Surgery For Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research Articles

Late-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing loss in the paediatric population: a systematic review.

To review possible risk factors for permanent delayed-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in the paediatric population to recommend follow-up protocols for early detection. PRISMA-compliant systematic review was performed, including observational studies on the paediatric population up to 16years old who have passed the newborn hearing screening programme (NHSP), investigating the development of late-onset, progressive SNHL. Electronic searches were performed through Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Emcare. 37 studies were included. 21 showed an association between late-onset SNHL and congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection (age at hearing loss diagnosis 0.75 to 204months, mean 45.6 ± 43.9), while 16 between late-onset SNHL and other congenital or perinatal factors, namely Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stay, prematurity, neonatal respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, hypocapnia, hypoxia, alkalosis, seizure activity, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), inner ear malformation, and gene mutations (age at hearing loss diagnosis 2.5 to 156months, mean 38.7 ± 40.7). cCMV infection may cause late-onset SNHL, which can be missed on standard NHSP. There is, therefore, evidence to support universal screening programmes to enable detection in even asymptomatic neonates. Ongoing audiological follow-up for all children with cCMV is advisable, to enable timely treatment. In the paediatric population presenting conditions such as NICU stay > 5days, prematurity ≤ 34weeks gestation, severe neonatal respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, ECMO support, and CDH surgery, an audiological follow-up from 3months of age up to at least 3-4years of age, and at least annually, should be recommended.

The Timing of Surgery for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia in Infants, on or after Weaning from Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Meta-Analysis.

We conducted a meta-analysis of trials to determine the optimal time to conduct surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in infants, on or after weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We searched the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant articles published prior to May 2023 in which surgery was performed to treat CDH in infants. Data were collected, and continuous data were represented by the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Dichotomous data were represented by the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. Review Manager V.5.4 and Stata were used to synthesize results and to assess publication bias. The results showed that infants undergoing surgery after being weaned from ECMO had reduced mortality (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.23-4.69; p = 0.01) and postoperative bleeding rates (OR, 16.20; 95% CI, 5.73-45.76; p < 0.00001) and reduced ECMO duration (MD, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.89-5.05; p < 0.0001) compared with those who underwent surgery while on ECMO. There was no statistically significant difference in hospital duration (MD, 5.48; 95% CI, -8.66 to 19.62; p = 0.45) or ventilator duration (MD, -1.93; 95% CI, -8.55 to 4.68; p = 0.57). We recommend weaning patients with CDH from ECMO before performing surgery.

A comparative analysis of the Vasoactive-Inotropic Score, the Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal Score, and the Oxygenation Index as outcome predictors in infants with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

To date, different severity scores and indices are available to predict outcome in infants with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The Oxygenation Index (OI) and the Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS) has already been evaluated in the CDH population. The Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal (VVR) Score was recently evaluated as new severity score in several studies on infants with need for cardiac surgery. The score was shown to outperform the VIS and OI as outcome predictors in these infants, but no data are available regarding the evaluation of the VVR Score in CDH infants. This was a retrospective single-center analysis at the University Children's Hospital, Bonn, Germany, during the study period from January 2019 until December 2022. Of 108 CDH infants treated at our institution, a final cohort of 100 neonates met the inclusion criteria. diagnosis of CDH (right-sided, left-sided, or bilateral). early mortality (before surgical correction of the diaphragm), palliative care after birth, no available data for OI, VIS, and VVR Score calculation. The OI, the VIS, and the VVR Score were calculated at three selected timepoints: at 48-72 h after birth (T1), before surgery (T2), and after surgery (T3). The primary clinical endpoint (in-hospital mortality) was reached in 21% of the infants. Infants surviving to discharge were allocated to group A, infants with fatal outcome to group B. In the univariate analysis, the OI was significantly higher in infants allocated to group B at T2 (p < .001), and T3 (p < .001). The VIS was significantly higher only at T1 in infants allocated to group B (p = .001). The VVR Score was significantly higher at T1 (p = .017), and at T3 (p = .002) in infants not surviving to discharge. In the multivariate analysis, the OI at T2 + T3 (p < .001), the VIS at T1 (p = .048), and the VVR Score at T1 + T3 (p = .023, and p = .048, respectively) remained significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. The OI presented the highest area under the curve (AUC) at T2 and T3 (T2:0.867, p = .001; T3:0.833, p = .000) regarding the primary endpoint in the overall cohort. In the subgroup of infants without need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy (n = 60) the VVR Sore presented the best performance with an AUC of 0.942 (p = .000) at T3. The severity scores OI, VIS, and VVR-Score are independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in CDH infants. The OI seems to outperform the VIS and VVR-Score as outcome predictor immediately before and after CDH surgery, whereas the VVR Score presented the best performance in the subgroup of CDH infants without need for ECMO and mild-to-moderate CDH defects.

Minimal access surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: surgical tricks to facilitate anchoring the patches to the ribs

ObjectiveMinimal Access Surgery (MAS) for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) repair is well described, yet only a minority of surgeons report this as their preferred operative approach. Some surgeons find it particularly difficult to repair the defect using MAS and convert to laparotomy when a patch is required. We present in this study our institutional experience in using an easy and relatively cheap methodology to anchor the patch around the ribs using Endo Close™. This device has an application in MAS for tissue approximation using percutaneous suturing.Methods and techniqueWe retrospectively reviewed our database for patients undergoing MAS repair of CDH between 2009 and 2021. Outcome measures included length of surgery and recurrence rates after patch repair. Endo Close™ was used in all patients who required patch repair. We declare no conflict of interest and to not having received any funding from Medtronic (UK). The technique is as follows: (1) The edges of the diaphragm are delineated by dissection. When primary suture repair of the diaphragmatic hernia was unfeasible without tension, a patch was used. (2) The patch is anchored in place by two corner stitches at the medial and lateral borders. (3) The posterior border of the patch is fixed to the diaphragmatic edge by running or interrupted stitches. (4) For securing the anterior border, a non-absorbable suture is passed through the anterior chest wall and the patch border is taken with intracorporeal instruments. (5) Without making another stab incision, the Endo Close™ is tunnelled subcutaneously through the anterior chest wall. (6) The suture end is pulled through the Endo Close™ and the knot is tied around the rib. This procedure can be performed as many times as required to secure the patch.Results58 patients underwent MAS surgery for repair of CDH between 2009 and 2021. 48 (82%) presented with a left defect. 34 (58%) had a patch repair. The length of patch repair surgery for CDH ranged from 100–343 min (median 197). There was only one patient (3%) in the patch repair cohort that had a recurrent hernia, diagnosed 12 months after the initial surgery.ConclusionsIn our experience, MAS repair of CDH is feasible. We adopted a low threshold in using a patch to achieve a tension-free repair. We believe that the Endo Close™ is a cheap and safe method to help securing the patch around the ribs.

Thoracoscopic surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates: Should it be the first choice?

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening surgical condition in neonates. Surgery can be performed by either open or thoracoscopic techniques. In this study, we compared the clinical efficacy, safety, and effectiveness of thoracoscopic and open CDH repair. A retrospective review of neonates with CDH who underwent operations at our hospital from 2013 to 2021 was performed. The various perioperative parameters were compared between neonates undergoing thoracoscopic and open surgery. There were 50 neonates in this study (37 in the thoracoscopic group and 13 in the open group). Thoracoscopic surgery was associated with significantly shorter hospital stay (13.32 vs. 18.77 days, p < 0.001); shorter duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation (3.70 vs. 5.98 days, p < 0.001); early feeding (4.34 vs. 7.46 days, p < 0.001); and shorter time to reach optimal feeding (8.21 vs. 13.38 days, p < 0.001). There was one postoperative death in the open group and no death in the thoracoscopic group. The median follow-up time of the two groups was 23.8 months (20.5 months in open group and 25.0 months in thoracoscopic group). Thoracoscopic surgery was associated with lower recurrence rates, but the difference was not statistically significant (2.7% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.456). Thoracoscopy CDH repair, a safe and effective surgical technique for neonates, has better cosmesis, faster postoperative recovery, and a lower recurrence rate than other procedures. It can be considered the first choice for CDH treatment for neonates among experienced surgeons.

Adult Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Treatment Results

Diyafragmatik herni, diyaframdaki defekt neticesinde batın organlarının toraksa yer değiştirmesidir. Konjenital ya da edinsel nedenli olabilir (1). Konjenital diafragma hernileri bochadalec hernisi ve morgagni hernisidir. Edinsel nedenli olanlara göre daha sık olup görülme sıklığı 1-5/1000’dir. Edinsel diafram hernilerininen sık nedeni travmadır. Kendiliğinden veya iyatrojenik olarakda ortaya çıkabilir (2). Tedavisinde cerrahi onarım önerilmektedir. Yazımızda konjenital diyafragma hernisi cerrahi tedavi deneyimimizi sunmayı amaçladık. Merkezimizde konjenital diyafragma hernisi nedeniyle Ocak 2011-Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında ameliyat edilen hastaların dosyaları geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Travma ve iatrojenik sebepli fıtığı olan hastalar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Çalışmamıza kriterlere uyan 12 hasta dahil edildi. Bu hastaların demografik verileri, başvuru şikayetleri, preoperatif görüntülemeleri, defekt lokalizasyonları, yapılan cerrahi işlemleri, hastanede yatış süreleri, erken dönem komplikasyonları, nüks ve mortalite oranları kaydedildi. Hastaların 7’si erkek, 5’i kadındı. Yaş ortalaması 60 (34-84) yıl idi. Hikayeleri detaylı sorgulandığında travma veya geçirilmiş cerrahi gibi iatrojenik sebepler yoktu. Tüm hastaların tanıları bilgisayarlı tomografi ile doğrulanmıştı. Defekt lokalizasyonları sağ ve solda eşit sayıdaydı. Hastaların 5’ine primer onarım+mesh herniorafi, 4 üne primer onarım, 3 tanesine sadece mesh ile onarım yapılmıştı. Hastanede ortalama kalış süresi 4 (1-8) gündü. Erken dönemde 2 hastada pulmoner emboli, 2 hastada yara problemi dışında erken ve geç dönem komplikasyon görülmemişti. 2 hastanın tedavisi ani gelişen pulmoner emboli nedeni ile mortalite ile neticelenmişti. Konjenital diyafragma hernileri, çoğunlukla çocuk yaşta tanı alsa da nadiren de olsa ileri yaşlarda da tanı alabilmektedir. Tedavisi cerrahi olup bu tedavinin başarısı yüksek, morbidite ve mortalitesi düşüktür.

Neonatal intensive care unit on-site surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

The present study presents the experience gained in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of ‘Maria S. Curie’ Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children in Bucharest (Romania) after performing a series of bedside surgery interventions on newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We conducted a retrospective analysis of the data for all patients operated on-site between 2011 and 2020, in terms of pre- and post-operative stability, procedures performed, complications and outcomes. An analysis of a control group was used to provide a reference to the survival rate for non-operated patients. The present study is based on data from 10 cases of newborns, surgically operated on, on average, on the fifth day of life. The main reasons for operating on-site included hemodynamical instability and the need to administer inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). There were no unforeseen events during surgery, no immediate postoperative complications and no surgery-related mortality. One noticed drawback was the unfamiliarity of the surgery team with the new operating environment. Our experience indicates that bedside surgery improves the likelihood of survival for critically ill neonates suffering from CDH. No immediate complications were associated with this practice.

How should fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia be implemented in the post-TOTAL trial era: A discussion.

Following prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, severity can be predicted based on the presence of associated abnormalities, and in isolated cases, on lung size and position of the liver. Severe hypoplasia is defined by a contralateral lung size <25% on ultrasound; moderate hypoplasia is when that lung measures between 25% and 45% of the normal. In fetuses with predicted poor postnatal outcome a procedure that reverses pulmonary hypoplasia may be considered. In uncontrolled studies, fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) improved neonatal outcome. Recently, two randomized controlled trials compared the neonatal and infant outcomes in fetuses with isolated CDH (www.totaltrial.eu). Insevere cases, FETO was carried out at 27+0 -29+6 weeks' gestation (referred to as "early") and in moderate at 30+0 -31+6 weeks ("late"). Survival to discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit increased by 25% (95%-CI:+6 to +46; p=0.0091) and 13% (-1 to +28; p=0.059), in fetuses with severe and moderate cases, respectively. Following FETO gestational age at delivery was on average 3.2 (2.3-4.1) weeks earlier following early and 1.7 (1.1-2.3) following late FETO. Here the strengths and weaknesses of the TOTAL trials and their translation to the clinic are debated. Discussants are the lead for the trial (JD) and a colleague (AF) not involved. The discussant notes that the observed survival, both in treated and expectantly managed fetuses, was overall less than what is reported by some high volume centers, particularly in North America. Additional criticisms are the potential effects of prematurity on the long term, the inclusion of low-volume centers, and the potential of FETO for severe iatrogenic complications. Therefore results may not be generalizable. The discussants concluded that although FETO may have its value it remains a procedure with a high risk for prematurity and it can be lethal when the balloon cannot be removed prior to delivery. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The TOTAL trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01240057 (severe) and NCT00763737 (moderate).

Radical surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a 23-week preterm infant.

Pediatrics InternationalVolume 64, Issue 1 e15032 Clinical Notes Radical surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a 23-week preterm infant Toshiyuki Imanishi, Corresponding Author Toshiyuki Imanishi [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-1139 Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan Correspondence: Toshiyuki Imanishi, MD, Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo, Saitama 330-8777, Japan. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJun Unemoto, Jun Unemoto Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorChika Kanno, Chika Kanno Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMasayuki Kanno, Masayuki Kanno Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMasaki Shimizu, Masaki Shimizu Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, JapanSearch for more papers by this author Toshiyuki Imanishi, Corresponding Author Toshiyuki Imanishi [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-1139 Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan Correspondence: Toshiyuki Imanishi, MD, Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin, Chuo, Saitama 330-8777, Japan. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJun Unemoto, Jun Unemoto Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorChika Kanno, Chika Kanno Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMasayuki Kanno, Masayuki Kanno Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorMasaki Shimizu, Masaki Shimizu Division of Neonatology, Department of Maternal and Perinatal Center, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 April 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.15032Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume64, Issue1January/December 2022e15032 RelatedInformation

The randomized Tracheal Occlusion To Accelerate Lung growth (TOTAL)-trials on fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: reanalysis using pooled data

Two randomized controlled trials compared the neonatal and infant outcomes after fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion with expectant prenatal management in fetuses with severe and moderate isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia, respectively. Fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion was carried out at 27+0 to 29+6 weeks' gestation (referred to as "early") for severe and at 30+0 to 31+6 weeks ("late") for moderate hypoplasia. The reported absolute increase in the survival to discharge was 13% (95% confidence interval,-1 to 28; P=.059) and 25% (95% confidence interval, 6-46; P=.0091) for moderate and severe hypoplasia. Data from the 2 trials were pooled to study the heterogeneity of the treatment effect by observed over expected lung-to-head ratio and explore the effect of gestational age at balloon insertion. Individual participant data from the 2 trials were reanalyzed. Women were assessed between 2008 and 2020 at 14 experienced fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion centers and were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either expectant management or fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion. All received standardized postnatal management. The combined data involved 287 patients (196 with moderate hypoplasia and 91 with severe hypoplasia). The primary endpoint was survival to discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. The secondary endpoints were survival to 6 months of age, survival to 6 months without oxygen supplementation, and gestational age at live birth. Penalized regression was used with the following covariates: intervention (fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion vs expectant), early balloon insertion (yes vs no), observed over expected lung-to-head ratio, liver herniation (yes vs no), and trial (severe vs moderate). The interaction between intervention and the observed over expected lung-to-head ratio was evaluated to study treatment effect heterogeneity. For survival to discharge, the adjusted odds ratio of fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion was 1.78 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-3.01; P=.031). The additional effect of early balloon insertion was highly uncertain (adjusted odds ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-3.91; P=.370). When combining these 2 effects, the adjusted odds ratio of fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion with early balloon insertion was 2.73 (95% confidence interval, 1.15-6.49). The results for survival to 6 months and survival to 6 months without oxygen dependence were comparable. The gestational age at delivery was on average 1.7 weeks earlier (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3) following fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion with late insertion and 3.2 weeks earlier (95% confidence interval, 2.3-4.1) following fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion with early insertion compared with expectant management. There was no evidence that the effect of fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion depended on the observed over expected lung-to-head ratio for any of the endpoints. This analysis suggests that fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion increases survival for both moderate and severe lung hypoplasia. The difference between the results for the Tracheal Occlusion To Accelerate Lung growth trials, when considered apart, may be because of the difference in the time point of balloon insertion. However, the effect of the time point of balloon insertion could not be robustly assessed because of a small sample size and the confounding effect of disease severity. Fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion with early balloon insertion in particular strongly increases the risk for preterm delivery.

Fetal Surgery for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Research Article| September 01 2021 Fetal Surgery for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia AAP Grand Rounds (2021) 46 (3): 33. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.46-3-33 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Fetal Surgery for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. AAP Grand Rounds September 2021; 46 (3): 33. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.46-3-33 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All PublicationsAll JournalsAAP Grand RoundsPediatricsHospital PediatricsPediatrics In ReviewNeoReviewsAAP NewsAll AAP Sites Search Advanced Search Topics: fetal surgery, hernia, congenital diaphragmatic, fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion Source: Deprest JA, Nicolaides KH, Benachi A, et al. Randomized trial of fetal surgery for severe left diaphragmatic hernia. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(2):107-118; doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2027030Google Scholar Investigators from multiple international institutions conducted an open-label randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of fetal endoluminal tracheal obstruction (FETO) in fetuses with severe pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to left-sided diaphragmatic hernia. With FETO, a balloon is inserted into the trachea of an affected fetus prior to 30 weeks’ gestation and inflated; the balloon is deflated at a later point. The study was conducted at 10 FETO centers and 26 NICUs in multiple countries. Women >18 years old with a fetus with a left diaphragmatic hernia and severe pulmonary hypoplasia (fetal lung-to-head ratio <25% of predicted based on gestational age) who were <33 weeks, 6 days gestation... You do not currently have access to this content.

Intrauterine surgery: how far we have come in 30 years.

Intrauterine surgery: how far we have come in 30 years.

Optimal timing of surgery in infants with prenatally diagnosed isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a multicenter, cohort study in Japan.

To date, there is no compelling evidence of the optimal timing of surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). This study aimed to establish the optimal timing of surgery in neonates with isolated left-sided CDH. This multicenter cohort study enrolled 276 patients with isolated left-sided CDH at 15 institutions. Based on the timing of surgery, the patients were classified into four groups [< 24h (G1), 24-47h (G2), 48-71h (G3), and ≥ 72h (G4)]. The clinical outcomes were compared among the groups using a logistic regression model, after adjusting for potential confounders, such as disease severity. Multivariate analyses showed that G2 also had a lower mortality rate than the other groups. In mild and severe cases, there were no significant differences in mortality across the four groups. In moderate cases, G2 resulted in significantly increased survival rates, compared with G1. The study results suggest that surgery within 24h of birth is not recommended for patients with moderate severity CDH, that there is no benefit in the delay of surgery for more than 72h in mild severity CDH patients, and that there is no definite optimal time to perform surgery in severe cases of CDH.

Management and experience of postural placement in postoperative mechanical ventilation of newborns

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a neonatal condition that mainly occurs when the abdominal organs herniate into the thorax, obstructing the development of the lungs. Postoperative neonatal breathing disorder is one of the main causes of neonatal death. This study summarizes the postoperative nursing status of 30 cases of neonatal CDH in our hospital, and explores the effect of body position in mechanical ventilation care following CDH surgery. A total of 30 CHD children admitted in our hospital between June, 2018 and October, 2019 were included. The neonates were divided into preterm infant group (n=15) and full-term infant group (n=15). Each child was immediately transferred to the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) ward after surgery and received the hospital's NCIU special care. Besides routine nursing, each child was placed in a randomly selected primary position (the prone position or supine position). After 30 min, their oxygenation indexes were measured, and then their position (prone position or supine position) was changed. After 30 min, the neonates' oxygenation indicators were measured again. A hospital-made satisfaction questionnaire was used to evaluate the parents' satisfaction with nursing care. Two children died of respiratory failure (one in the preterm group and one in the full-term group), and the rest were in a stable condition after surgery. There was no significant difference between the rates of parent satisfaction in the two groups (preterm infant group: 96.67% verse full-term group: 93.33%, P>0.05). In both groups, the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2), partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/fraction of inspiration O2 (PaO2/FiO2), and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar gas (PaO2/PAO2) in prone position were significantly higher than those in supine position (P<0.05); the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-aDO2) was significantly lower than that in the supine position (0.05). The prone position can improve the oxygenation index of children after surgery, and improve their respiratory system function. This method is suitable for newborn postoperative NICU care.

Neonatal neuroimaging after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome

ObjectivePrevious outcome reports of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have described neuroimaging anomalies and neurodevelopmental impairment. However, the link between imaging and outcome has not been described. We aimed to determine...

Associations of Neonatal Noncardiac Surgery with Brain Structure and Neurodevelopment: A Prospective Case-Control Study

To examine the associations of neonatal noncardiac surgery with newborn brain structure and neurodevelopment at 2years of age. Infants requiring neonatal noncardiac surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia, or anterior abdominal wall defect were compared with infants who did not require surgery, matched for sex, gestation at birth, and postmenstrual age at magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging was performed at a mean (SD) postmenstrual age of 41.6 (1.7) weeks. Images were assessed qualitatively for brain maturation and injury and quantitatively for measures of brain size, cerebrospinal fluid spaces, and global abnormality. Neurodevelopment was then assessed at 2years using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition. Infants requiring surgery (n=39) were 5.9 times (95% CI, 1.9-19.5; P<.01) more likely to have delayed gyral maturation and 9.8 times (95% CI, 1.2-446; P=.01) more likely to have white matter signal abnormalities compared with controls (n=39). Cases were more likely to have higher global abnormality scores, smaller biparietal diameters, and larger ventricular sizes than controls. Infants who had surgery had lower mean composite scores in the language (mean difference, -12.5; 95% CI, -22.4 to -2.7) and motor domains (mean difference, -13.4; 95% CI, -21.1 to -5.6) compared with controls. Infants requiring neonatal noncardiac surgery have smaller brains with more abnormalities compared with matched controls and have associated neurodevelopmental impairment at 2years of age. Prospective studies with preoperative and postoperative imaging would assist in determining the timing of brain injury.

The application of ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure for cardiothoracic disorders

The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure was primarily devel-oped to reverse temporary tracheal occlu-sion in patients with fetal surgery for con-genital diaphragmatic hernia. Nowadays, it is widely used to resect fetal neck masses and to maintain an unobstructed airway. It is indicated for the management of several cardiothoracic diseases, including medi-astinal or lung mass resection, drainage of pleural effusions, palliative treatment of critical congenital heart disease and establishment of EXIT-to-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). EXIT has been attempted successfully in many centers, and it has been proven that moth-ers and babies tolerate the procedure well. Maternal and fetal surveillance during an-esthesia is important to maintain maternal blood pressure and placental blood flow and fetal oxygenation. The aim of this arti-cle is to discuss the application of the EXIT procedure for the management of fetal car-diothoracic diseases.

Postmortem Characteristics of Lung Hypoplasia at Diaphragmatic Hernia: MRI – Pathomorphological Comparisons

Purpose: the study of postmortem MRI possibilities for the diagnosis of lung hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.Materials and methods. A comparison of the results of postmortem MRI study and data of pathoanatomical autopsy of 23 newborns was performed. In group I, the bodies of 10 deceased newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia without operative intervention were examined. In group II – the bodies of 7 newborns who died after surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Group III (control) included 6 bodies of newborns without diaphragmatic hernia and signs of lung hypoplasia. Before the autopsy, an MRI study was performed on a 3T Magnetom Verio device (Siemens, Germany) in standard T1 and T2 modes. The volumes of the lungs and chest cavity were calculated in the analysis of the tomograms data and their 3D reconstruction. The stage of the lung development and number of radial alveoli were identified at the microscopic study of histological preparations.Results.As a result of the postmortem MRI study, it was established that the observations of group I are characterized by minimal lung volumes. The mean lung volume on the side of the diaphragmatic hernia was 4.1 times less than the contralateral lung (p &lt; 0.01), and the mean values of the volume of both lungs were 4.6 times less than the corresponding values of the control group (p &lt; 0.01) . The average value of the specific volume of the lungs in newborns who died as a result of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (group I) was 8.8%, which is 4.2 times less than the control group (p &lt; 0.01) and was accompanied by histological signs of hypoplasia. The operation in Group II observations led to an increase in lung size. However, the specific volume of the lungs in this group remained by 18.6% less than the control group, and on histological specimens there were signs of lung hypoplasia.Conclusion.The postmortem MRI of dead newborns allows for an objective quantification of lung volumes and verifies the presence of hypoplasia. This helps to clarify the pathogenesis and determine the immediate cause of death. Indices of specific lung volume relative to the chest cavity of less than 20% indicate lung hypoplasia as the immediate cause of death of the newborn.

Fertility, pregnancy and gynecological outcomes after fetoscopic surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

What is the impact of fetoscopic surgery for isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) on future reproductive and gynecological outcomes? We did not observe an increase of obstetric or gynecological problems after fetoscopic surgery nor was there an increased risk for subsequent infertility. The reproductive and gynecological outcomes of patients undergoing open maternal-fetal surgery are known. The most relevant counseling items are the elevated risk for uterine dehiscence and rupture (up to 14%). Bi-centric study over a 10-year period including 371 women carrying a fetus with isolated CDH either managed expectantly (n = 167) or operated in utero (n = 204). Consenting patients filled out a survey with 23 questions (2 open and 21 multiple choice). Questionnaires were custom designed to obtain information on subsequent reproductive or gynecological problems as well as psychological impact. The response rate was 40% (147/371). More women in the FETO group attempted a subsequent pregnancy: 70% (62/89) when compared with 47% (27/58) in controls (P = 0.009). This coincided with a longer follow-up in the FETO group (76 versus 59 months; P < 0.001) and a lower survival rate in the index pregnancy (53 versus 72%; P = 0.028). There was no difference in the number of nulliparous or parous women, neither in the conception rate. In total, there were 129 subsequent pregnancies. Nobody reported secondary fertility problems. Four women in the FETO group and one in the control reported a congenital anomaly in a subsequent pregnancy. Twenty-one pregnancies were reported with at least one complication (FETO: 23% (14/60), controls 27% (7/26)). During delivery or in the post-partum period 11 patients reported at least 1 complication (FETO 17% (10/59), controls 4% (1/24)). New onset gynecological problems occurred in 14 participants (10%). None of these events were more likely in one or the other group. Psychological and emotional impacts were frequent in both the FETO (41%) and the control groups (46%) (P = 0.691). The response rate was 40% (147/371), less than desired. The use of unvalidated self-reported outcomes may skew exact determination of the nature and severity of medical complications. The number of observations for uncommon events was low. The mean follow-up period to detect gynecological complications may be too short. This is the first evidence that fetoscopic surgery for CDH does not compromise future reproductive potential or obstetrical outcome when compared with expectant management. A pregnancy complicated by a serious congenital birth defect, such as CDH, frequently has a measurable psychological impact. The authors have no conflicts to declare. J.D. receives a fundamental clinical research grant of the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen (FWO; 18.01207). A.C.E. is supported by the Erasmus+Program of the European Union (Framework agreement number 2013-0040; contract 1011990). This was presented at the 61st meeting of the Society of Gynaecologic Investigation, in Florence, March 2014 (F-111).

Research progress of minimally invasive surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia(CDH) is characterized by a spectrum developmental defects in the diaphragm caused by embryogenesis disorders, and lead to incomplete fusion of elements which results in rise of the diaphragm.With the promotion of antenatal diagnosis, postoperation rehabilitation and neonatal intensive care unite, the mortality of CDH has been remarkably decreased.Nevertheless, the condition is uncommon enough that it has proven to be difficult to conduct prospective studies, leading to the lack of evidence of evidence-based medicine to explore the pathological mechanism and therapies.With the rise of endoscopic technique, the laparoscopy and thoracoscopy are also gradually carried out for the surgical management of CDH.Now, the minimally invasive surgery for CDH was reviewed. Key words: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia; Minimally invasive surgery; Laparoscopy; Thoracoscopy; Patch