Surplus Revenue Research Articles

Flattening of government hierarchies and growth of farmers’ income

Continuously raising farmers’ income is important for poverty reduction. In a multilevel government system, institutional arrangements can influence the role of grassroots governments in economic and social development. Based on the rural statistical data of 743 townships in Province A in central China from 2001 to 2012, we use the difference-in-differences (DID) approach to investigate the effect of the reform of flattening governmental hierarchy at the township level on increasing farmers’ income. We find that the reform of grassroots flattening hierarchies significantly promotes the growth of farmers’ income. Specifically, in the face of economic-assessment pressure from the higher-level government and the incentives of fiscal excess revenue in the reform, the township government will make full use of the greater administrative power and resources endowed by the reform to vigorously attract investment to increase the number of enterprises and provide farmers with more non-agricultural employment opportunities, thus raising their wage income. Moreover, this reform’s income-increasing effect is more obvious in townships that are closer to the county seat and have more convenient transportation, a higher level of human capital, and a stronger ability to exercise administrative power.

Federalising Socialism Without Doctrine

The Australian Constitution is only partly ‘liberal’ (securing political and economic liberties); another part is ‘socialist without doctrine’ (empowering governments to own and operate vast public capital, while providing social insurance in a market economy). That mixture is common in modern advanced economies but was anomalous in the Anglophone constitutional tradition in 1901. Legislative power over ‘old age and invalid pensions’, ‘railway construction’ and ‘conciliation and arbitration for the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes’ was an accepted part of the incipient Federal scheme but repugnant to Anglophone constitutional orthodoxy of the 19th century. The integration of ‘colonial socialism’ into the Constitution created one of the longest-standing puzzles in Australian jurisprudence, the Surplus Revenue Case of 1908, and laid the foundations for federal dominance of the Australian economy. Understanding the enduring impact of colonial socialism in Australian constitutionalism sheds light on how Australia’s distinctive political economy grew within a ‘Washminster’ system of government. It also provides principled guidance for future policy challenges that may require expansion of state involvement in the economy.

Oil price shocks pass‐through to domestic prices in Nigeria

AbstractThe study investigated the potential non‐linear impacts of fluctuations in oil prices on domestic prices in Nigeria. Utilising the non‐linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, the study revealed the presence of asymmetry in the behaviour of domestic prices. Both forms of oil price shocks were observed to have a negative influence on domestic prices in the short term, with only positive oil price shocks demonstrating statistical significance. However, in the long run, a distinct pattern emerged where a decrease in oil prices significantly affected domestic prices. Additionally, analysis of VAR impulse response showed a consistently negative reaction of domestic prices to oil price shocks, falling below the steady‐state equilibrium. The study concluded that changes in oil prices, in conjunction with other macroeconomic variables, affected the prices of domestic goods in Nigeria, whether in the short or long term. This underscored the complexity of Nigeria's economic landscape. Consequently, it is advisable to prudently invest excess revenue generated from rising oil prices to mitigate the adverse impacts of negative oil shocks on the economy.

Economic Growth Model with Regional Expenditure as a Moderation Variable: Scale in Berau Regency

The motivation of this paper aims to investigate the relationship between local taxes, DAU, and DBH on the economic growth of Berau Regency. Apart from that, the paper also identifies the relationship between regional taxes, DAU, and DBH on economic growth which interacts with regional expenditure in Berau Regency. Government revenue is an important instrument for regions to foster economic growth. At the same time, government spending is used as a fiscal support to review the degree of budget absorption. With surplus revenue performance, it will generate financing which also plays a vital function in boosting economic growth. Secondary data for 2013–2022 was collected from government budget documents. Then, the data is tabulated using a time-series linear regression model with moderating variables. The statistical output finds that regional taxes and DBH have a negative effect on economic growth. However, DAU actually has a positive effect on economic growth. Uniquely, the interaction between regional taxes and DAU which is moderated by regional spending has a positive influence on economic growth. Then, regional spending plays a negative role in the relationship between DBH and economic growth. Future implications of considering practical regulations that do not only depend on income from the DAU side, but must focus on the existence of regional taxes in Berau Regency. By optimizing regional taxes, it also allows for a large fiscal gap in terms of regional spending. Financing the development of Berau Regency requires adequate expenditure allocation.

Case Study Evaluation of a New Approach to Price Metropolitan Highways for Congestion Relief, Sustainability and Equity

This paper addresses the practically important challenge of devising efficient and politically feasible congestion pricing policies in the context of metropolitan highways. Congestion on metropolitan highways continues to grow while governments struggle to fund alternative modes of travel. The purpose of this paper is to explore the viability of a new approach to address highway congestion while also accommodating the mobility needs of those who don’t drive. It involves creating congestion-priced lanes on limited access highways without adding new lanes. The lanes would be taken from general use and reserved for high-occupancy vehicles (HOV), transit vehicles and toll-payers, with cash rewards paid to HOV and transit users to attract solo drivers to shared travel. Variable tolls charged to lower-occupancy vehicles on the dedicated lanes would limit traffic demand on the lanes, keep traffic flowing, and fund the cash rewards. Rewards would be high enough to attract a sufficient number of drivers to ride as passengers instead so that congestion would be eliminated on the toll lanes and reduced on the remaining toll-free lanes through mode shifts. The policy-level analysis using a real-world case study of a radial highway segment with directional peaking suggests that this congestion pricing/cash rewards strategy could generate surplus revenues and provide financial support for bus rapid transit operating on the congestion-free lanes.

Are the Windfall Profit Taxes Introduced by Regulation 2022/1854 Compatible with the Objectives of the European Green Deal?

To alleviate the pressure on households and businesses in the European Union (EU) caused by the recent energy crisis, EU institutions and Member States have implemented exceptional measures aimed at reducing electricity costs for consumers, and redistributing excess revenue from the energy sector to end customers. At the EU level, these measures have been implemented through European Council Regulation 2022/1854 that establishes a temporary income cap for ‘inframarginal’ electricity producers and a temporary solidarity contribution on windfall profits in the oil, gas, coal, and refining sectors. This goal of this article is to analyse these measures in terms of their impact and alignment with the objectives of the European Green Deal. Specifically, it will examine whether the ‘windfall profit tax for energy providers’ can be considered an environmental tax. Since this does not appear to be the case, the study will also evaluate whether the remaining measures outlined in the regulation can compensate for or mitigate the lack of a true environmental component in the ‘temporary solidarity contribution’. It will assess whether the compensation mechanisms provided by the EU Regulation are sufficient for reconciling the social and redistributive objectives with the environmental objectives of the European Green Deal. Windfall profit tax, regulation 2022/1854, European Green Deal, temporary solidarity contribution, excess profit tax, environmental taxation.

A comprehensive loss analysis-based decision support method for e-democratic multi-agent cooperative decision-making

E-democracy provides a virtual online platform characterized by information transparency and equal interaction, which facilitates the participation of multiple agents in government decision making. This paper proposes a comprehensive loss analysis-based decision support method and applies it to a case study of e-democratic multi-agent cooperative decision-making. Multiple agents represent different interests and provide opinions with the goal of maximizing their own revenues. Agents’ opinions are naturally prone to differences and even conflicts, which may have a negative impact on the harmony of the social system. To this end, this study develops a two-stage type-α constrained minimum-revenue-loss consensus (TS-α-CMRLC) model. In Stage 1, an α-CMRLC model is adopted to obtain the optimal solutions of agents’ opinions with minimizing the social revenue loss and preventing excessive revenue loss. In Stage 2, the concept of reputation loss is defined and an α-CMRLC model considering reputation loss is proposed. In this matter, the agent with high reputation but low consensus can reduce its revenue loss through the cost of reputation loss. The research results show that an increase in some agents’ reputation losses leads to a decrease in their revenue losses, but it may cause an increase in the social revenue loss. We perform a comprehensive loss analysis to evaluate the performance of reputation loss. Finally, the case study and comparative analysis reveal the feasibility and advantages of the proposed method.

Assessing the size and growth of the US wetland and stream compensatory mitigation industry.

Interest has focused on quantifying the size and scope of environmental markets, particularly those that offset ecosystem impacts or restore natural infrastructure to improve habitat or promote clean air and water. In this paper, we focus on the US wetland and stream compensatory mitigation market, asking: what types of firms make up the mitigation "industry"? What are the economic impacts-i.e., the "size"-of the mitigation industry? How has this industry changed over time? We present the results of a national survey of mitigation firms and construct an input-output model of the industry's economic impacts and employment. We also develop a comparative, 2014 model of the industry using data from a previous study of the broader, ecological restoration economy. Our findings suggest that the (2019, pre-COVID) mitigation industry collects annual revenues (direct economic impacts) in excess of $3.5 billion, which, along with additional indirect (supply chain) and induced (spillover) economic impacts, combine to over $9.6 billion in total output and support over 53,000 total jobs. We estimate 2014-2019 growth of ~35.2 percent in revenues, ~32.6 percent in total economic impacts, and a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.25%. This places the mitigation industry within the range of other, well-established industries within the technical services sector. We suggest establishing North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes specifically for ecological restoration and mitigation firms, an essential step in generating accurate and consistent employment estimates in the future, particularly at sub-national geographic scales.

Government Intervention in Indian Tourism

In this globalized world, growth and progress of any country depends upon the development of different sectors of country like social, political, economic, religious, etc. Whereas tourism industry which share major chunk under service sector opened up new avenues which helps to generate surplus revenue for the country. So, Sustainable tourism has been widely acknowledged and becomes superior goal of every country’s tourism policy. An ever-faster pace in market places create high workplace pressures. So, policies should be framed to avoid negative impacts. However, the main focuses of current policies are on economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to study how government policies help tourism sector to grow in this modernized world in spite of different challenges, threats, strains, etc and to achieve sustainable development. The paper is purely based upon secondary sources which are already existed like articles, magazines, books, newspaper, literature etc.

Community’s Motivation to Carry out Illegal Oil Mining In-Indonesia

Objective: This article intends to investigate in depth the justifications for illicit oil mining in Aceh. The information used in this article’s analysis was gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Theoretical framework: Despite the dangers associated with illegal mining, the primary motivation is the simplicity with which the community’s illegal oil mining operations may generate surplus revenues. Method: The type of research method taken is mixed method research. This research is a research step that combines two previously existing types of research, namely qualitative research and quantitative research. The following will describe and explain the meaning of quantitative. Results and Conclusions: Based on an analysis of the available data, the conclusions of this article demonstrate that the primary motivator and reason for people to engage in illegal activities under the law is the ease of obtaining multiple profits. Implications of the research: This article demonstrates that the community generally understands the motivation behind engaging in risky and illegal mining. Despite numerous potential risks, including life-threatening ones, that continue to be present, their desire to engage in their activities is unaffected by these alarming risks. Originality/value: The discussion in this article is restricted to looking at issues related to the primary reasons why people engage in illegal activity and the effects of those activities. It indicates that many gaps still need to be filled, particularly in the state’s efforts to raise people’s awareness so they will not engage in illegal activity in the future.

Optimal energy storage configuration for joint energy‐regulation market participating renewable energy plants with excess revenue recovery mechanism

AbstractThe fluctuation and stochastic characteristics of renewable energy resources challenge the secure system operation and also impose significant financial risks for the market participating renewable energy plants (REPs). Energy storage systems (ESSs) can serve as effective tools in enhancing the operating flexibility of REPs, thus improving their profitability while making them grid‐friendly. However, current studies focussing on the energy market participation of ESS‐equipped REPs neglect ESSs' frequency regulation performance. Moreover, power output deviation and power curtailment of REPs bring difficulties to the integration of renewable energy. To address these challenges, an optimal ESS configuration method for REPs participating in the joint energy‐regulation market is proposed first. A method considering constraints on frequency regulation performance is applied. Then, to reduce power output deviation and power curtailment of REPs, an incentive mechanism based on the excess revenue recovery is implemented to induce the grid‐friendly power outputs of REPs. Numerical analysis on XJTU‐ROTS2017 systems demonstrates that the optimal ESS configuration results obtained from the proposed method could promote the profitability of ESS‐equipped REPs. The results also verify the effectiveness of the excess revenue recovery mechanism in facilitating the grid‐friendly operation behaviours of the ESS‐equipped REPs.

A closed-loop maintenance strategy for offshore wind farms: Incorporating dynamic wind farm states and uncertainty-awareness in decision-making

The determination of maintenance strategies is subject to complexity and uncertainty arising from variable offshore wind farm states and inaccuracies in model parameters. The most common method in the existing studies is to adopt an open-loop approach to optimize a maintenance strategy. However, this approach lacks the ability to capture periodic operational state of the wind farm and the awareness of eliminating uncertainty. Consequently, the determined strategy is inadequate to instruct maintenance activities, inducing excessive revenue losses. In this paper, a closed-loop maintenance strategy optimization method is proposed for decision-makers to identify a more profitable manner of wind farm maintenance management. The life-cycle maintenance optimization problem is decomposed into a sequence of sub-optimization problems covering multiple time periods by using a rolling-horizon approach. Each sub-optimization problem is intentionally designed based on the monitored state of the wind farm and the available reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) database. Meanwhile, the decision maker consciously mitigates the parameter uncertainty in the maintenance model gradually by updating the current database. Compared to conventional strategies covering the entire lifetime of wind farms, the proposed maintenance strategy is periodically adjusted to provide a series of sub-strategies. The proposed approach was applied in a simulation experiment, a generic small-scale offshore wind farm, to assess its performance. Computational results show that adapting maintenance strategies based on the current state of the wind farm can reduce revenue losses in comparison to conventional open-loop strategies. In addition, the benefits of updating the RAM database in decreasing revenue losses is revealed.

Lower Revenue Surplus in Medicare Advantage Versus Private Commercial Insurance for Total Joint Arthroplasty: An Analysis of a Single Payor Source at One Institution

BackgroundSince the Affordable Care Act was passed in 2010, reductions in Medicare reimbursement have led to larger discrepancies between the relative cost of Medicare patients and privately insured patients. The purpose of this study was to compare reimbursement between Medicare Advantage and other insurance plans in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). MethodsPatients of a single commercial payor source who underwent primary unilateral TKA or THA at 1 institution between the dates of January 4 and June 30, 2021, were included (n = 833). Variables included insurance type, medical comorbidities, total costs, and surplus amounts. The primary outcome measure was revenue surplus between Medicare Advantage and Private Commercial plans. t-tests, Analyses of Variance, and Chi-Squared tests were used for analysis. A THA represented 47% of cases and a TKA 53%. Of these patients, 31.5% had Medicare Advantage and 68.5% had Private Commercial insurance. Medicare Advantage patients were older and had higher medical comorbidity risk for both TKA and THA. ResultsSignificant differences were observed in medical costs between Medicare Advantage and Private Commercial insurance for THA ($17,148 versus $31,260, P < .001) and TKA ($16,723 versus $33,593, P < .001). Additionally, differences were seen in surplus amounts between Medicare Advantage and Private Commercial insurance for THA ($3,504 versus $7,128, P < .001) and TKA ($5,581 versus $10,477, P < .001). Deficits were higher in Private Commercial patients undergoing TKA (15.2 versus 6%, P = .001). ConclusionThe lower average surplus associated with Medicare Advantage plans may lead to financial strain on provider groups who care for these patients and face additional overhead costs.

Live Music in the Time of Corona: On the Resilience and Impact of a Philharmonic Orchestra on the Urban Economy

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments enforced epidemic policies of social distancing, restrictions of professional practice, and the prohibition of cultural live performances. Because such policies dried up important sources of income in the cultural and tourism industries, this paper examines how cultural institutions coped with this crisis. Drawing on the case of the Mannheim Philharmonic Orchestra in Germany, we collected original data and employed a regional economic impact analysis to determine both the financial resilience of the Orchestra and its impact on the urban economy. Because the Orchestra could not reduce costs during the COVID-19 pandemic, public subsidies were crucial to fill the income gap of missed live concerts. In turn, the regional impact analysis suggests that the Orchestra maintained its positive effect on the economic demand for goods and services in the urban economy. When balancing the city’s subsidies with the rental (city concert halls) and tax incomes generated by the Orchestra’s local impact, the Orchestra managed to induce surplus revenue for the city’s treasury.

Implementing Community Policing Model for Crime Reduction: Lessons for Pakistan

In recent years, the Pakistani crime rate appears to have risen considerably. In the meantime, police forces in Pakistan are incapable of successfully combating crime, upholding the law, ensuring the protection of the populace, and combating the spread of militancy. Due to the severity of the deteriorating law and order situation, the government is compelled to invest excess revenue in crime-fighting groups. Thus, there is an urgent need to deploy a new crime-control strategy known as community policing, which on the one hand, minimizes these growing crimes, increases employment prospects, and on the other hand, strengthens the community's relationship with the police. This study also investigates the efficacy of community policing in reducing crime in various countries. In addition, the necessity and challenges of building a community policing system in Pakistan are discussed. In addition, the study highlighted the obstacles to implementing community policing in Pakistan, such as police corruption and misuse of power, the presence of mistrust between the community and police, a severe lack of facilities and infrastructure, and insufficient police department transparency and openness. Community policing is the most effective strategy for controlling crime and fostering healthy connections between the community and the police in Pakistan, according to the overall findings of the study.

Understanding the Cooperative Behavior Between Body of Production and Research Alliances Based on Games and Network

In the process of creation, innovation subjects spontaneously form a technological innovation network by cooperation and sharing knowledge and resources. The data of patent joint applications can reflect the cooperation and interaction between innovation subjects, so the patent technological innovation network, patent cooperation network (PCN), can be constructed based on the data. The willingness of technological innovation subjects to continue cooperation directly affects the sustainable development of innovation networks. Considering the inequality of resources between enterprises and research institutions, a new game model is established, and the influence of various factors on the evolutionary game process is analyzed. And it is applied to the weighted directed patent technology innovation network. When the patent promoter has paid the project startup fund or salary to other patent institutions that accept the invitation and can obtain government subsidies, a higher proportion of patent excess income and government subsidies will be allocated to the outgoing nodes, which will enable them to have greater patent cooperation and R&D motivation; When the excess revenue of patents can be equally distributed, even if a small amount of salary or project startup fund is paid to the inbound nodes, the cooperation between them can be promoted. The government reduces the burden on R&D institutions by providing subsidies and incentive funds, but government subsidies can promote cooperation even if they are small.

Placing U.S. Federal Housing Policy on a Secure Foundation: The SHELTER Plan

Problem, research strategy, and findings U.S. housing advocates have called for a fundamental rethinking of the nation’s federal housing policies. In this study, I examined the geographic and household-level consequences of a plan that redistributes federal income tax expenditures from homeowners to very-low-income households. I propose, defend, and illustrate the effects of the SHELTER plan, a redistributive policy that a) is revenue neutral, b) is tenure neutral, c) is progressive, d) prioritizes local redistribution, and e) targets excess revenues to affordable housing production subsidies in communities where an increase in cash-based housing assistance is most likely to inflate housing rents. I demonstrate that the savings from the elimination of four homeownership tax expenditures would provide more than enough revenue to fund a universal housing allowance for all very-low-income households. Ignoring housing market adjustments, the plan would reduce housing cost burdens for the nation’s very-low-income renters by 36% and reduce very-low-income homeowners’ cost burdens by 28%. Takeaway for practice The SHELTER plan would provide a new foundation for local affordable housing and community development practice. Very-low-income households would receive a guaranteed housing allowance with no strings attached and local planners would have new roles in the design and implementation of localized solutions to the affordable housing crisis.

Research on the carbon emission regulation and optimal state of market structure: Based on the perspective of evolutionary game of different stages

In the background of green and low-carbon development, many enterprises still have illegal emission behaviors to obtain excess revenue. Therefore, it is an urgent problem to restrain the illegal emission behaviors of enterprises through external supervision. This paper mainly studies the regulatory system composed of government and enterprises. We divide the regulation into two phases: loose regulation and strict regulation, analyzed the impact of government regulatory intensity on carbon emission behavior enterprises and industry market structure through the evolutionary game model. The results show that with the increase of the intensity of government supervision, leading enterprises will gradually complete the transformation and upgrading from low carbon to compliant production. The leading enterprises with low carbon technology have strengthened their dominant position in the market, while the enterprises without low carbon technology are constrained by carbon emissions and can only continue to stay in the industry market by buying carbon emission rights or exiting the market. The industry market structure gradually changed from a decentralized competition structure to a centralized oligopoly structure.

GROWTH OF REVENUE OF GOODS AND SERVICES TAX IN INDIA

Government of India has implemented Goods &amp; Services Tax (GST) in India on 1 July, 2017. The obective of this research paper is to explain the mechanism of GST and its effects on Indian economy. The Kelkar Committee was convinced that a dual GST system shall be able to tax almost all the goods and services and the Indian economy shall be able to have wider market of tax base, improve revenue collection through levying and collection of indirect tax and more pragmatic approach of efficient resource allocation. Under the Goods and Service Tax mechanism, every person is be liable to pay tax on output and shall be entitled to enjoy credit on input tax paid and tax shall be only on the amount of value added. The historic GST or goods and services tax has become a reality. GST is going to consolidate these multiple taxes into one as ‘One Nation, One Market, and One Tax’. Integration of goods and services tax would definitely lead to ease of doing business and simplifies tax compliance. GST bill will be a form for economic integration of India. Government of India, this surplus revenue may contribute to the growth of economy by way of investment in various infrastructural &amp; development projects by Government of India. GST may have positive impact on economy, four tier structure of tax rate under GST may result into massive price hike of luxurious Goods &amp; Services as well Government has taken efforts to put Goods &amp; Services of necessity under lowest slab of tax rate. This is the major indirect tax reform in the history of India, outcome of which various Central &amp; State taxes subsumed under GST viz. Central Excise Duty, Service Tax, Additional Duty of Excise, Surcharges, Cess, Countervailing Duty, Special Additional Duty, Sales Tax, VAT, Purchase Tax, Luxury Tax, Entry Tax etc. KEYWORDS:-Economy, GST, Negative Impact, Positive Impact, Transparency.

Converting Existing General-Purpose Lanes to High-Occupancy/Toll Lanes: An Exploratory Evaluation

This paper presents a policy-level financial evaluation of options to mitigate congestion on metropolitan freeways where expanding capacity is difficult due to cost or environmental constraints. The options involve converting general-purpose lanes to priced High-Occupancy/Toll (HOT) lanes in combination with incentivized ridesharing. We estimate the financial impacts on a hypothetical 6-lane freeway (i.e., with 3 lanes per direction). The results of the analysis suggest that the options can generate sufficient revenue to support operations and may also generate surplus revenues to fund capital costs.