Surfing Competition Research Articles

The effects of a land-based warm-up and accompanying passive heat retention on core body temperature, hormones, and subsequent performance in elite surfers.

Surfing is a high participation sport, yet little sport science research exists regarding competitive performance in surfing. Given surfing's inclusion as an Olympic sport from the 2020 Tokyo Olympics onwards, an examination of performance would seem useful. In numerous land-based sports, and in swimming, the importance of a warm-up and muscle heat is well documented. However, surfing is a unique sport in that it is undertaken both above and below water. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of a warm-up in terms of readiness to perform in surfing. We discuss this in the context of thermal regulation, hormone profile change, and the subsequent expression of "power" on waves-a key criteria that surfers are scored for. Nineteen advanced level surfers (i.e., competitive at just below national level in Australia; n = 15 males and n = 4 females) with mean (±SD) age, height, and weight of 24.5 ± 11.6 years, 174.7 ± 9.1 cm, and 67.7 ± 10.2 kg, respectively, were recruited. We adopted a repeated measures pre- and post-design whereby participants engaged in several simulated surfing competitions in an artificial wave pool; once after an active warm-up combined with a passive heat retention strategy (i.e., wrapping themselves in survival blankets-treatment), and once after no warm-up (control). Saliva samples were collected pre- and post-active warm-up, or at equivalent times under control conditions, for the measurement of testosterone and cortisol. Increases in these hormones have previously been associated with an enhanced readiness to compete. Our results demonstrate a clear thermoregulatory benefit from the treatment, with the participants' core body temperatures typically higher from the end of the warm-up to the end of the surf session following treatment (p ≤ 0.03), and a magnitude of increase in core body temperature once in the water that is greater following treatment (p = 0.01). A small magnitude upward change in testosterone (p = 0.01) and cortisol (p ≤ 0.001) following warm-up was also observed. Finally, warm-up was associated with an improved wave performance compared with the control, with a 20% increase in the performance score typically observed (p ≤ 0.01). We argue that the improved thermal profile may have influenced power and, as such, surfing performance was enhanced.

An Integrated Mind–Body Training Intervention on an Elite Surfing Athlete: A Case Study

The aim of this case study was to evaluate the effects of integrated mind–body training in an elite surfing athlete. The mental training included the development of mental techniques (self-talk/internal monologue and mental imagery), mental skills (emotional regulation, state of presence, self-awareness, self-control, and self-confidence), life and performance coaching sessions (behavior improvement), and meditation and breathing techniques. The physical training consisted of “educating a conscious athlete” (he knows what he needs to do and why he is doing it); increasing muscles; perfecting the joint functions; developing physical capabilities of power, strength, and speed endurance; and exploring the same behaviors and mental skills integrated in the mind training. The athlete had his best classifications after the beginning of the intervention: third place in the Championship Tour in 2018, fourth place in 2019, second in 2021, and first in 2022, without any injuries, suspensions, or 25th-place classification in a surfing competition (the worst possible classification, which had happened in all previous years). Improvement in his behavior and lifestyle also helped the athlete realize his dreams. The result suggests that mind–body training might have contributed to his improvement and stability in the years 2018–2022.

Surfing with shivers: the Gothic Far North Coast in poetry

In 2015 Australian world champion surfer Mick Fanning disappeared behind a wave during a surfing competition, just as a great white shark’s fin rose up out of the water. The frantic fish thrashed about, knocking Fanning off his surfboard, leaving horrified viewers unsure of his fate (Lutz, 2015). The live television footage, broadcast to millions, became an uncanny reminder of one of the most uncomfortable aspects of surf culture: shark attacks. In fiction, memoir and creative nonfiction writing about surfing that acknowledges the underlying threat sharks represent, their presence in the line-up is referred to using euphemisms, ‘men in grey suits’ (Orgias, 2012), their impact is compared to being hit by a car with teeth (Adolph, 2019), and the aftermath of their interactions with humans is either horrific and tragic, or the inspiration for stories of resilience and adaptation (McAloon, 2016). The depiction of sharks in surfing culture is either darkly humorous or steeped in mythology (McCarthy, 2020). It is for these reasons the depictions fit within a Gothic tradition. My previous work on Australian coastal Gothic writing (Hawryluk, 2020) describes a place with underlying Gothic tones. The town of Ballina on the Far North Coast of New South Wales is one such place, becoming known internationally for a spate of shark attacks between 2015-2016 (McVeigh, 2016). This paper adds to existing Australian coastal Gothic writing and research focused on surf culture and depictions of interactions between surfers and sharks. A suite of my creative nonfiction poetry featured within demonstrates the Gothic elements present in Ballina’s history of shark attacks, interactions, and the way the town and its surfers have responded to its reputation as ‘shark city’ (Smith, 2016).

Surfing Performance in Para Surfers with Lower-Limb Amputations: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Introduction This study investigated surfing performance in surfers with transfemoral amputations (TFAs) and transtibial amputations (TTAs) who participated in international para surfing competitions. The purpose of this research was to compare surfers with lower-limb amputations with judged wave scores and surfing experience for para surfing classification efficacy. Materials and Methods Collected archived data (n = 20) from classification records included demographics, residual limb lengths, surfing experiences, and judged wave scores. Continuous variables age (years), residual leg length (cm), remaining leg length (%), prior surfing experience (years), and duration of competing experience (years) were analyzed using independent sample t-test. Ordinal variables surfing performance scores of 2019 and 2020 between the groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman ρ correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between the duration of prior surfing experience and duration of competition experience with the surfing score in both groups. Results Surfers with TFA with longer residual limb lengths (n = 3) and surfers with TTA (n = 14) surfed with a prosthetic leg standing. Surfers with TFA with shorter residual limb lengths (n = 3) surfed without a prosthesis kneeling. We found that para surfers who stood or kneeled with TFA performed significantly better than para surfers with TTA, reflected through judged wave scores in 2019 (P = 0.028) and 2020 (P = 0.019). No statistically significant relationship existed between para surfers with TFA who kneeled or stood. No statistically significant relationship existed between years of para surfing and judged wave scores. Conclusions Surfers with TFA who stood or kneeled received higher judged wave scores than surfers with TTA; however, no other significant significance was found for TFA intragroup comparisons or prior surf experience. The data size was too small for confirmatory analysis. Results appeal to a new need for inquiry on para surfers with TFA and TTA, specifically biomechanical performance surfing differences. Clinical Relevance Individuals with transfemoral and/or transtibial amputations can participate competitively in para surfing contests. Surfers with TFAs can successfully compete either standing with a prosthesis or kneeling without a prosthesis.

Competitive Para Surfing Athlete Training And Performance Ranking – A Correlational Study

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To find the co-relation of surfing practice and quantity of people required to assist during para surfing practice sessions with final competition ranking. <h3>Design</h3> Correlational study. <h3>Setting</h3> Archived athlete data from a 2019 international para surfing competition. <h3>Participants</h3> Forty-seven para surfers with a variety of health conditions including, but not limited to, spinal cord injury, amputation, limb dysmelia, and cerebral palsy. <h3>Interventions</h3> No interventions. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Self-reported data on the number of surfing practice sessions per month, hours of surfing practice per month, number of people needed to assist for surf practice, and final competition ranking. <h3>Results</h3> The number of surfing practice sessions (Spearman ρ= -0.484; p=.001), and the hours of surfing practice (Spearman ρ= -0.496; p=.001) were significantly correlated with better competition ranking. The total number of people required to assist an adaptive surfer to or in the water was significantly correlated with a decreased number of surfing practice sessions (Spearman ρ=-0.619;p < .001), decreased surf practice time (Spearman ρ=-.609; p < .001) and worse final competition ranking (Spearman ρ=.433; p=.002). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Para surfers' number of practice sessions, as well as the number of practice hours per month, had a significant association with final competition ranking. A higher number of sessions and more practice hours were associated with a better final competition ranking. Accessibility to the ocean is challenging for para surfers with physical impairments. The number of people required to assist a para surfer to or in the water limits the number of practice sessions and hours per month for surf practice. Improving accessibility with environmental modifications and volunteer supported events may improve practice opportunities for para surfers and improve performance ranking in competition. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> No author disclosures to report.

Para Surfing Performance in Athletes With Lower Limb Amputations - A Cross-Sectional Study

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To investigate para surfing performance in athletes with above knee amputations compared to below knee amputations. To investigate prior para surfing experiences with performance in athletes with lower limb amputations. <h3>Design</h3> Cross-sectional comparative study design. <h3>Setting</h3> Data collected from archived classification records and archived certified judged wave scores from two international Para Surfing competitions. <h3>Participants</h3> Twenty (2 female and 18 male) international Para Surfers with amputations (n=6 AKA and n=14 BKA). <h3>Interventions</h3> Data from classification records was reviewed for athletes classified with the eligible impairment of limb deficiency with an AKA or BKA and judged waves scores. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> The residual limb of all athletes with amputations was measured in centimeters and described by percentage length of the residual limb compared to sound limb. The following information was retrieved classification forms: gender, age, diagnosis, lower extremity limb measurements, and surf history. <h3>Results</h3> No significant difference of demographics between the groups except for the percentage of remaining leg length with athletes with AKA compared to athletes with BKA. There were significant differences in the surfing scores between the groups. The significant difference persists even after performing the analysis using the percentage of the remaining leg length as a covariate (AKA versus BKA total score at 2019) F(1,9)= 8.10, p=.019; score at 2020 F (1,10) =7.73, p=.019). Subgroup analysis on surfers with AKA who performed in kneeling (n=3) and standing (n=3) did not have any significant differences in the surfing scores (2019 Score U=2.0; p=.564. 2020 score U=1.0; p=.248). No significant correlation between the duration of adaptive surfing experience or duration of competing with any surfing performance scores. results accepted primary hypothesis and rejected secondary hypothesis. <h3>Conclusions</h3> AKA performed better than athletes with BKA in Para Surfing. Results may provide beneficial evidence to contribute to the newly designed Para Surfing classification system. Understanding how different levels of amputations are limiting sports performance is fundamental for evidence-based classification. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> Primary author is Director of Para Surfing Classification, Second author is a para surfing classifier.

Pelvic Ring Fracture During a Professional Surfing Event at the Banzai Pipeline

We present a case of a 32-y-old male professional surfer who sustained an isolated pelvic ring fracture after wiping out on a large wave and striking the ocean floor during a world championship tour surfing competition in Hawaii. The surfer was rescued by the water patrol lifeguards, evaluated by onsite medical staff, andstabilized for transfer and subsequent surgical management. As surfing and surfing competitions become increasingly popular, medical staff and event organizers must be aware of the possibility for severe, life-threatening injuries during surfing events. Although infrequent, staff must be prepared to manage these injuries, including immediate resuscitation, stabilization, analgesia, and transfer to definitive care. We hope this case encourages not only surf event organizers and medical staff, but also staff of all professional and recreational water sports, to increase their preparedness to stabilize and treat both life-threatening and minor injuries. Expeditious and appropriate treatment of an injured athlete has the potential to decrease morbidity and mortality while maximizing the athletes' functional outcome after injury.

Time-motion analysis of competitive surfers: Portuguese championship.

Time-motion analysis has been used to provide detailed insight into surfers' performance. This study evaluated surfers' activity times at the Portuguese surfing championship in order to account for the time spent in each surfing activity. Eighty-seven individually recorded videos of surfers were analyzed, showing their activity over the entire heat, and video analysis software was used to obtain each surfer's activity profile in the competition. The results breakdown by time percentage show that the surfers were paddling 50.9% of the time, sprint paddling for wave 1.9%, were stationary 34.1% of the time, wave riding 3.7%, and involved in miscellaneous activities (e.g., duck diving, board recovery, etc.) 9.4% of the total time. Average times spent in each surfing activity were 18.6 seconds for paddling, 2.9 seconds for sprint paddling for a wave, 21.7 seconds for the stationary period, 11.5 seconds for wave riding, and 6.9 seconds for miscellaneous activities. The data revealed that the most performed heat activity was paddling, allowing us to conclude that surfing is basically a long-arm paddling activity and that this activity constitutes a specific surfing competition demand, which in turn means that individual surfer's data can be used as a starting point for the development of tailored conditioning training programs.

Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in professional surfers

Summary Background Surfing was added as an official event of the Tokyo Olympics in 2020. There are many surfers troubled by low back pain, but there is no scientific analysis until now. This time, we took MRI on the lumbar vertebrae in 20 official professional surfers and examined the relationship between the low back pain and the rate of the lumbar disc degeneration. Materials and methods Subjects are 20 people (16 men, 4 women) of 17 Japan official professional surfers and 3 Japan official professionals bodydoaders in total, average age 29.8 years old (17–57 years), we investigated by use of the lumbar vertebrae T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Results 11 people (55%) had the low back pain, 10 people (50%)had the lumbar disc degeneration (more than Grade III of Pfirrmann classification), 2 people (10%) had the lumbar spondylolysis. There is no relationship between the low back pain and the rate of the disc degeneration. Conclusions The prevalence rate of low back pain in the professional surfers was approximately equal to previous report. The prevalence rate of the lumbar disc degeneration was 50%, and it was not high rate particularly in comparison with baseball and the swimming. The surfing competition is easy to cause the low back pain, but is not easy to cause the disc degeneration.

Acute injuries and chronic disorders in competitive surfing: From the survey of professional surfers in Japan

Summary Background There have been very few published reports which concerns sports-related acute injuries and chronic disorders sustained during surfing. Therefore, we have been making survey of professional surfers certified by Japan Pro Surfing Association (JPSA) since 2009. Materials and methods Data were collected through the survey of professional surfers certified by JPSA at the competitions and our outpatient clinic. Results Acute injuries during surfing competitions were rare, and commonly happened at lower extremities. Knee MCL injuries, foot and ankle ligamentous injuries were remarkable for lower extremity. Especially, midfoot injuries would be characteristic of competitive surfing, because those injuries happen in aerial manoeuvres which is too difficult to perform for recreational surfers. Chronic disorders of competitive surfers were seen in lower back, shoulder joint, and neck areas. Most of the disorders were diagnosed as myofascitis caused by overuse of muscles during long-time paddling. Conclusions Our results are substantially different from the results of a survey of recreational surfers, and appear to be reflective of the competitive characteristics of surfing.

Guarding giants: resource commons quality and informal property rights in big-wave surfing

This study extends prior empirical research on issues associated with the common-pool resource represented by surf breaks (i.e., surfing locations) by (1) creating an alternative, perhaps more objective metric, based on a logistic transformation of pairwise comparisons of the results of big-wave surfing competitions, of surf break quality, (2) applying the alternative surf break quality metric to “big-wave” surf breaks and (3) varying the test area by examining big-wave surf breaks worldwide. The results presented here are perhaps even more compelling than those from prior research—indicating that a marginal increase in surf break quality leads to a relatively large increase—in this case more than 30% points—in the probability of observing fierce localism at surf breaks. The finding here of a larger marginal effect of surf break quality on localism in big-wave surfing than in traditional surfing supports the idea that big-wave surfing and traditional surfing represent distinct markets, characterized by different technologies and inherent dangers, such that localism at big-wave surf breaks exceeds that at traditional surf breaks in terms of ferocity, ceteris paribus. Although this study focuses specifically on the relationship between surf break quality and localism, our research highlights the importance of informal property rights protection of common-pool resources.

Analysis of Scoring of Maneuvers Performed in Elite Men's Professional Surfing Competitions.

To investigate the influence of turns, tube rides, and aerial maneuvers on the scores awarded in elite men's professional surfing competitions. The successful completion rate and scores associated with different aerial variations were also investigated. Video recordings from all 11 events of the 2015 World Surf League men's world championship tour were viewed to classify maneuvers performed by the competitors on each wave as turns, tube rides, and aerials. A 2-way ANOVA was used to determine any main effect or interaction of maneuver type or event location on the wave scores. A 1-way ANOVA was used to determine any main effect of aerial type on successful completion rate. Aerial maneuvers were scored significantly higher than tube rides and turns. A significant main effect existed for maneuver and completion rate. Aerial maneuvers had the lowest completion rate, 45.4%. During the finals series (quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals heats) aerial-maneuver completion rate was higher, 55.4%. The frontside air reverse was the most commonly performed maneuver and received an average score of 6.77 out of 10. Professional surfers can optimize their potential single-wave scores during competition by successfully completing aerial maneuvers. However, aerial maneuvers continue to be a high-risk maneuver with a significantly lower completion rate. Our findings suggest that surfers should aim to improve their aerial-maneuver completion rate via surf practice or land-based training drills.

Assessing sleep, travelling habits and jet lag in kite surfers according to competition level

This study evaluated sleep duration, travelling habits and jet lag effects in kite surfers according to their competition level. Ninety-four male kite surfers (34.3 ± 8.8 years) were evaluated through an online questionnaire in order to collect information on training volume, clinical history, anthropometric profile, sleep habits, fluid and fruit intake and jet lag effects on athletic performance. Mean sleep duration was 07 h 19 min ± 01 h 12 min on weekdays with 82.3% sleeping less than 8 h/night. Sleep duration was less on weekdays (p = 0.002) and weekends (p = 0.011) in kite surfers‘ squad members (SM) compared to no squad members (NoSM). Greater jet lag symptoms were reported following west-to-east flights. Kite surfers with SM arrived earlier at the competition destination (p = 0.019), were more likely to implement strategies to minimize travel effects (p = 0.003), but reported more symptoms of jet lag than did NoSM (p = 0.041). Travel effects were positively correlated with the distance travelled and negatively correlated with sleep duration on weekdays and water intake during travel to an international kite surfing competition. Jet lag negatively influenced kite surfers’ athletic performance with greater symptoms following west-to-east travel in both SM and NoSM.

The effects of surfing behaviour on the development of external auditory canal exostosis

To examine how individual surfing behaviour affects the development of external auditory canal exostosis and to produce a model to predict exostosis severity. A standardised questionnaire was completed and each participant underwent an otoscopic examination. Surfers were recruited from August to October 2011 from surfing competitions and from colleges in the South West of England. 207 surfers were included, 53 % had evidence of external auditory canal; exostosis: grade 1, 23%; grade 2, 16%, grade 3, 16%. This risk of exostosis significantly increased with (1) surfing for 6 or more years, (2) surfing in the winter months, (3) surfing five or more times per month in the winter and (4) reported ear symptoms. Interestingly, participation in other water sports and wearing earplugs or a hood reduced the risk of developing exostosis. Surfers who surf in England are at significant risk of exostosis. A probability model was designed, incorporating different surfing behaviours and ear symptoms, the first of its kind in exostosis research. This model will be a useful tool for raising awareness of external ear canal exostosis in the surfing community and in assessing individual need for surgical intervention.

The Flying Beaver Brothers and the Evil Penguin Plan by M. Eaton III

Eaton, Maxwell, III. The Flying Beaver Brothers and the Evil Penguin Plan. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012. Print.The Flying Beaver Brothers and the Evil Penguin Plan is a new contribution to the tremendously popular genre of comics for developing readers (Captain Underpants, Wimpy Kid and their ilk).Eaton's artwork is very clean with little line variation, giving the pages a very open and spacious quality, which enables visual navigation. The simple colour scheme - clear, bright blues and gray tones - is a welcome variation on the standard black and white comic and this restrained palette supports the clean, cartoon-y style, further facilitating ease of reading by avoiding complexity and over-design.The Beaver Brothers' training for a beaver community surfing competition is interrupted when they stumble upon a secretive penguin community. The penguins have hatched a scheme to alter the natural wilderness the beavers call home to their own penguin specifications. The bumbling and mildly dysfunctional beavers must thwart their plan before it is too late.The narrative in The Flying Beaver Brothers is almost completely conveyed through imagery and dialogue – no lengthy, wordy asides impede the plot - and this gives the story a rewardingly quick pace and congenial accessibility. The beaver brothers are likeable doofuses and the penguins, though diabolical, are very cute (as penguins can be expected to be).Compared to other early reader comics, The Flying Beaver Brothers lacks the slightly outré humour and scatological content that seems intrinsic to this genre's appeal. It’s nice to think that readers would appreciate an occasional break from the diaper and underpants jokes and narratives that hinge on public humiliation to enjoy this easy going and earnestly environmentally conscious beaver brother’s adventure.Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Matilda RocheMatilda spends her days lavishing attention on the University of Alberta’s metadata but children’s illustrated books, literature for young adults and graphic novels also make her heart sing. Her reviews benefit from the critical influence of a four year old daughter and a one year old son – both geniuses. Matilda’s super power is the ability to read comic books aloud.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) and performance in male surfers

The relative length of the second and fourth digits (2D:4D) is thought to be negatively related to prenatal testosterone and positively related to prenatal estrogen. Low 2D:4D has been linked to various measures of performance in a range of sports (e.g., soccer, rugby). In this study, we consider the relationship between 2D:4D and performance among male surfers. Our sample comprised 46 competitors in the Men's 5-star Professional World Qualifying Series surfing competition in Newquay, United Kingdom, in 2009. Three experienced surfing coaches rated the participants for overall surfing ability. The coach's ratings were significantly correlated with one another and an overall measure of surfing performance was obtained by calculating the mean of the 3 ratings. In addition, the final placing of the Newquay competition was used as an additional performance measure. Mean 2D:4D (SD) was as follows: right 0.994 (0.023) and left 0.976 (0.028). We found that right 2D:4D (but not left 2D:4D or right-left 2D:4D) was significantly negatively correlated with coaches' ratings (r(s) = 0.58) and the competition result (r(s) = 0.30). It appears that in line with other sports that low right 2D:4D (high prenatal testosterone and low prenatal estrogen) correlates to high surfing ability in men.

Incidence of External Auditory Canal Exostoses in Competitive Surfers in Japan

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the prevalence and severity of external auditory canal exostoses in a population of competitive surfers in Japan. The authors used a “surfing index,” the product of the period (years) as an active surfer and the frequency (number of surfing days per week), to predict external auditory exostoses formation. Cross-sectional study. A total of 5 surfing competitions that were held in Miyazaki, Japan. The ear canals of 373 surfers with an average age of 33.1 years (range, 11-80 years) were examined with an otoscope. The severity of exostosis was classified into 4 groups, ranging from grade 0 to 3, according to otoscopic findings. Subjects also completed a questionnaire detailing their surfing habits. There was a 59.8% overall prevalence of exostoses in 373 surfers. The incidences of grade 1, 2, and 3 exostoses were 118 (31.6%), 71 (19.0%), and 34 (9.1%), respectively. The prevalences of grade 2 and 3 exostoses were higher in surfers with a surfing index of more than 20 (P < .0001). The authors determined that a positive association exists between the surfing index and the severity of exostoses. The findings suggest that it is possible to assume the likelihood of exostosis formation from the surfing index, and this may be of help to spread awareness of exostosis among surfers.

Activity patterns of elite surfing competition

Activity patterns of elite surfing competition

ANAEROBIC POWER INDICES OF BRAZILIAN MALE COMPETITIVE SURFERS

Surfing is a well-known water-sport with many practitioners all over the world. Although surfing has its roots on a recreational basis, nowadays it has a structure of a professional sport with world, national and regional events. Surfing competition usually consists of heats of 15 to 30 minutes with 2 or 4 subjects. The duration of each wave riding varies from few to several seconds. The objective in a competition is to surf with confidence, creativity, precision and powerful. The powerful mainly depends on the surfer's lower limbs, which are responsible for pushing the board against the wave to get more speed and power to do the maneuvers. The sports medicine has been studying surfers and many aspects related to this sport. Nevertheless, there are few data about surfers' physical profiles. PURPOSE To determine the Brazilian male competitive surfers' anaerobic power indices in the Wingate anaerobic cycling test. METHODS Eleven Brazilian male competitive surfers (age: 25±6 years; height: 171.3±7.7 cm; 69.8±9.0 kg) were submitted to the Wingate test on an electronic magnetically braked bicycle ergometer (Cybex The Bike) with the load representing 7.5% of their body weight. RESULTS Peak anaerobic power absolute and relative values were 732±87 W and 10.6±1.0 W.kg−1, respectively. Anaerobic capacity absolute and relative values were 586±58 W and 8.5±1.1 W.kg−1, respectively. Indices of fatigue were from 28% to 56%. CONCLUSION The anaerobic power of lower limbs is a very important component of surfing performance and there is a lack of data about this variable.

We shall Fight on the Seas and the Oceans…We shall

We shall Fight on the Seas and the Oceans…We shall