to help inform the rheumatology community about the changes in practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey included 26 questions distributed to University staff members across Egypt members of the Egyptian College of Rheumatology (ECR). It takes 5–10 min to fill out. The practice setting of participating rheumatologists included University Teaching Hospitals that are the main rheumatology and clinical immunology service providers for adults and children RD patients. There was an overall agreement across the country in the responses to the survey that took a median time of 7 min to fill in. Potential changes in rheumatology outpatient practice by staff members evolved since the COVID-19 pandemic. None of the university rheumatology staff members has prescribed chloroquine or HCQ to prevent or treat COVID-19 in a non-hospitalized patient who was not previously on it. Twenty-three recommended decrease/avoid NSAIDs if the RD patient had confirmed COVID-19 or symptoms. There is an agreement to the key emerging frontline role of rheumatologists in treating COVID-19. During the pandemic, RD cases requiring admission were dealt with by several modified strategies. The overall agreement among the different university rheumatology departments during such critical situation has provoked the ECR to consider providing provisional guidelines for dealing with RD patients during this global catastrophe.

Assessing the prevalence of early childhood caries and the associated determinants in a group of preschool children: results from a national oral health survey in Egypt

Objective: This study provides information on the prevalence of early childhood caries among a sample of Egyptian Preschool children and the potential determinants associated with this condition.Methods: A total of 651 preschool children were randomly selected from 160 gathering points in 26 governorates in Egypt. A face to face interview was conducted with children’s primary caregivers and data on socioeconomic status, oral hygiene practices and feeding habits was collected. Information on caries experience was also recorded through dental examination following a standardized clinical protocol based on World Health Organization measures. Results: More than 67% of the examined children had at least one decayed primary tooth and the mean dmf score was 3.3. Girls had lower mean dmf scores in comparison to boys. A weak positive correlation was detected between dmf scores in children and maternal caries experience (r = 0.130, P < 0.001) whereas the coorelation with frequency of tooth brushing was weak negative (r= -0.093, p<0.001).Conclusions: Dental treatment needs among Egyptian preschool children are quite high and thus urging actions towards promoting oral health status of this population group need to be undertaken at community levels.

Prevalence and impact of lower urinary tract symptoms: Results of the epic survey in Egypt.

To estimate the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including overactive bladder (OAB), and urinary incontinence (UI), in Egypt and the impact on patients' quality of life. A population-based, cross-sectional survey (EPIC) was conducted with a random sample of adults aged ≥18 years. Prevalence estimates were based on 2002 International Continence Society definitions. A total of 3600 adult men and women participated in the survey; 86% of them experienced ≥1 LUTS: storage symptoms were more frequently reported (75%) than voiding (52%) or postmicturition (42%) symptoms. The most prevalent storage symptom was nocturia (defined as ≥1 time per night) in 70% of the population. UI was reported by 21% (mixed UI [MUI]: 9%; stress UI [SUI]: 4%; urgency UI [UUI]: 5%; other UI: 3%), and 30% met criteria for OAB. Despite the high prevalence of LUTS, few individuals with UUI, MUI, SUI, or OAB took prescription medicine (12%) or consulted a healthcare professional about their symptoms (23%). High prevalence rates of LUTS and OAB were found in adult men and women in Egypt, although low healthcare utilization and low prescription medication use for symptoms were observed.

Association between hepatitis C infection and cerebro‐cardiovascular disease: analysis of a national population‐based survey in Egypt

To examine the association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, cardiovascular risk factors and cerebro-cardiovascular (CCV) disease. The source of data was the Egypt Health Issues Survey conducted in 2015. Participants were 11 256 individuals with complete HCV testing, age 25-59 years. Data on demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, CCV disease (myocardial infarction and/or cerebral stroke) and HCV infection were retrieved. Descriptive, bivariate, multivariable logistic regression and sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the independent association of past HCV exposure or chronic infection with diabetes, hypertension and CCV disease. 3.9% of participants were antibody positive/RNA negative and considered to have past HCV exposure; 7.9% had detectable HCV-RNA and were considered to have chronic infection. Participants with negative antibodies and no history of liver disease (n = 9928) were the control group. In addition to the previously known risk factors, multivariable analyses revealed that diabetes was independently associated with past HCV exposure (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.27-2.32) and HCV chronic infection (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.23-1.97), whereas CCV disease was independently associated with past exposure (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.62-4.46) and not with chronic infection. No evidence of an association between hypertension and either HCV status was found. The association of both past HCV exposure and chronic infection with diabetes and that of past HCV exposure with CCV disease may suggest targeting HCV-positive reactors for preventive and curative programmes addressing extrahepatic complications.

Determinants of Political Participation among the Egyptian Public: Findings from the Opinion Survey in Egypt 2008 ( Political Orientations of the Egyptian Public Based on the Result of Egypt Opinion Survey 2008)

Determinants of Political Participation among the Egyptian Public: Findings from the Opinion Survey in Egypt 2008 ( Political Orientations of the Egyptian Public Based on the Result of Egypt Opinion Survey 2008)

Islamism, Egyptian Nationalism, or Arabism?: Comparison of the 2007 Survey of the Greater Cairo Area and the Opinion Survey in Egypt 2008 ( Political Orientations of the Egyptian Public Based on the Result of Egypt Opinion Survey 2008)

Islamism, Egyptian Nationalism, or Arabism?: Comparison of the 2007 Survey of the Greater Cairo Area and the Opinion Survey in Egypt 2008 ( Political Orientations of the Egyptian Public Based on the Result of Egypt Opinion Survey 2008)

Art and Archaeology

It is an obvious strategy of revisionism, in Classical archaeology: to see what J. J. Winckelmann said about this or that object, or sort of object, and then to measure ‘how far we have come’, in terms of interpretative enlightenment since the late eighteenth century. With the great Nilotic mosaic of Palestrina, that strategy looks at first sight promising enough. Winckelmann's theory was that it must represent a heroic narrative – specifically, the curious variant of Helen's abduction in which Paris carries off merely aneidolon, while the real Helen is secreted by the gods to Egypt and eventually retrieved from there by Menelaus (for details of the story, see Euripides’Helen). Winckelmann proposed Menelaus to be the foreground figure in greenish armour holding up a drinking-horn, Helen the lady attendant with a ladle – but there was little else to support his reading, and so alternative theories have multiplied (naturally enough – since the date of the mosaic is not absolutely established). In this case, however, it seems we are still short of a satisfactory resolution. By including discussion of the mosaic in her survey ofEgypt in Italy, Molly Swetnam-Burland admits that it could as easily post- as pre-date Rome's annexation of the Ptolemaic kingdom; and yet she does not want it to be generically categorized as a sample ofnilotica. ‘Representations of Egypt were rarely if ever to be considered in isolation’ (154). This could be the motto of her study, which explores how objects and ideas from and about Egypt became ‘recontextualized’ by the Romans. We may not have a definitive account for the Palestrina mosaic, but overall the results of this approach are worth reading. Analysis of the process whereby the first two obelisks were brought from Egypt to Rome, for example, demands that we do not content ourselves with seeing these transplanted megaliths as simply the trophies ofAegypto capta, nor just signs of Rome's attempt to rival Alexandria, but part of a claim by Augustus to pharaonic/cosmic powers. The author does not confine herself to archaeology: a substantial section of the book is devoted to an analysis of Juvenal's Satire 15.

An apparent lack of epidemiologic association between hepatitis C virus knowledge and the prevalence of hepatitis C infection in a national survey in Egypt.

BackgroundEgypt has by far the largest hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in the world with 14.7% of the population being antibody positive for HCV. The aim of this study was to examine the association between knowledge of HCV and HCV antibody positivity among the Egyptian population.MethodsWe characterized different measures of HCV knowledge and examined their associations with HCV prevalence, by analyzing a nationally representative database using standard epidemiologic methods. The database, the 2008 Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey, included demographic, health, and HCV biomarker information for a sample of over 12,000 individuals.ResultsBasic knowledge of HCV was found to be high, but multiple gaps were identified in the specific knowledge of HCV and its modes of transmission. There was no statistically significant difference in HCV prevalence between those who have heard of HCV infection and those who have not (14.4% vs. 15.9%, p>.05). Similar results were found for the other HCV knowledge measures including those specific to HCV modes of transmission and to the sources of information for HCV awareness. Logistic regression analyses did not demonstrate an association between HCV knowledge and HCV prevalence.ConclusionsOur results do not provide support for an effect of awareness on reducing the risk of HCV infection in Egypt. Public health messages directed at the lay public may not provide sufficient empowerment for individuals to avoid HCV infection, and should be complemented with prevention programs to promote and strengthen infection control in the settings of exposure, particularly in health care facilities.

Inputs to quality: supervision, management, and community involvement in health facilities in Egypt in 2004

BackgroundAs low- and middle-income countries experience economic development, ensuring quality of health care delivery is a central component of health reform. Nevertheless, health reforms in low- and middle-income countries have focused more on access to services rather than the quality of these services, and reporting on quality has been limited. In the present study, we sought to examine the prevalence and regional variation in key management practices in Egyptian health facilities within three domains: supervision of the facility from the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), managerial processes, and patient and community involvement in care.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from 559 facilities surveyed with the Egyptian Service Provision Assessment (ESPA) survey in 2004, the most recent such survey in Egypt. We registered on the Measure Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) website http://legacy.measuredhs.com/login.cfm to gain access to the survey data. From the ESPA sampled 559 MOHP facilities, we excluded a total of 79 facilities because they did not offer facility-based 24-hour care or have at least one physician working in the facility, resulting in a final sample of 480 facilities. The final sample included 76 general service hospitals, 307 rural health units, and 97 maternal and child health and urban health units (MCH/urban units). We used standard frequency analyses to describe facility characteristics and tested the statistical significance of regional differences using chi-square statistics.ResultsNearly all facilities reported having external supervision within the 6 months preceding the interview. In contrast, key facility-level managerial processes, such as having routine and documented management meetings and applying quality assurance approaches, were uncommon. Involvement of communities and patients was also reported in a minority of facilities. Hospitals and health units located in Urban Egypt compared with more rural parts of Egypt were significantly more likely to have management committees that met at least monthly, to keep official records of the meetings, and to have an approach for reviewing quality assurance activities.ConclusionsAlthough the data precede the recent reform efforts of the MOHP, they provide a baseline against which future progress can be measured. Targeted efforts to improve facility-level management are critical to supporting quality improvement initiatives directed at improving the quality of health care throughout the country.

Surface waves: use them then lose them. Surface‐wave analysis, inversion and attenuation in land reflection seismic surveying

ABSTRACTWhile in other domains of applied geophysics the surface‐wave is considered a source of information for near‐surface characterization, in the seismic industry the so‐called ground roll has been traditionally regarded only as coherent noise to be filtered out as soon as possible. This difference of perspective is mainly due to the limitations of conventional land acquisition. The Rayleigh waves, which constitute a large part of the recorded energy, can be acquired properly, analysed and inverted to characterize the near‐surface with a surprisingly high resolution, even in large 3D surveys, with point receiver acquisition. Surface waves can play a new role: they contribute to a better near‐surface characterization for the perturbation correction and can be used for velocity modelling and geological modelling. Their proper identification enables alternative filtering strategies. Surface waves are not coherent noise but a signal that can be lifted from the seismic record and exploited in a variety of well‐established geophysical solutions. In this paper we discuss a workflow for the analysis, inversion and attenuation of surface waves with 3D land data, showing examples from a land 3D survey in Egypt.

National burden of injuries and violence: a household survey in Egypt

IntroductionIn 2008, Injury was ranked as the 5th leading cause of mortality and 3rd cause of hospitalisation in Egypt. The aim of the survey was to identify the burden and...