Surge Irrigation Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of Woybo Irrigation Scheme: Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Performance evaluation of irrigation scheme is vital for realizing the present status and identifying the area for improvement. The study was conducted in Woybo irrigation scheme which is located in Boloso Sore district, Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia. This study was aimed to evaluate the performance of Woybo irrigation scheme with internal performance indicators. A total of nine demonstrating farmers' fields were selected from three canal reaches (head, middle, and tail) through purposive sampling. Primary and secondary data were collected, recorded, and analyzed. To measure the water applied to each experimental field, Parshall flume was installed, and soil samples were taken to determine soil texture, field capacity, permanent wilting point, and soil moisture content before and after each irrigation event at regular soil depth intervals. The results revealed that the mean conveyance efficiency was 60.85% and the application efficiency was 48.53%. Water distribution uniformity, deep percolation, and storage efficiencies were 84.56%, 51.47%, and 85.22%, respectively. However, the overall irrigation efficiency was found to be 29.53%, which was poorly performed due to inadequate water application, ineffective field water management, and low efficiency in water delivery systems. The main factors contributing to the poor water delivery performance included failures in water regulating gates, leakages, and siltation of canals. To address these problems, recommendations are made such as improvements in water application techniques should be implemented, through proper irrigation scheduling, water conservation practices, surge irrigation techniques, and providing extension support, training, and experience sharing. Additionally, maintenance and lining of earthen canals are necessary, along with the replacement and repair of leakages and broken water regulating and controlling structures. These measures can help to upgrade water delivery efficiency and improve the overall performance of the irrigation scheme.

Surge irrigation modeling and scenario analyses for the best furrow irrigation management practices

Furrow irrigation with surge flow is a management strategy to improve irrigation performance compared to furrow irrigation with continuous flow. Successful management of surge irrigation corresponds to accurate field practices that depend on different flow hydraulic parameters that make it complex in practice. However, because of this complexity, very few surge infiltration models have been developed. So far, no study has been done to evaluate infiltration equations subject to different surge irrigation modelling concepts under field surge irrigation scenarios. This study investigates two surge infiltration equations of Modified Kostiakov-Lewies (MKL) and Branch Function (BF) using WinSRFR that is the only modelling tool to simulate surge irrigation by using two surge infiltration modelling concepts of Blair-Smerdon (BS) and Izuno-Podmore (IP). Field data were collected on different combinations of two furrow lengths (70 m and 90 m; open-end furrows), two inflow rates (0.4 l s−1 and 0.6 l s−1), and two cycle ratios (0.5 and 0.33). Field measurements confirmed that switching from continuous to surge irrigation significantly improved irrigation performance. Evaluation of the surge infiltration modeling concepts showed that IP had higher accuracy in simulating irrigation performance compared to BS. The MKL(IP) and BF(IP) had the highest accuracy in the simulation of advance time, infiltrated water depth, and runoff. Further analyses showed that decreasing the cycle ratio from 0.5 to 0.33 improved simulation accuracy in advance time, runoff, and irrigation performance, but it reduced the accuracy of simulated infiltrated water depth. Increasing the inflow rate from 0.4 l s−1 to 0.6 l s−1 decreased the accuracy of irrigation performance. However, field observations were only under a limited number of furrow lengths and inflow rates that might not be the best management field practices to increase irrigation performance. Scenario analyses were done to simulate irrigation performance under a combination of possible irrigation managements. The optimal irrigation scenario consisted of adjusting the different inflow rate (0.5–1.2 l s−1), furrow length (100–300 m), cutoff time (360–600 min), and on-time (20–60 min). Results show that using cutoff 360 min and on-time 60 min led to reducing deep percolation and runoff and increasing the distribution uniformity. Based on the scenario analyses for the most efficient irrigation performance in terms of irrigation efficiencies and water losses (runoff and deep percolation), the best irrigation management could be attributed to the furrow length of 200 m that occurs for on-time of 60 min, with a cutoff time of 360 min, and an inflow rate of 0.7 l s−1 although Zreq = 50 mm is not fully irrigated over the whole furrow. Under this scenario, 35 % of the furrow is under deficit irrigation. Scenario analyses showed that we may propose a new surge irrigation management named as “wet-cycle surge irrigation” such that the first surge completes the whole furrow length, and then the subsequent surges will run on wet soil.

Measurement and simulation of irrigation performance in continuous and surge furrow irrigation using WinSRFR and SIRMOD models

The SIRMOD and WinSRFR models were used to model and assess the irrigation performance under continuous and surge irrigation strategies with two furrow lengths of 70 m and 90 m and stream sizes of 0.4 l/s and 0.6 l/s for each length. According to the normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) and the relative error (RE), WinSRFR had, on average, excellent accuracy in the continuous and surge irrigation for simulating advance-recession times (NRMSE: 6.15 and 4.24% for advance time, and 2.20 and 5.20% for recession time), infiltrated water depth (NRMSE: 3.37 and 6.38%), and runoff volume (RE: 6.93 and 2.57%), respectively. SIRMOD had also, on average, excellent simulation in the continuous and surge irrigation for advance-recession times (NRMSE: 3.34 and 2.45% for advance time, and 2.28 and 6.41% for recession time), infiltrated water depth (NRMSE: 2.98 and 5.27%), and runoff volume (RE: 5.31 and 17.49%), respectively. The average of irrigation application efficiency (AE), distribution uniformity (DU), deep percolation (DP), and tail-water ratio (TWR) were 61.50, 90.25, 11.75, and 26.75% in continuous irrigation, and 72.03, 94.09, 8.39, and 19.57% in surge irrigation, respectively, which shows that surge irrigation increased AE (irrigation management performance) and DU (irrigation method performance) and reduced DP and TWR compared to continuous irrigation. Moreover, longer furrow lengths increased AE and DP under both irrigation methods, while it decreased TWR and DU. However, increasing the stream size decreased AE and DP and increased TWR under both continuous and surge irrigations. The higher stream size improved DU in continuous irrigation but reduced DU in surge irrigation. The results confirmed that both SIRMOD and WinSRFR are reliable analytical tools to evaluate furrow irrigation strategies for improving irrigation management. In conclusion, this study showed that surface irrigation models could be employed in practice by irrigation engineers and practitioners to design and define the optimized furrow length and stream size in arid and semi-arid areas where efficient and high performance irrigation strategies are required to save water and reduce water loss.

Testing and Evaluation of Surge Flow Gate For Discharge Measurement Under Different Operating Conditions

With surge irrigation, applying surges to an area is a cheap labor task. In industrialized nations, a variety of electronic valves for discontinuous water application (surges) are available; but their pricing prevents their usage in emerging regions. Additionally, these valves are too advanced for use by growers in underdeveloped nations. As a result, a basic Automatic Surge Gate was developed and tested in the labs to assess its effectiveness in terms of producing on-off surges. The reservoir was built to hold or collect low inflows for barrier functioning, and the gate was positioned on the suction side of the reservoir. Inflow rates, pinions, and poundage placements on the gate lever were the working parameters defined for the gate functioning. In the current investigation, three inflow rates 134, 169, and 187 l/s were employed. By leveraging the low inflows to the reservoir, the automatic surge gate demonstrated the possibility for automating the on-off action. The surge gate produced sizeable outflows even at the lowest inflow rate of 134 l/s into the reservoir. Power-law equations were discovered to be a good representation of the behavior in the statistical models that were also created using quasi statistical method.

Evaluation and optimization of surge and alternate furrow irrigation performance in maize fields using the WinSRFR software

Low efficiency of irrigation is a major problem with surface irrigation methods, mainly due to poor management and improper design. The objective of this study was to evaluate and improve the performance of different surge and alternate furrow irrigation methods. A field experiment was conducted during the grain maize growing season in the Jayedar Plain of Poldokhtar City (southwest of Iran) in the years 2020 and 2021. Five different furrow irrigation methods including conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), surge irrigation with on/off cycle ratios of 1 and 0.5 (SFI1–1 and SFI1–2, respectively), fixed alternate irrigation (FFI) and variable alternate irrigation (AFI) were investigated. A total of 15 irrigation evaluations were performed at the initial, middle, and end of the growing season by measuring inflow rate, cutoff time, outflow rate, infiltration and advance time. The length and spacing of experimental furrows were 120 and 0.75 m, respectively, and the inflow rate of furrows and the flow cutoff times at the initial (3rd irrigation), middle (6th irrigation), and end (9th irrigation) of the season were 0.28 L/s and 240 min, 0.42 L/s and 360 min, 0.35 L/s and 300 min, respectively. The WinSRFR 3.1 software was calibrated and applied using field data based on the zero-inertia model. The results of the furrow irrigation sensitivity analysis with WinSRFR 3.1 software demonstrated that furrow irrigation in the studied area was most sensitive to the inflow rate, cutoff time and infiltration parameters, respectively. There were high correlations between the measured and simulated values of runoff, infiltration and advance time (coefficient of determination of 1.0, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively). The relative error values in estimating runoff, infiltration and advance time were 5.60 %, 5.09 %, and 2.14 %, respectively. Mean performance indices of different furrow irrigation methods under field experiments showed that the highest values of Application Efficiency (78.7 %), Potential Application Efficiency of the minimum (69.5 %), and Potential Application Efficiency of low-quarter (74.1 %) were observed under the AFI method. By optimizing the inflow rate and flow cutoff time, application efficiencies of 66.6–80.7 % were obtained for different irrigation methods. The results of this study show that AFI is a more suitable method for maize irrigation in the study area.

Enhancement of water productivity with surge irrigation

Surge irrigation is the intermittent application of water to surface irrigated furrows or borders in a series of relatively short on and off time periods during the irrigation which may be between 20 minutes to two hours. In this technique, water is usually applied intermittently rather than with a continuous stream, as in conventional surface irrigation..Water productivity and water saving of six crops viz. wheat, cotton, maize, capsicum, onion and fennel under surge irrigation were compared with traditional method for the crops grown in different environmental conditions at different location of the world.It is concluded that surge flow irrigation performs better than continuous flow irrigation in terms of water saving and yield resulting in enhancement of water productivity. In case of wheat crop, surge irrigation saved and decreased irrigation water by 27, 33.4 and 37.4 % and increased yield by 15.1, 17.7 and 12.7 % under slope of 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 % respectively compared with continuous flow irrigation for the same discharge. It had the maximum water use efficiency values of 1.39, 1.56 and 1.59 kg/m3 for surge flow irrigation under slopes of 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 %, respectively.Surge irrigation system for maize obtained the highest value of WUE (1.63 kg/m3) with 40 m furrow length under 12.24 l/min inflow rate, while the lowest value of WUE obtained by continuous irrigation system, with 20 m furrow length under 44.4 l/min inflow rate (1.05 kg/m3). It can be applied by farmers in areas where irrigation water is limiting factor in crop production and farmers cannot afford costly micro-irrigation system.

The Use of Dual and Surge Irrigation to Improve The Efficiency of Surface Irrigation

A field experiment was conducted in a farm(5km northwest of Ramady City) during Autumn Season in a silty clay loam sedimentary soil. The ground water table depth is 120 cm. Field has divided into 10 strips(2.40x80)m with spaces 1m between strips and 2 m between replicates each strips has divided into 3 furrows (20 cm in depth, 80 m length,with 0.2% slop) with each others.Study factors included Contineous Irrigation (conventional), Dual Contineous irrigation, Contineous irrigation with two phases, Surge irrigation, Dual Surge irrigation Cycle ratio was 0.25 with time On-time 4 minutes and off-time 12 minutes for both dual surge irrigation and surge irrigation with discharge of 2 litter/sec. for both advance phase while the discharge after completing advance phase was 0.8 litter/sec. The plots were planted with corn(Zea mays L)and irrigated drainage water with salinity 5.8-6.2 ds/m, and Euphrates water (1.1-1.3 ds/m). Consumptive water use was calculated by Evaporation Pan method. Twenty test has been carried out for advance and recession of flow along furrow by using eight observation stations. Apportinity time and absorbed water depth in each middle furrow was calculated at each station. Practical and Theoretical relative yield of corn were calculated.Results showed that Dual Surge Irrigation system reduced of salty water used to complete advance phase with rate of 12.41% comparing with Dual Contineous irrigation system, The efficiency of Salt- water displacement proceeses downward increased by 11.56%. by the effect of fresh water under Dual surge irrigation system compared with Dual Contineous Irrigation system, The percentage fresh water saving reached to 44.94% and 51.30% in dual surge and dual Contineous irrigation system respectively, Insert Surge Irrigation technique on Dual Contineous Irrigation system leads to reduce salt- water advance phase time, late in recession time in Dual surge Irrigation and Surge Irrigation with the other treatments during advance and post- advance phase, distribution of Dual surge Irrigation system as compared with dual Contineous irrigation system in salt- water distribution efficiency during advance phase and uniformity of total absorption depth along the furrow for all testing months during the season, theoretical relative yield (RY%) has decreased gradually with increasing in depended depth for calculating the average soil salinity (ECe) with assumption of no mixing between fresh and saline water, practical relative yield exceeds the theoretical relative productivity when assuming the condition of mixing between fresh water and salt water, the practical relative yield has distinction on the theoretical yield at depth of 0-90-cm in Maas 1984 equation.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF SURFACE IRRIGATION BY USING SURGE IRRIGATION FOR COTTON PRODUCTION IN THE DELTA SOILS

Two field experiments were conduct at Sakha Agricultural Research Station at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, during 2018 and 2019 seasons to study increasing the efficiency of surface irrigation by using surge irrigation for cotton production in the Delta soils for Giza 96 cotton variety. A split plots design with four replications was used, where the main plots involved three lengths of irrigation rows (30, 40 and 50 meter) and the sub plots included three surge irrigation timing systems (time for opening and closing surge irrigation) (10 minute open -10 minute close, 15 minute open -15 minute close and 20 minute open -20 minute close until finish from irrigation). The results indicated that; The 30 meter row length irrigation significantly increased p lant height, no. of fruiting branches/plant, number of open bolls /plant, boll weight, seed cotton yield/plant and seed cotton yield/fed. compared with the other treatments irrigation row lengths 40 and 50 meter. The surge irrigation timing system 10 minutes open and 10 minutes close significantly increased plant height, number of fruiting branches/plant, number of open bolls/plant, boll weight, seed cotton yield/plant and seed cotton yield/fed. compared with the other surge irrigation timing systems (15-15 and 20-20). The interaction between 30 meter row length and surge irrigation timing system 10 minutes open and 10 minutes close gave the good values of growth, yield and its components of Giza 96 cotton variety in both seasons. Row lengths irrigation and surge irrigation timing systems treatments and its interaction did not exhibit any significant effect on seed index, lint % and fiber properties in both seasons. Finally, using 30 meter irrigation row length and surge irrigation timing systems 10 minutes open and 10 minutes close gave the highest seed cotton yield/fed. for Giza 96 cotton cultivar under the conditions of Kafr El-Sheikh in the Delta soils.

IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR LOWLAND FURROW-IRRIGATED SOYBEAN IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Different water management strategies should be investigated to ensure adequate water supply to furrow-irrigated soybean plants in lowlands. This study examined the performance and efficiency of furrow irrigation techniques and related them to the soybean yield potential in lowland fields of Southern Brazil in the 2017/18 growing season. An experiment was conducted on raised seedbeds to evaluate furrow irrigation techniques: full irrigation with cutback, irrigation during the advance phase with low inflow, irrigation during the advance phase (cutoff), surge irrigation, and no irrigation. The design parameters, efficiency of the techniques, agronomic characteristics, and the grain yield of the soybean crop, were evaluated. The overall performance of the cutback technique in furrow irrigation was superior, followed by the surge irrigation, cutoff, and low inflow techniques. Furrow irrigation increased soybean yield in lowlands, and the cutback technique was the best to guarantee the soybean yield potential in lowlands, resulting in a 29% yield increase compared to non-irrigated.

Improving performance of furrow irrigation systems using simulation modelling in the Moghan plain of Iran*

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the different scenarios for improving the irrigation application efficiency of a two‐row bed furrow irrigation system (wide furrow) using the SIRMOD model in six sugar beet fields of the Moghan plain for the 2015–2016 growing season. The Moghan plain is situated in the Ardebil province of Iran. Therefore, five scenarios including: (i) irrigation cut‐off time equal to the advance time (ICTEAT); (ii) cutting off the flow discharge before it reaches the end (CTIBRE); (iii) increasing the flow discharge up to 2.5 l s¯¹ and cutting it off when the irrigation requirement is fulfilled (IARCSI); (iv) increasing inflow discharge up to 2.5 l s¯¹ and cutting off the flow discharge as soon as the advance phase reaches the end (IARCARE); (v) reducing inflow rate, cut‐off time and furrow length (100 m in all the furrows) by blocking the end of the furrow (RICTLBE), were applied using the calibrated SIRMOD model. In addition, surge irrigation was carried out in fields with high percolation. The results indicated that the average irrigation application efficiency under the current status was 35%. However, average application efficiencies increased to 63, 74, 59, 60 and 77% in the ICTEAT, CTIBRE, IARSCI, IARCARE and RICTLBE scenarios, respectively. The application efficiency for fields with high percolation increased from 32%, in the current status, to 53, 64, 62, 60, 78 and 76% under ICTEAT, CTIBRE, IARSCI, IARCARE, RICTLBE and surge irrigation, respectively. Overall, the irrigation management scenarios could substantially reduce on‐farm irrigation water losses.

The Arkansas “Most Crop per Drop” Contest: An Innovative Extension Method to Improve Irrigation Water Management Adoption

HighlightsAn integrated research and Extension program promoted adoption of computerized hole selection (CHS), surge irrigation, soil moisture monitoring, and multiple inlet rice irrigation (MIRI) for surface irrigators in Arkansas.Using a contest design, water use efficiency (WUE) was determined for maize, soybean, and rice fields, and report cards were provided to contest participants to provide feedback on their irrigation acumen.The highest yielding fields did not always result in the highest WUE.The contest was implemented on working commercial farms in the Arkansas Delta using flowmeters and in-field crop yield checks for the purpose of promoting adoption of irrigation water management (IWM).Abstract. The Arkansas “most crop per drop” irrigation contest is an integrated research and Extension program developed to assess water use, rainfall, and yield for the purpose of estimating water use efficiency (WUE). The irrigation contest resembles traditional yield contests, with the goal of documenting WUE and increasing adoption and awareness of irrigation water management (IWM) practices in the region. Adoption of IWM practices was greater for those who participated in the contest than their Arkansas peer average, with documented adoption increases of 33% for computerized hole selection, 28% for surge irrigation, and 51% for soil moisture monitoring. Keywords: Computerized hole selection, Soil moisture monitoring, Surge irrigation.

Surge flow Performance for Furrow Irrigation under Upper Egypt Conditions

The current study was conducted at The Experimental Farm, Fac. of Agric., Al-Azhar Univ., Assuit, Egypt (27° 12- 16.67= N latitude, 31° 09- 36.86= E longitude and at 51 m altitude) during the winter season of 2018 (September to December). The research work aimed to assess the performance of surge irrigation compared to the continuous one by measuring the advance rate of the wetting front, inflow/ outflow rates, distribution uniformity, application efficiency, suitable furrow length and surge numbers. Surge flow irrigation leads to a decrease in advance time compared to continuous flow. The reduction percentages in advance and recession time are more pronounced under low discharge rate and long furrow length. Surge flow irrigation used less amounts of water than continuous one. Surge flow could save almost one third of the applied water by continuous flow especially into long furrow with 5 surges of medium discharge rate. The larger discharge coupled with large furrow resulted in the maximum water saving of about 28% among all the other combinations. For all possible combinations, the volume ratio remained less than one indicating that less total water is required to complete the advance phase in surged irrigation compared to continuous one. Surge flow showed higher application efficiency than that of continuous one. The higher application efficiency (83%) was observed under 5 surges flow into 100 m furrow length with 1.2 L/S discharge rate. Water losses by deep percolation were more pronounced in short furrow length than that of long one and they were minimized by surge flow. Surge flow realized higher distribution uniformity (DU) than that of continuous one.

Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen leaching following top-dressing of urea from water-saving irrigated rice field: impact of two-split surge irrigation

To test whether it is possible to change the nitrogen losses during top-dressing of urea in water-saving irrigated rice field by appropriate irrigation management, two-split surge irrigation (SI) was designed to bring more top-dressed urea into rhizosphere soil and investigate ammonia volatilization (AV) and nitrogen leaching compared with farmers’ flooding practice (FFP). Cumulative AV losses of 1 week after three top-dressing of urea under SI treatment were estimated as 4.92, 9.29, and 2.51 kg N ha−1, which was decreased by 27.75%, 18.10%, and 28.53%, respectively. Concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and total nitrogen in soil solutions collected at 40–50 cm beneath soil surface under SI treatment, which were measured to evaluate the amount of nitrogen leaching, were increased by 0.46, 0.07 and 0.92 kg N ha−1, respectively. The SI treatment achieved higher grain yield by 0.33 t ha−1 over FFP treatment. Results indicated that the SI water regime during top-dressing of urea reduced AV losses greatly at the cost of increasing nitrogen leaching losses. Considering that nitrogen losses from AV after top-dressing of urea were generally 4–5 times of those from nitrogen leaching losses, the sum of nitrogen losses in volatilization and leaching were reduced in the SI treatment compared to the FFP treatment. In conclusion, two-split surge irrigation is helpful in reducing nitrogen losses after top-dressing of urea and improving grain yield.

Surge Irrigation Reduces Irrigation Requirements for Soybean on Smectitic Clay‐Textured Soils

Core Ideas Surge irrigation reduced the amount of water applied per irrigation event by 22% Surge irrigation reduced the total amount of seasonal irrigation water application by 24% Surge irrigation increased irrigation water use efficiency by 29% The Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer is declining precipitously due to irrigation withdrawal for row crop production. Currently, 25% of the soybean (Glycine max L.) acres in the Mid‐South are planted on clay‐textured soils and furrow‐irrigated using conventional continuous flow (CONV), the least efficient irrigation delivery system. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of surge irrigation (SURGE) on amount of water applied, soybean grain yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and net return above irrigation costs when implemented on clay‐textured soils. The research was conducted during the 2013 through 2015 growing seasons in Stoneville, MS and consisted of paired fields, with the same cultivar, soil texture, planting date, and management practices used on both sites. Paired fields were randomly assigned as SURGE or CONV. Water applied to each field was monitored with flowmeters, and irrigations were initiated based on soil moisture sensor thresholds. Relative to CONV, SURGE reduced the amount of water applied per irrigation event by 22% and total water applied in season by 24% (P ≤ 0.0349). Soybean grain yield averaged 66 bu/acre and was not different between delivery systems (P = 0.7711), but SURGE increased IWUE by 29% compared with CONV (P = 0.0076). Net return above irrigation cost was not different between CONV and SURGE, regardless of diesel price or pumping depth (P ≥ 0.1149). Results from this research indicate that soybean producers in the Mid‐South and other regions that irrigate using lay‐flat polyethylene tubing can adopt SURGE for soybean on clay‐textured soils without adversely affecting yield or on‐farm profitability while concurrently decreasing the demand on depleted groundwater resources.

Field assessment of surge and continuous furrow irrigation methods in relation to tillage systems

Abstract Surge flow irrigation is one of the irrigation techniques for controlling furrow irrigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of surge furrow irrigation on water management compared with continuous irrigation for different tillage systems. An experimental field was treated with various tillage systems (mouldboard plough, chisel plough and rotary plough) and water irrigation application methods (continuous flow, control) in which irrigation water was applied continuously, and surge flow (3-surges, 4-surges and 5-surges) in which irrigation water was applied intermittently until it reached the tail end of the furrow. The results showed that water savings obtained using the surge technique were 18.58, 11.84 and 18.93% lower water use than with continuous flow, for the mouldboard, chisel and rotary ploughs, respectively. The 3-surges treatment with the rotary plough reduced the advance time by 25.36% from that for continuous irrigation. The 4-surges treatment with the mouldboard plough had the highest water application efficiency (88.13%). The 3-surges treatment with the rotary plough had the highest distribution uniformity (85.01%). The rotary plough did not cause as much soil aeration around the root system as the other tillage systems. The field research provided information about surge flow, aimed at reducing advance times and increasing irrigation efficiency.

Modification of furrow Manning's roughness coefficient estimation by finite difference technique under surge and continuous flow

In this research, the Manning's roughness coefficient under surge and continuous flow was determined based on the volume balance equation in the form of a differential equation that was solved with the six finite difference approximations procedures. Volume balance analysis and Manning's equation for open channel flow were used as governing equations. Six finite difference approximations [forward finite difference (two methods), central finite difference (two methods) and backward finite difference (two methods)] were used as the solution technique. Comparison of the results showed that there is no significant difference between these methods according to average absolute error (AAE) for the 36 datasets. The results of measurements at three different experimental sites indicate that the values of n for continuous flow irrigation were higher than those measured in surge irrigation. The results are satisfied via testing with the field data obtained from different regions and various soil type.

Estimation of infiltration parameters and the irrigation coefficients with the surface irrigation advance distance.

A theory based on Manning roughness equation, Philip equation and water balance equation was developed which only employed the advance distance in the calculation of the infiltration parameters and irrigation coefficients in both the border irrigation and the surge irrigation. The improved procedure was validated with both the border irrigation and surge irrigation experiments. The main results are shown as follows. Infiltration parameters of the Philip equation could be calculated accurately only using water advance distance in the irrigation process comparing to the experimental data. With the calculated parameters and the water balance equation, the irrigation coefficients were also estimated. The water advance velocity should be measured at about 0.5 m to 1.0 m far from the water advance in the experimental corn fields.

KESİKLİ SULAMADA FARKLI DEBİLERDE DEĞİŞİK DÖNGÜ SÜRELERİNİN KARIKTA SU İLERLEMESİNE ETKİSİ

OZET: Bu calismada kesikli sulamanin surekli sulamaya gore karikta su ilerlemesini iyilestirme potansiyeli incelenmistir. Bu amacla farkli debi ve dongu sureleri kullanilmistir. Kesikli sulamada 4 ayri dongu suresi (30+30, 25+25, 20+20 ve 15+15) secilmistir. Kariklara biri maksimum olmak uzere 2 farkli debi (1,35 L/s ve 0,90 L/s) uygulanmistir. Deneme tin bunyeli toprakta 120 m uzunlugunda acilan kariklarda yurutulmustur. Veriler mevsimin ilk sulamasi ve bunu takip eden ikinci sulama icin toplanmistir. Ilk sulamada, surekli sulamaya gore, kisa dongu surelerinde (15+15 ; 20+20) dusuk debide (0,90 L/s) ilerleme icin en az su hacmine gereksinim duyulmustur. Ikinci sulamada ise maksimum debi (1,35 L/s) ve ilk sulamadaki gibi yine kisa dongu surelerinde ilerleme en az su hacmiyle tamamlanmistir. THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CYCLE TIMES AND APPLICATION RATES ON ADVANCE TIME OF WATER THROUGH FURROW IN SURGE IRRIGATION SUMMARY: In this study, the improvement potential of water advance time for surge irrigation was investigated at different application rates and cycle times, compared with continuous irrigation. Four different cycle times (30+30, 25+25, 20+20 and 15+15) were selected. Two different application rates (0,90 L/s and 1,35 L/s), one of which had the maximum value, were used in experiments. The experiments were conducted for furrows in 120 m length, loam soil. The data were collected from the first and second irrigation in the season. Our data showed that least water advance volume is needed for short cycle times and the lowest application rate (0,90 L/s) of the first irrigation compare to continuous irrigation. However, second irrigation results suggest that least water advance volume was completed with maximum application rate and short cycle times.

Effect of surge and continuous irrigation method on some of the infiltration characteristics and ratio of water provision in the broad furrow

A field experiment was conducted in a sandy loam soil containing 16.60% gypsum, to study the effect surge irrigation and continuous irrigation on some infiltration characteristics and on the ratio of water saving in broad furrow irrigation . Complete randomizing design ,with three replicates per treatment was used in this study ,and the important results were decreasing in the advance time water front in the case of continuous irrigation with significant differences with the passage of time from the first irrigation where it was 2.68 minutes and even tenth irrigation where became 2.43 minutes. and increased the time of advance phase with significant differences also in the case of surge irrigation with the passage of time from the first irrigation where it was 2.60 minutes ,and even eighth irrigation reaching 3.2 minutes . the total time for irrigation and the amount of water added are the least with significant differences in the case of surge irrigation until the eighth irrigation. providing high water when we follow the method of surge irrigation from the first irrigation, reaching 8.90% then decreased with time to 3.34%at the eighth irrigation with significant differences , and it is lack of irrigation in the ninth and tenth, and low rates infiltration in the case of surge irrigation during the time of irrigation reaching 18.66cm.h-1 compared with 20.26 cm.h-1 in the case of continuous irrigation ,but without significant differences. resulted in the passage of time with repeat irrigation to reduce the rates of infiltration with significant differences in both irrigation method for following .increase the rate of the advance pace of the water front with significant differences in both the second and third surge ,reaching 3.91 m.minutes-1 and 4.05 m.minutes-1 respectively ,compared with 2.62 m.minutes-1 of the first surge, and this is in the case of surge irrigation. Results of this work indicate that the method of surge irrigation is also suitable for the broad furrow irrigation ,and this achieved through the saving of irrigation water ,for this we recommend using it when planting crops that are more successful in this type of furrow .

Furrow irrigation design with multicriteria analysis

This study describes an application of the SADREG decision support system to cotton furrow irrigation in Central Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan. This application aims at modernizing furrow irrigation and is based upon field trials on crop water requirements and surge irrigation. A large number of design alternatives were generated for a typical field, which were compared in terms of water use, irrigation water productivity, irrigation costs and yield value. This comparison has shown that alternatives that favour water use performance are different from those leading to higher farm incomes. For multicriteria analysis, three different prioritization schemes were analysed, one relative to economic results, another referring to water saving, and the third representing a balanced situation between the two. Very different rankings resulted, with alternatives ranked high for economic results being ranked low for water saving, and vice-versa. The high ranked alternatives for the balanced prioritization scheme are common to the other two, but the decision demands further consideration of risk factors and users’ preferences. This application shows that adopting water saving technologies and deficit irrigation is generally difficult in economic terms, thus requiring support to farmers if their income is to be maintained.