Surrounding Region Research Articles

Antagonistic CLE peptide pathways shape root meristem tissue patterning.

Secreted CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide ligands dimension the stem cell niche of Arabidopsis shoot meristems by signalling through redundant and cross-compensating CLAVATA1 (CLV1)-type receptor kinases. In the root meristem, the CLV1 homologues BARELY ANY MERISTEM 1 (BAM1) and BAM2 drive CLE13/16-mediated formative divisions that produce the ground tissue layers. Here we report that BAM1/2 are also required to initiate the vascular phloem lineage and that cross-compensation between CLV1-type receptors as observed in the shoot does not operate similarly in the root. Rather, we find that BAM3-mediated CLE45 signalling antagonizes BAM1/2-mediated CLE11/12/13 signalling in the phloem initials but not in the ground tissue. We further observe spatiotemporally contrasting CLE signalling requirements for phloem initiation and differentiation, which are shaped by the SHORT ROOT (SHR) pathway. Our findings thus suggest an intricate quantitative interplay between distinct and antagonistic CLE signalling pathways that organizes tissue layer formation in the Arabidopsis root meristem.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the CLAVATA3/ESR-Related Gene Family in Tiger Nut

CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-related (CLE) genes encode a group of peptide hormones, which coordinate cell proliferation and differentiation in plants. Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is a perennial monocot plant that produces oil-rich tubers. However, the mechanisms regulating tuber development in tiger nut are poorly understood, and nothing is known about CLE genes in tiger nut. In this study, we identified 34 CLE genes in the genomes, proteomes, and transcriptomes of C. esculentus (CeCLE). We analyzed their gene structures and expression profiles in different parts of the plant, at three stages of tuber development and in roots in response to dehydration stress. We found a relatively high expression level of CeCLE13 in growing tuber and suggested that the corresponding CLE peptide could be involved in the regulation of tuberization. We also analyzed CeCLE gene sequences in the genome of the most productive K-17 variety in the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources collection and found many single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions, and deletions. Our data provides fundamental information for future research on tiger nut growth and tuberization.

High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Paired Clinical Liver Tissue Samples from Hepatocellular Cancer and Surrounding Region.

The global burden of liver cancer is increasing. Timely diagnosis is important for optimising the limited available treatment options. Understanding the metabolic consequences of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may lead to more effective treatment options. We aimed to document metabolite differences between HCC and matched surrounding tissues of varying aetiology, obtained at the time of liver resection, and to interpret metabolite changes with clinical findings. High-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS-NMR) spectroscopy analyses of N = 10 paired HCC and surrounding non-tumour liver tissue samples were undertaken. There were marked HRMAS-NMR differences in lipid levels in HCC tissue compared to matched surrounding tissue and more subtle changes in low-molecular-weight metabolites, particularly when adjusting for patient-specific variability. Differences in lipid-CH3, lipid-CH2, formate, and acetate levels were of particular interest. The obvious differences in lipid content highlight the intricate interplay between metabolic adaptations and cancer cell survival in the complex microenvironment of liver cancer. Differences in formate and acetate might relate to bacterial metabolites. Therefore, documentation of metabolites in HCC tissue according to histology findings in patients is of interest for personalised medicine approaches and for tailoring targeted treatment strategies.

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Urban Land Green Utilization Efficiency and Driving Factors: An Empirical Study Based on Spatial Econometrics

Green development is an inevitable choice for sustainable development under the constraints of environmental resources. This paper attempts to explore the connotation of urban land green utilization efficiency (LGUE) and reveal its spatial differentiation characteristics. This study adopts the super-SBM model to measure LGUE from 2009 to 2022 and analyzes the spatiotemporal variation rules. Then, the study reveals the spatial influencing factors of LGUE, drawing the following conclusions: (1) the average efficiency value of LGUE at the national level is still at a low level, but it is on an upward trend. There are significant differences in LGUE among the eastern, central, and western regions, with the highest LGUE in the eastern region and the lowest in the western region. (2) The spatial distribution of LGUE in various cities across the country is not entirely random but shows significant spatial autocorrelation characteristics. The improvement in LGUE in a region can improve the surrounding region's LGUE. (3) Economic development level promotes the improvement of local city LGUE, but its impact on LGUE of surrounding neighboring cities is not significant; local city industrial structure upgrading can improve LGUE in both local and neighboring cities; foreign investment in local cities can promote LGUE in both local and neighboring cities; the increase in population density will hinder LGUE in local cities but improve surrounding cities LGUE. The intervention degree of local city government will suppress the improvement of LGUE in both local and neighboring cities.

“Two Mountains concept” leading the green transformation of China's economic society

The rapid urbanization are serious threats to global sustainable development, making the green transformation of socio-economy and industry a must for global efforts. The theory of ecological and economic harmonization in ecological economics has gained attention. However the Two Mountains concept, i.e., “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”, has been mostly neglected as a practical demonstration of the theory. In this study an equal weights method is used to construct an index system for testing the effectiveness of the ongoing practices and demonstrations of the Two Mountains concept, and whether it can achieve the expected green transformation objectives. A total of 421 pilot cases and 208 surrounding non-pilot cases in China from 2010 to 2020 are selected for analysis. The results indicate that: (1) From 2010 to 2020, overall 98.33% of pilots show positive improvement in comprehensive effectiveness; (2) Strong evidence indicate that the positive externality of the demonstrations extends to their surrounding region, mainly manifested in the impact of industrial structure change, inspiring collaboration between cities; (3) Such ambitious green transformation has a significant impact on landscape characteristics, which emphasizes the role of landscape management and monitoring. Therefore, this study proposes an industrial integration framework to enhance the transformation of ecosystem service values, to facilitate transition to a green economy in various regions globally. It provides significant managerial insights and practical expertise. The demonstration of China's Two Mountains concept can offer reliable empirical cases to enrich the theory of ecological economics and global sustainable development.

Spatiotemporal variations of extreme weather events and climate drivers in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and its surrounding regions from 1960 to 2020

The Three Gorges Reservoir Area and its Surrounding Region (TGRASR) play a crucial role in the Yangtze River Basin. Over the past years, there has been growing concern about the effects of extreme weather events in this area, mainly attributed to climate change. To effectively address the implications of climate change, a thorough understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of these events is necessary. However, some of the previous studies have been limited to analyzing trend changes in events and have not sufficiently considered the connection with atmospheric circulation indices. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal variations of extreme weather events using the Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope trend methods. Then, the correlation between extreme weather events and climate factors is explored using the Mantel test, Geo-Detector method (GDM), and Partial wavelet coherency (PWC) in terms of linear, hierarchical heterogeneity, and nonlinear, respectively. Finally, we investigated the potential climate factors that affect the temporal and spatial variability of extreme weather occurrences. The results showed that(1) among the 12 extreme indices analyzed in the TGRASR region from 1960 to 2020, there was a decreasing trend observed in Consecutive dry days (CDD), Consecutive wet days (CWD), and Annual count of days when precipitation is ≥10 mm (R10), while the remaining indices exhibited an increasing trend. Subsequent analysis employing the M-K mutation revealed that the mutation point for CWD occurred around 1975, resulting in a significant decrease in its trend. Additionally, the Simple daily intensity index (SDII), Annual count of days when the daily maximum temperature (TX) is >25 °C (SU25), and R10 displayed a decreasing trend. Mutations in the trends SU25, Annual count of days when the daily minimum temperature (TN) is >20 °C (TR20), and Annual count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TX > 90th percentile (WSDI) were observed in 1997, 1999, 2003, and 2005, respectively. Following these mutations, all four indices displayed a substantial increase. (2) CDD, CWD, and R10 exhibit a decreasing trend across most stations, whereas the remaining indices demonstrate an increasing trend. Regarding spatial distribution, indices characterizing precipitation frequency and intensity exhibit higher mean values in the southeastern part of the TGRASR. (3) Mantel test: North Pacific pattern (NP), North Tropical Atlantic (NTA), and Global Mean Land/Ocean Temperature (GMLOT) have significant linear correlations with extreme precipitation and extreme temperature events; GDM: GMLOT and NTA are the main contributors to extreme precipitation and extreme temperature; PWC: 12 extreme indices have some nonlinear associations with all five climate factors. The study's findings can assist decision-makers in formulating sustainable water resource management strategies and measures for mitigating drought and flood risks. Additionally, the study contributes to uncovering climatic factors that influence changes in extreme weather events.

Environmental radiation exposure at Chornobyl has not systematically affected the genomes or chemical mutagen tolerance phenotypes of local worms

The 1986 disaster at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant transformed the surrounding region into the most radioactive landscape known on the planet. Whether or not this sudden environmental shift selected for species, or even individuals within a species, that are naturally more resistant to mutagen exposure remains an open question. In this study, we collected, cultured, and cryopreserved 298 wild nematode isolates from areas varying in radioactivity within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone. We sequenced and assembled genomes de novo for 20 Oscheius tipulae strains, analyzed their genomes for evidence of recent mutation acquisition in the field, and observed no evidence of an association between mutation and radioactivity at the sites of collection. Multigenerational exposure of each of these strains to several chemical mutagens in the lab revealed that strains vary heritably in tolerance to each mutagen, but mutagen tolerance cannot be predicted based on the radiation levels at collection sites, and Chornobyl isolates were not systematically more resistant than strains from undisturbed habitats. In sum, the absence of mutational signatures does not reflect unique capacity for tolerating DNA damage.

Legal Certainty of Establishment of Buildings in a City Based on Law Number 28 of 2002 Concerning Buildings

Regional planning is closely related to the use of places in a region, so important regional planning is expected to help the surrounding region in developing its territory. Regarding licensing, when construction or development is carried out, licensing is of course one of the things that accompanies the activity. In this work, the author uses the Building Construction Permit (PBG) form, especially in the scope of business permits in the city of Surabaya as the research object. Building Construction Approval (PBG) is the latest innovation from the previous form of permit, namely Building Construction Permit (IMB). Using normative legal research methods, the author analyzes the form of legal certainty applied to the issuance of Building Construction Permits (PBG) in the City of Surabaya to conclude in the form of the results of this legal certainty, namely a form of protection and law coercion.

The LaCLE35 peptide modifies rootlet density and length in cluster roots of white lupin.

White lupin (lupinus albus L.) forms special bottlebrush-like root structures called cluster roots (CR) when phosphorus is low, to remobilise sparingly soluble phosphates in the soil. The molecular mechanisms that control the CR formation remain unknown. Root development in other plants is regulated by CLE (CLAVATA3/ EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED) peptides, which provide more precise control mechanisms than common phytohormones. This makes these peptides interesting candidates to be involved in CR formation, where fine tuning to environmental factors is required. In this study we present an analysis of CLE peptides in white lupin. The peptides LaCLE35 (RGVHy PSGANPLHN) and LaCLE55 (RRVHy PSCHy PDPLHN) reduced root growth and altered CR in hydroponically cultured white lupins. We demonstrate that rootlet density and rootlet length were locally, but not systemically, impaired by exogenously applied CLE35. The peptide was identified in the xylem sap. The inhibitory effect of CLE35 on root growth was attributed to arrested cell elongation in root tips. Taken together, CLE peptides affect both rootlet density and rootlet length, which are two critical factors for CR formation, and may be involved in fine tuning this peculiar root structure that is present in a few crops and many Proteaceae species, under low phosphorus availability.

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knock-Out of the MtCLE35 Gene Highlights Its Key Role in the Control of Symbiotic Nodule Numbers under High-Nitrate Conditions

Legume plants have the ability to establish a symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria known as rhizobia. The legume–rhizobium symbiosis results in the formation of symbiotic root nodules, where rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen. A host plant controls the number of symbiotic nodules to meet its nitrogen demands. CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION) peptides produced in the root in response to rhizobial inoculation and/or nitrate have been shown to control the number of symbiotic nodules. Previously, the MtCLE35 gene was found to be upregulated by rhizobia and nitrate treatment in Medicago truncatula, which systemically inhibited nodulation when overexpressed. In this study, we obtained several knock-out lines in which the MtCLE35 gene was mutated using the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated system. M. truncatula lines with the MtCLE35 gene knocked out produced increased numbers of nodules in the presence of nitrate in comparison to wild-type plants. Moreover, in the presence of nitrate, the expression levels of two other nodulation-related MtCLE genes, MtCLE12 and MtCLE13, were reduced in rhizobia-inoculated roots, whereas no significant difference in MtCLE35 gene expression was observed between nitrate-treated and rhizobia-inoculated control roots. Together, these findings suggest the key role of MtCLE35 in the number of nodule numbers under high-nitrate conditions, under which the expression levels of other nodulation-related MtCLE genes are reduced.

Investigation on the dynamic behavior of the ring-stiffened double-shell structure due to subsea collisions

The ring-stiffened double-shell structure is currently widely utilized in the equipment for ocean engineering, of which the response analysis under subsea impact is important to accomplish the safety and highly difficult Marine missions. However, due to the complex characteristics of the research object including fluid-solid coupling contact, large deformation, short response time, and multiplet structure, the dynamic behavior of the impacted ring-stiffened double-shell structure is hard to analyze accurately by traditional numerical methods. To overcome challenges, a fresh modeling and solving approach for the impacting mechanism of the structure body is put forward by this paper. The method is based on the Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler and Fluid-Structure-Interaction (ALE-FSI) theory. A stiffness matrix of a penalty function and steady outer pressure setting is presented to build the underwater interaction model. Then, the ALE-based description method is proposed to simulate the collision process. The results indicate that the adopted modeling and solving methods for the subsea structural collision have better revealed the dynamic response process of subsea structure to impact. There isn’t any evident damage spreading to the surrounding region, and the structural damage is primarily contained in the collision area. When an underwater impact is applied to the double shell structure, the non-pressure shell provides better protection. The core academic achievement of this work is providing an effective approach for subsea impacting mechanism and nonlinear dynamic response of ring-stiffened double-shell structure which can be used in different scenarios. It can offer universal references to optimize the construction of underwater equipment and determine the level of impact damage to submarines.

Identification of Urban Centre and Rural Growth Centres Around Guwahati and Its Surrounding Rural Region Using Hierarchical Settlements, Nested Hexagons, Remote Sensing and GIS

Guwahati city is the highest order urban center of Assam and is an important gateway to the north eastern region of India. In this study, a 50km buffer from the master plan boundary of Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) is selected for identifying potential urban centers and rural growth centers (URGC) of different order for decentralized planning and inter and intra-administrative cooperation around the city using multi-parametric criteria. This includes central place theory, nested hexagon method and thematic information on groundwater potential zones, land use/land cover, flood prone and landslide susceptible zones. Out of the 32 identified potential villages, 15 are proposed for new urban centers and 17 are proposed for development as rural growth centers. 9 towns are also proposed for up-gradation to higher order for proper spatio-functional interaction. However, several suggestions and preventive measures were made before initiating developmental expansion which needs to be considered. The findings of this study would be useful for decentralized planning to minimize the economic imbalances, rural migration and sustainable development of the region.

The Detection of IVT Over Iraq and Surrounding Region and the links to Precipitation Over Iraq

The Detection of IVT Over Iraq and Surrounding Region and the links to Precipitation Over Iraq

Crustal Block and Muted Ring Development During the Formation of Mercury's Caloris Megabasin

AbstractIn contrast to multiring basins, megabasins lack clear ring structures and display crustal profiles characterized by a thin layer of crust at their center that gradually increases in thickness to the surrounding region. The 1,550‐km‐diameter Caloris basin on Mercury is often speculated to be a multiring basin; however, its crustal structure is indicative of a megabasin, perhaps explaining the lack of discernible rings. Here, we model the formation of Caloris basin using iSALE‐2D under a range of preimpact thermal conditions to determine whether the processes responsible for its megabasin crustal structure could lead to the formation of basin rings. We find that thermal gradients between 22 and 30 K/km—hotter than previously inferred—facilitate the reproduction of Caloris basin's crustal structure through crustal flowback, though such preimpact thermal structures preclude its formation as a multiring basin. Instead, repeated thrusting and necking events during transient crater collapse induce instances of fault reactivation, which diminish initial fault offsets and produce a series of discrete crustal blocks. Models assuming cooler thermal gradients lead to overly thin or non‐existent crust at the basin center, in contrast to observations. Even if crustal deficits were made up via a differentiating melt pool, the crust elsewhere would be overly thick, supporting the idea that the crustal structure of megabasins is primarily associated with transient crater collapse. We conclude that the transition to a megabasin morphology on terrestrial planetary surfaces, like the multiring transition, is dependent upon the size of the basin compared to the lithospheric thickness.

Analysis of Deformation Dynamics in Guatemala City Metropolitan Area Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry

The analysis of deformation dynamics in Guatemala city and its surrounding region presented in this paper holds significant relevance due to the high vulnerability of this area to natural disasters, combined with its rapid urbanization, similar to most Central American cities, contrasting with a lack of InSAR and deformation studies in the region. A total of 226 SAR images from Sentinel-1 A and B satellites in both ascending and descending geometries were processed with the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique employing the SNAP-StaMPS integrated processing chain. The study area encompasses the Metropolitan Region of Guatemala, which is characterized by a diverse and active geological framework, with a historical record of earthquakes, intense groundwater extraction, and local subsidence phenomena, causing fissures and sinkholes. Four active areas were identified in the study area, each covering more than 50 hectares, with subsidence velocities greater than 10 mm/yr. This study provides valuable insights into fostering the sustainable development of this region by identifying deformation patterns, characterizing main active areas, and evaluating associated risks for disaster management and prevention. The results can also aid informed decision-making processes and guide urban planning and resource management strategies in other Central American countries. The application of InSAR studies is crucial for improving safety and sustainability in urban environments and natural resource management in vulnerable regions.

Single-view multi-human pose estimation by attentive cross-dimension matching.

Vision-based human pose estimation has been widely applied in tasks such as augmented reality, action recognition and human-machine interaction. Current approaches favor the keypoint detection-based paradigm, as it eases the learning by circumventing the highly non-linear problem of direct regressing keypoint coordinates. However, in such a paradigm, each keypoint is predicted based on its small surrounding region in a Gaussian-like heatmap, resulting in a huge waste of information from the rest regions and even limiting the model optimization. In this paper, we design a new k-block multi-person pose estimation architecture with a voting mechanism on the entire heatmap to simultaneously infer the key points and their uncertainties. To further improve the keypoint estimation, this architecture leverages the SMPL 3D human body model, and iteratively mines the information of human body structure to correct the pose estimation from a single image. By experiments on the 3DPW dataset, it improves the state-of-the-art performance by about 8 mm on MPJPE metric and 5 mm on PA-MPJPE metric. Furthermore, its capability to be employed in real-time provides potential applications for multi-person pose estimation to be conducted in complex scenarios.

Source Contributions to Fine Particulate Matter and Attributable Mortality in India and the Surrounding Region.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is a leading mortality risk factor in India and the surrounding region of South Asia. This study evaluates the contribution of emission sectors and fuels to PM2.5 mass for 29 states in India and 6 surrounding countries (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar) by combining source-specific emission estimates, stretched grid simulations from a chemical transport model, high resolution hybrid PM2.5, and disease-specific mortality estimates. We find that 1.02 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.78-1.26) million deaths in South Asia attributable to ambient PM2.5 in 2019 were primarily from three leading sectors: residential combustion (28%), industry (15%), and power generation (12%). Solid biofuel is the leading combustible fuel contributing to the PM2.5-attributable mortality (31%), followed by coal (17%), and oil and gas (14%). State-level analyses reveal higher residential combustion contributions (35%-39%) in states (Delhi, Uttar-Pradesh, Haryana) with high ambient PM2.5 (>95 μg/m3). The combined mortality burden associated with residential combustion (ambient) and household air pollution (HAP) in India is 0.72 million (95% CI:0.54-0.89) (68% attributable to HAP, 32% attributable to residential combustion). Our results illustrate the potential to reduce PM2.5 mass and improve population health by reducing emissions from traditional energy sources across multiple sectors in South Asia.

Independência e participação das elites políticas da Bahia na Assembleia Constituinte de 1823

When the work of the Constituent and Legislative General Assembly of the Empire of Brazil was begun in 1823, the state of Bahia was absent. It was to arrive at a delay, as in its capital and surrounding region the fight for independence was still underway. Such a situation sparked controversies and debates which highlighted the province’s economic and political importance, whose absence, according to various deputies, rendered the implementation of certain agendas inviable. Between impasses and decisions, it is possible to understand Bahia’s insertion in parliamentary debates and to problematize the intentions, interests, and plans of its representatives when they comment on issues such as amnesty, provincial government, and the creation of law courses in Brazil, based on the speeches registered in the annals of the Senate. The minutes of the Constituent General Assembly’s sessions held in 1823 are the sources used here, interpreted and problematized from the perspective of the discourse analysis method.

The CLE33 peptide represses phloem differentiation via autocrine and paracrine signaling in Arabidopsis

Plant meristems require a constant supply of photoassimilates and hormones to the dividing meristematic cells. In the growing root, such supply is delivered by protophloem sieve elements. Due to its preeminent function for the root apical meristem, protophloem is the first tissue to differentiate. This process is regulated by a genetic circuit involving in one side the positive regulators DOF transcription factors, OCTOPUS (OPS) and BREVIX RADIX (BRX), and in the other side the negative regulators CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION RELATED (CLE) peptides and their cognate receptors BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM) receptor-like kinases. brx and ops mutants harbor a discontinuous protophloem that can be fully rescued by mutation in BAM3, but is only partially rescued when all three known phloem-specific CLE genes, CLE25/26/45 are simultaneously mutated. Here we identify a CLE gene closely related to CLE45, named CLE33. We show that double mutant cle33cle45 fully suppresses brx and ops protophloem phenotype. CLE33 orthologs are found in basal angiosperms, monocots, and eudicots, and the gene duplication which gave rise to CLE45 in Arabidopsis and other Brassicaceae appears to be a recent event. We thus discovered previously unidentified Arabidopsis CLE gene that is an essential player in protophloem formation.

Root-knot nematode modulates plant CLE3-CLV1 signaling as a long-distance signal for successful infection.

Plants use many long-distance and systemic signals to modulate growth and development, as well as respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. Parasitic nematodes infect host plant roots and cause severe damage to crop plants. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate parasitic nematode infections are still unknown. Here, we show that plant parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne incognita, modulate the host CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE)-CLV1 signaling module to promote the infection progression. Plants deficient in the CLE signaling pathway show enhanced RKN resistance, whereas CLE overexpression leads to increased susceptibility toward RKN. Grafting analysis shows that CLV1 expression in the shoot alone is sufficient to positively regulate RKN infection. Together with results from the split-root culture system, infection assays, and CLE3-CLV1 binding assays, we conclude that mobile root-derived CLE signals are perceived by CLV1 in the shoot, which subsequently produce systemic signals to promote gall formation and RKN reproduction.