Surgical Pulmonary Embolectomy Research Articles

Algorithm of High-Risk Massive Pulmonary Thromboembolism with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Objective: Massive pulmonary embolism (PE) remains a life-threatening condition, often leading to acute respiratory and cardiac failure. This study evaluates the role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a supportive treatment for high-risk patients undergoing surgical pulmonary embolectomy or catheter-based thrombectomy. Methods: Between January 2018 and December 2023, 27 patients with high-risk massive PE were treated at our center. Surgical embolectomy (n = 7) and catheter-based thrombectomy (n = 5) were performed, with ECMO support (veno-arterial [VA] or veno-arterial-venous [VAV]) initiated preoperatively, intraoperatively, or postoperatively, based on hemodynamic instability. ECMO was used as a bridge to recovery, and outcomes were assessed in terms of mortality, hemodynamic stabilization, and recovery. Results: Of the 27 patients, 20 were supported with ECMO, with 7 requiring VA-ECMO intraoperatively due to difficulties in weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Nine patients were later transitioned to VAV-ECMO due to Harlequin syndrome and persistent hemodynamic instability. The in-hospital mortality rate was 18.5% (n = 5), with survivors showing significant improvements in hemodynamic and biochemical parameters post-ECMO, including reduced lactate levels, improved right ventricular function, and the stabilization of mean arterial pressure. The mean follow-up time was 10.2 ± 3.9 months, with no late deaths or complications observed. Conclusions: ECMO provides effective life support in high-risk patients with massive PE who are undergoing surgical embolectomy or thrombectomy. It stabilizes hemodynamics, improves cardiac and pulmonary function, and facilitates recovery in critically ill patients. Further research is needed to refine patient selection, optimize ECMO timing, and assess long-term outcomes to determine its definitive role in the management of high-risk PE.

The Outcomes of Surgical Pulmonary Embolectomy for Pulmonary Embolism: A Meta-Analysis.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy, short- and long-term cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortalities and postoperative morbidities of surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE) for patients with massive or submassive pulmonary embolism. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify articles reporting SPE for pulmonary embolism. The outcomes included in-hospital and long-term mortality in addition to postoperative morbidities. The random effect inverse variance method was used. Cumulative meta-analysis, leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed. Results: Among the 1949 searched studies in our systematic literature search, 78 studies met our inclusion criteria, including 6859 cases. The mean age ranged from 42 to 65 years. The percentage of males ranged from 25.6% to 86.7%. The median rate of preoperative cardiac arrest was 27.6%. The percentage of contraindications to preoperative systemic thrombolysis was 30.4%. The preoperative systemic thrombolysis use was 11.5%. The in-hospital mortality was estimated to be 21.96% (95% CI: 19.21-24.98); in-hospital mortality from direct cardiovascular causes was estimated to be 16.05% (95% CI: 12.95-19.73). With a weighted median follow-up of 3.05 years, the late cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality incidence rates were 0.39 and 0.90 per person-year, respectively. The incidence of pulmonary bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, surgical site bleeding, non-surgical site bleeding and wound complications was 0.62%, 4.70%, 4.84%, 5.80% and 7.2%, respectively. Cumulative meta-analysis showed a decline in hospital mortality for SPE from 42.86% in 1965 to 20.56% in 2024. Meta-regression revealed that the publication year and male sex were associated with lower in-hospital mortality, while preoperative cardiac arrest, the need for inotropes or vasopressors and preoperative mechanical ventilation were associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: This study demonstrates acceptable perioperative mortality rates and late cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in patients who undergo SPE for massive or submassive pulmonary embolism.

Ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis versus surgical pulmonary embolectomy for intermediate-high or high-risk pulmonary embolism: a randomized phase II non-inferiority trial.

We hypothesized that ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis (USAT) is non-inferior to surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE) to improve right ventricular (RV) function in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). In a single-centre, non-inferiority trial, we randomly assigned 27 patients with intermediate-high or high-risk acute PE to undergo either USAT or SPE stratified by PE risk. Primary and secondary outcomes were the baseline-to-72-h difference in right-to-left ventricular (RV/LV) ratio and the Qanadli pulmonary occlusion score, respectively, by contrast-enhanced chest-computed tomography assessed by a blinded CoreLab. The trial was prematurely terminated due to slow enrolment. Mean age was 62.6 (SD 12.4) years, 26% were women, and 15% had high-risk PE. Mean change in RV/LV ratio was -0.34 (95% CI -0.50 to -0.18) in the USAT and -0.53 (95% CI -0.68 to -0.38) in the SPE group (mean difference: 0.152; 95% CI 0.032-0.271; Pnon-inferiority = 0.80; Psuperiority = 0.013). Mean change in Qanadli pulmonary occlusion score was -7.23 (95% CI -9.58 to -4.88) in the USAT and -11.36 (95% CI -15.27 to -7.44) in the SPE group (mean difference: 5.00; 95% CI 0.44-9.56, P = 0.032). Clinical and functional outcomes were similar between the 2 groups up to 12 months. In patients with intermediate-high and high-risk acute PE, USAT was not non-inferior when compared with SPE in reducing RV/LV ratio within the first 72 h. In a post hoc superiority analysis, SPE resulted in greater improvement of RV overload and reduction of thrombus burden.

Chronic thromboembolic disease among patients undergoing surgical pulmonary embolectomy for acute pulmonary embolism.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of chronic thromboembolic lesions in the pulmonary arteries among patients undergoing pulmonary embolectomy for acute pulmonary embolism and their impact on treatment outcomes. We conducted a retrospective, single-center analysis of consecutive patients undergoing emergency pulmonary embolectomy for acute pulmonary embolism between 2013 and August 2021. According to European Society of Cardiology guidelines, the diagnosis was based on clinical presentation, imaging studies and laboratory tests. Surgery was selected as the optimal treatment modality within the Pulmonary Embolism Response Team. Based on the intraoperatively identified chronic lesions patients were divided into two groups: acute only and acute/chronic. The analysis comprised history, laboratory and imaging studies, early and long-term mortality, and postoperative complications. We determined predictive factors for chronic thromboembolic lesions and risk factors for death. The analysis included 33 patients. Intraoperatively, 42% (14) of patients had chronic lesions. Predictive factors for these lesions are the duration of symptoms >1 week (OR=13.75), pulmonary artery dilatation >3.15 cm (OR=39.00) and right ventricle systolic pressure >52 mmHg (OR=29.33). No hospital deaths occurred in the acute only group and two in the acute/chronic group (0% vs. 14.3%; P=0.172). Risk factors for death are the duration of symptoms >3 weeks (HR=7.35) and postoperative use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (HR=7.04). Acute thromboembolic disease overlapping chronic clots is relatively common among patients undergoing pulmonary artery embolectomy. A detailed evaluation of the patient's medical history and imaging studies can identify these patients, as they require special attention when making treatment decisions. Surgical treatment in a center of expertise in pulmonary endarterectomy seems reasonable.

A Brief Historical Perspective on Pulmonary Embolism

AbstractPulmonary embolism is a major cause of mortality worldwide. In this historical perspective, we aim to provide an overview of the rich medical history surrounding pulmonary embolism. We highlight Virchow's first steps toward understanding the pathophysiology in the 1800s. We see how those insights inspired early attempts at intervention such as surgical pulmonary embolectomy and caval ligation. Those early interventions were refined and ultimately led to the development of inferior vena cava filters, the earliest clinical applications of anticoagulation, and even apparently disparate medical advances such as the successful development of cardiopulmonary bypass. We also see how the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism has evolved from rudimentary monitoring of vitals and symptoms to the development of evermore sophisticated tests such as contrast tomography angiography and echocardiography. Finally, we discuss current approaches to diagnosis, classification, and myriad treatments including anticoagulation, thrombolysis, catheter-directed interventions, surgical embolectomy, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation guided by Pulmonary Embolism Response Teams.

Incidence and outcomes of surgical pulmonary embolectomy in the UK.

Surgical pulmonary embolectomy is rarely used for the treatment of massive acute pulmonary embolism. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and outcomes of this operation by undertaking a retrospective analysis of a large national registry in the UK. All acute pulmonary embolectomies performed between 1996 and 2018 were captured in the National Institute of Cardiovascular Outcomes Research central database. Trends in the number of operations performed during this interval and reported in-hospital outcomes were analysed retrospectively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for in-hospital death. All 256 patients treated surgically for acute pulmonary embolism during the study interval were included in the analysis. Median age at presentation was 54 years, 55.9% of the patients were men, 48.0% had class IV heart failure symptoms, and 37.5% had preoperative cardiogenic shock. The median duration of bypass was 73 min, and median cross-clamp time was 19 min. Cardioplegic arrest was used in 53.1% of patients. The median duration of hospital stay was 11 days. The in-hospital mortality rate was 25%, postoperative stroke occurred in 5.4%, postoperative dialysis was required in 16%, and the reoperation rate for bleeding was 7.5%. Risk-adjusted multivariable analysis revealed cardiogenic shock (OR 2.54, 95% c.i. 1.05 to 6.21; P = 0.038), preoperative ventilation (OR 5.85, 2.22 to 16.35; P < 0.001), and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass exceeding 89 min (OR 7.82, 3.25 to 20.42; P < 0.001) as significant independent risk factors for in-hospital death. Surgical pulmonary embolectomy is rarely performed in the UK, and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Preoperative ventilation, cardiogenic shock, and increased duration of bypass were significant predictors of in-hospital death.

State of the Art Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

The desire for surgical intervention for pulmonary embolism (PE) precipitated the development of cardiopulmonary bypass, and therefore a new era in history of cardiac surgery, cardiology, and medicine. However, the advent of systemic thrombolysis and catheter-directed therapy have decreased interest in surgical management of PE. Surgical pulmonary embolectomy is limited to patients in critical condition with high mortality after other interventions have failed. The issue with clinicians delaying surgical pulmonary embolectomy is that in the interim patients may become critically ill with irreversible end organ dysfunction. Management necessitates decompression of RV afterload by relieving PE obstruction to improve RV function and left ventricular filling. Understanding the pathophysiology of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction and RV failure with a multidisciplinary heart team is paramount.

Risk factors and treatment interventions associated with incomplete thrombus resolution and pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism

BackgroundResidual pulmonary vascular occlusion (RPVO) affects one half of patients after a pulmonary embolism (PE). The relationship between the risk factors and therapeutic interventions for the development of RPVO and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is unknown. MethodsThis retrospective review included PE patients within a 26-month period who had baseline and follow-up imaging studies (ie, computed tomography [CT], ventilation/perfusion scans, transthoracic echocardiography) available. We collected the incidence of RPVO, percentage of pulmonary artery occlusion (%PAO), baseline CT %PAO, most recent CT %PAO, and difference between the baseline and most recent %PAO on CT (Δ%PAO). ResultsA total of 354 patients had imaging reports available; 197 with CT and 315 with transthoracic echocardiography. The median follow-up time was 144 days (interquartile range [IQR], 102-186 days). RPVO was present in 38.9% of the 354 patients. The median Δ%PAO was −10.0% (IQR, −32% to −1.2%). Fewer patients with a provoked PE developed RPVO (P ≤ .01), and the initial troponin level was lower in patients who developed RPVO (P = .03). The initial thrombus was larger in the patients who received advanced intervention vs anticoagulation (baseline CT %PAO: median, 61.2%; [IQR, 27.5%-75.0%] vs median, 12.5% [IQR, 2.5%-40.0%]; P ≤ .0001). Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT; median Δ%PAO, −47.5%; IQR, −63.7% to −8.7%) and surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE; median Δ%PAO, −42.5; IQR, −68.1% to −18.7%) had the largest thrombus reduction compared with anticoagulation (P = .01). Of the 354 patients, 76 developed pulmonary hypertension; however, only 14 received pulmonary hypertension medications and 12 underwent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Cancer (odds ratio [OR], 1.7) and planned prolonged anticoagulation (>1 year; OR, 2.20) increased the risk of RPVO. In contrast, the risk was lower for men (OR, 0.61), patients with recent surgery (OR, 0.33), and patients treated with SPE (OR, 0.42). A larger Δ%PAO was found in men (coefficient, −8.94), patients with a lower body mass index (coefficient, −0.66), patients treated with CDT (coefficient, −18.12), and patients treated with SPE (coefficient, −21.69). A lower Δ%PAO was found in African-American patients (coefficient, 7.31). ConclusionsThe use of CDT and SPE showed long-term benefit in thrombus reduction.

Role of catheter-directed therapies in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Expert opinion of the Polish PERT Initiative, Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation, Association of Cardiovascular Interventions, and Association of Intensive Cardiac Care of the Polish Cardiac Society.

Thanks to advances in interventional cardiology technologies, catheter-directed treatment has become recently a viable therapeutic option in the treatment of patients with acute pulmonary embolism at high risk of early mortality. Current transcatheter techniques allow for local fibrinolysis or embolectomy with minimal risk of complications. Therefore, these procedures can be considered in high-risk patients as an alternative to surgical pulmonary embolectomy when systemic thrombolysis is contraindicated or ineffective. They are also considered in patients with intermediate-high-risk pulmonary embolism who do not improve or deteriorate clinically despite anticoagulation. The purpose of this article is to present the role of transcatheter techniques in the treatment of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. We describe current knowledge and expert opinions in this field. Interventional treatment is described in the broader context of patient care organization and therapeutic modalities. We present the organization and responsibilities of pulmonary embolism response team, role of pre-procedural imaging, periprocedural anticoagulation, patient selection, timing of intervention, and intensive care support. Currently available catheter-directed therapies are discussed in detail including standardized protocols and definitions of procedural success and failure. This expert opinion has been developed in collaboration with experts from various Polish scientific societies, which highlights the role of teamwork in caring for patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

Successful emergency surgical pulmonary embolectomy for massive pulmonary embolism after urgent cesarean delivery.

Successful emergency surgical pulmonary embolectomy for massive pulmonary embolism after urgent cesarean delivery.

Surgical pulmonary embolectomy: state of the art.

Acute pulmonary embolism is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients in life-threatening conditions require timely and effective interventions to improve pulmonary perfusion. The indications for surgical embolectomy in the thrombolysis era have been limited. This article discusses surgical techniques and outlines the position of surgical embolectomy concerning other treatment modalities.

Surgical Management of Massive Pulmonary Embolism Presenting with Cardiopulmonary Arrest: How Far Is Too Far?

The incidence of diagnosed massive pulmonary embolism presenting to the Emergency Department is between 3% and 4.5% and it is associated with high mortality if not intervened timely. Cardiopulmonary arrest in this subset of patients carries a very poor prognosis, and various treating pathways have been applied with modest rate of success. Systemic thrombolysis is an established first line of treatment, but surgeons are often involved in the decision-making because of the improving surgical pulmonary embolectomy outcomes.

Anticoagulant management for transition from failed thrombolysis to extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with high-risk pulmonary embolism: A thoughtful approach

Acute venous thromboembolism represents a spectrum of clinical syndromes of which high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) with consecutive right ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock (CS) is the most severe presentation. First-line treatment options are surgical pulmonary embolectomy, systemic thrombolysis or catheter-based therapies. The role of mechanical circulatory support with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A-ECMO) is multifarious in this setting and can be considered as either a bridge to pulmonary artery reperfusion by any of the aforementioned options or as salvage bridge intervention for patients in refractory CS after failure of another treatment. In the subpopulation of patients that are placed on V-A-ECMO after failed thrombolysis, the mortality rates are among the highest, partially due to the high rates of bleeding events. The challenges in the interpretation of anticoagulant monitoring and, consequently, the titration of anticoagulation at least contribute to this high mortality. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of different anticoagulant parameters in this setting and propose an approach based on monitoring of Heparin anti-factor Xa (anti-Xa) assay and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in parallel to drive unfractionated heparin (UFH) titration in patients with high-risk PE after fibrinolysis during the first 24 h on V-A-ECMO.

OUTCOMES FROM CATHETER-DIRECTED EMBOLECTOMY VERSUS SURGICAL PULMONARY EMBOLECTOMY FOR PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PE

OUTCOMES FROM CATHETER-DIRECTED EMBOLECTOMY VERSUS SURGICAL PULMONARY EMBOLECTOMY FOR PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PE

Advances in Percutaneous Management of Pulmonary Embolism.

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Systemic anticoagulation remains the recommended treatment for low-risk PE. Systemic thrombolysis is the recommended treatment for PE with hemodynamic compromise (massive/high-risk PE). A significant number of patients are not candidates for systemic thrombolysis due to the bleeding risk associated with thrombolytics. Historically, surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE) was recommended for massive PE with hemodynamic compromise for these patients. In the last decade, catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) has largely replaced SPE in the patient population with intermediate risk PE (submassive), defined as right heart strain (as evidenced by right ventricle enlargement on echocardiogram and/or computed tomography, usually along with elevation of troponin or B-type natriuretic peptide). Use of CDT increased in the last few years due to high incidence of PE in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia, and the use of mechanical thrombectomy (initially reserved for those with contraindications to thrombolysis) has also grown. In this article, we discuss the value of the PE response team, our approach to management of submassive (intermediate risk) and massive (high risk) PE with systemic thrombolytics, CDT, mechanical thrombectomy, and surgical embolectomy.

Acute Massive and Submassive Pulmonary Embolism: Historical Considerations/Surgical Techniques of Pulmonary Embolectomy/Novel Applications in Donor Lungs with Pulmonary Emboli.

Pulmonary embolectomy has a chequered history but the quest to surgically treat a patient diagnosed with pulmonary embolism effectively spurred the development of cardiopulmonary bypass and a new dawn for cardiac surgery. The advent of cardiopulmonary bypass, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and computed tomography pulmonary angiogram has allowed rapid diagnosis and made surgical pulmonary embolectomy a relatively safe procedure that should be considered when indicated. Pulmonary emboli in donor lungs, often get rejected for transplantation. Ex vivo lung perfusion is among newly available technology with the ability to not only recondition marginal lungs but also treat donor lung pulmonary embolisms, effectively increasing the donor pool.

Catheter-directed therapies for the treatment of high risk (massive) and intermediate risk (submassive) acute pulmonary embolism.

Catheter-directed therapies for the treatment of high risk (massive) and intermediate risk (submassive) acute pulmonary embolism.

Outcome after surgical embolectomy for acute pulmonary embolism.

Patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) and contraindications for or failed thrombolysis are at the highest risk for PE-related fatal events. These patients may benefit from surgical embolectomy, but data concerning this approach are still limited. The method used here was retrospective data analysis of 103 patients who underwent surgical embolectomy from 2002 to 2020 at our department. Mean age was 58.4 (±15.1) years. Fifty-eight (56.3%) patients had undergone recent surgery; the surgery was tumor associated in 32 (31.1%) cases. Thirty (29.1%) patients had to be resuscitated due to PE, and 13 (12.6%) patients underwent thrombolysis prior to pulmonary embolectomy. Fifteen (14.5%) patients were placed on extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) peri-operatively. Five patients (4.9%) died intra-operatively. Neurological symptoms occurred in four patients (3.9%). Thirty-day mortality was 23.3% ( n = 24). Re-thoracotomy due to bleeding was necessary in 12 (11.6%) patients. This parameter was also identified as an independent risk factor for mortality. Surgical pulmonary embolectomy resulted in survival of the majority of patients with PE and contraindications for or failed thrombolysis. Given the excessive mortality when left untreated, an operative approach should become a routine part of discussions concerning alternative treatment options for these patients.

232 A multidisciplinary case of multiple myeloma with cardiac and renal involvement: a look beyond amyloidosis

Abstract Aims Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm with a frequent cardiac involvement characterized by restrictive cardiomyopathy. Kidney and thromboembolic complications are also described. Methods and results A 52-year-old woman with a history of kidney disease was admitted to nephrology department due to worsening of renal function and refractory hypertension. A bone marrow biopsy revealed the diagnosis of MM. A renal and fat pad biopsy with Congo red staining was performed but amyloid deposition was not observed. Increased cardiac enzymes suggested a cardiac involvement. Indeed, two intracardiac right-sided masses and massive pulmonary embolism were detected. Surgical cardiac intervention was promptly performed and a chemotherapy regimen was started. Meantime, a kidney biopsy revealed a light-chain deposition disease. Conclusions This case highlights that multiple organ involvement in patients with MM may result from a combination of paraprotein-dependent and -independent factors. Moreover, in patients with not acute massive pulmonary embolism and intracardiac right masses, surgical pulmonary embolectomy should be promptly performed to preserve RV function and to avoid prevent pulmonary hypertension development.

SURGICAL PULMONARY EMBOLECTOMY: NATIONWIDE TRENDS, OUTCOMES, AND COMPLICATIONS

TOPIC: Cardiothoracic Surgery TYPE: Original Investigations PURPOSE: Approximately 0.3 million people die of pulmonary embolism (PE) yearly in the United States. Treatment of acute PE varies from anticoagulation to thrombolysis and embolectomy depending on severity and risk score as well as complications such as core pulmonale. Surgical pulmonary embolectomy remains a treatment option for selected patients with sub-massive and massive PE. It is utilized in patients who have absolute contraindication for thrombolysis, or when the catheter-based treatments fail. Surgical embolectomy was associated with high mortality historically but recent small studies have reported improvement in outcomes due to improved patient selection and advancement in techniques. However, data is still lacking from larger cohorts. Hence, we aim to estimate the trends and outcomes of surgical embolectomy using the largest all payer database in the United States. METHODS: National Inpatient Sample by Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for the years 2010-2018 were used to identify adult hospitalizations due to PE by using International Classification of Diseases (9th/10th Editions) Clinical Modification diagnosis codes (ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM). Surgical embolectomy as well as other concurrent diagnosis and comorbidities were identified by previously validated ICD-9/10-CM procedure and diagnosis codes. Our primary objective was to delineate utilization trends and outcomes. Cochran Armitage trend test and multivariable survey logistic regression models were used to analyze the data using SAS 9.4 software. RESULTS: Among 1,627,718 hospitalizations due to PE from 2010 to 2018, 3,465 (0.2%) patients underwent surgical pulmonary embolectomy. The proportion of patients treated with embolectomy steadily increased from 0.15% to 0.23% from 2010 to 2018 (p<0.01). Surgical embolectomy patient cohort was 67% <65 of age, 53% males and 70% Caucasians. 40.3% patients had saddle PE. The overall post-procedural in-hospital mortality was 13.9%, discharged to facilities was 32% with mean hospital stay of 13-days. In, trend analysis in-hospital mortality has been decreased and discharge to facilities increased. Among 3,465 embolectomy patients 68.27% underwent cardiopulmonary bypass, 3.74% received ECMO treatment, 9.62% had perioperative cardiac arrest, 32% required mechanical ventilation, 3.2% bleeding complications and 0.9% had intra cerebral hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationally representative study, we observed increasing numbers of surgical embolectomy cases between 2010-2018 and some improvements in annual outcomes. Considering this result, and the fact that surgical embolectomy is currently used as a salvage technique, it can be optimized through better risk stratification among selected patient populations. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our study provides epidemiological and outcomes trends of PE patients undergoing surgical embolectomy procedures which can be used as foundation for furthering improving outcomes in high-risk PE patients requiring this surgical intervention. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Sulee Alcacoas, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Achint Patel, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Pooja Patel, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Harshil Shah, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Csaba Sipos, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Shrujal Varma, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Vivek Joseph Varughese, source=Web Response