Characterization Of Surface Water Research Articles

Investigation and comparative analysis of ecological risk for heavy metals in sediment and surface water in east coast estuaries of India

The sediments and surface water from 8 stations each from Dhamara and Paradeep estuarine areas were sampled for investigation of heavy metals, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe, and Cr contamination. The objective of the sediment and surface water characterization is to find the existing spatial and temporal intercorrelation. The sediment accumulation index (Ised), enrichment index (IEn), ecological risk index (IEcR) and probability heavy metals (p-HMI) reveal the contamination status with Mn, Ni, Zn, Cr, and Cu showing permissible (0 ≤ Ised ≤ 1, IEn ˂ 2, IEcR ≤ 150) to moderate (1 ≤ Ised ≤ 2, 40 ≤ Rf ≤ 80) contamination. The p-HMI reflects the range from excellent (p-HMI = 14.89-14.54) to fair (p-HMI = 22.31-26.56) in off shore stations of the estuary. The spatial patterns of the heavy metals load index (IHMc) along the coast lines indicate that the pollution hotspots are progressively divulged to trace metals pollution over time. Heavy metal source analysis coupled with correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) was used as a data reduction technique, which reveals that the heavy metal pollution in marine coastline might originate from redox reactions (FeMn coupling) and anthropogenic sources.

Hydrological and Environmental Study on Surface Water Characterization in a Locality in North Eastern India

Rapid industrialization, road cutting, excavation and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture practices are causing varied pollution in aquatic environment, leading to deterioration of water quality and depletion of aquatic biota. Due to use of this contaminated water, human population suffers from various water borne diseases. It is therefore necessary to check water quality at a regular interval of time to determine whether it is good for consumption or other purpose such as irrigation, industrialization etc. In this study paper, hydrological and environmental characterization of surface water was done by different water quality parameters conducted in water samples at Kamle District of Arunachal Pradesh, India, reported for both pre- and post-monsoon periods. The physical and chemical water parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, and phosphate were analyzed and are studied. Water quality index was then determined by using National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) method. Based on these data, the surface water from different sources is classified as unacceptable, poor, medium, good and excellent.

Inadequate riparian zone use directly decreases water quality of a low-order urban stream in southern Brazil

Considering the current importance watercourses quality conservation, it is important to establish relationships between parameters that enable evaluation of the origins of changes in water quality, allowing actions to mitigate them. However, it is important to improve the association of different variables and to take sufficient samples. This study associates usual techniques and parameters to analyse the water quality of an urban river from Paraná State, Brazil. For this, we used biological indicators (aquatic macroinvertebrates), physical-chemical (temperature, turbidity, true colour, pH, DO and BOD5,20) indicators and microbiological (faecal and total coliforms) indicators. These indicators were related to land use and occupation classes obtained from high resolution QuickBird 2 images. For this association, the surroundings (450 meters buffer) of three distinct points of the river were considered: I. Near the spring; II. In the downtown city; and III. In a residential neighbourhood. Different values of physical, chemical and microbiological variables were detected along the river, showing evident relationships between them and with the use and occupation of the urban and peri-urban space in the characterization of surface waters. The association design was able to detect the landscape effect on water quality in a coherent way and that these connections were mainly related to suppression of the riparian forest present in the surroundings, further demonstrating the importance of this vegetation for the maintenance of watercourse quality.

Spatiotemporal analysis of bacterial biomass and activity to understand surface and groundwater interactions in a highly dynamic riverbank filtration system

Characterization of surface water – groundwater interaction in riverbank filtration (RBF) systems is of decisive importance to drinking water utilities due to the increasing microbial and chemical contamination of surface waters. These interactions are commonly assessed by monitoring changes in chemical water quality, but this might not be indicative for microbial contamination. The hydrological dynamics of the infiltrating river can influence these interactions, but seasonal temperature fluctuations and the supply of oxygen and nutrients from the surface water can also play a role. In order to understand the interaction between surface water and groundwater in a highly dynamic RBF system of a large river, bacterial abundance, biomass and carbon production as well as standard chemical parameters were analyzed during a 20 month period under different hydrological conditions. In the investigated RBF system, groundwater table changes exhibited striking dynamics even though flow velocities were rather low under regular discharge conditions. Bacterial abundance, biomass, and bacterial carbon production decreased significantly from the river towards the drinking water abstraction well. The cell size distribution changed from a higher proportion of large cells in the river, towards a higher proportion of small cells in the groundwater. Although biomass and bacterial abundance were correlated to water temperatures and several other chemical parameters in the river, such correlations were not present in the groundwater. In contrast, the dynamics of the bacterial groundwater community was predominantly governed by the hydrogeological dynamics. Especially during flood events, large riverine bacteria infiltrated further into the aquifer compared to average discharge conditions. With such information at hand, drinking water utilities are able to improve their water abstraction strategies and react quicker to changing hydrological conditions in the RBF system.

Гидролого-гидрохимические особенности поверхностных вод территории Восточно-Елового нефтяного месторождения ОАО «Сургутнефтегаз»

Гидролого-гидрохимические особенности поверхностных вод территории Восточно-Елового нефтяного месторождения ОАО «Сургутнефтегаз»

Leachate and Surface Water Characterization and Heavy Metal Health Risk on Cockles in Kuala Selangor

Characterization of physicochemical parameters including concentration of heavy metals in landfill leachate, surface water and cockles (Anadara granosa) were analyzed in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. The effects of location and seasonal variation of surface water and cockles were determined. In addition, the target hazard quotients (THQ) were calculated to determine the potential health risk. Heavy metals concentrations were analyzed by ICP-MS and the result were compared with the national permissible limit. There was a little variation in heavy metal concentration between location and season for surface water and cockles samples. THQ value was found lower for all heavy metal and shows no potential risk.

Water Quality Assessment in and Around Sandur Taluk, Bellary District, South India

Assessment of surface and groundwater quality has been carried out in the parts of the Sandur taluk, Bellary district, Karnataka, South India. Surface and ground water samples collected from different villages in and around Sandur taluk. Sandur taluk is well known for iron ore deposits. At the same time, rigorous and unplanned mining methods causing intensive natural hazards like water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution dust pollution etc. Based on the analysis of these parameters, the villages are classified as safe and unsafe. Results show gradual decreasing of ground water quality and surface water pollution in the study area. GIS interpolation technique performed to represent the concentration parameters in the affected villages of the study area. Northern and central part of the taluk is more affected by mining activity whereas south eastern part of the taluk is well thought-out to be safe. Standard samples the following parameters analyzed as follows pH, Total Hardness (TH), Fluoride (F), Sulphate (SO 4 ), Nitrate (NO 3 ), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg). The tests carried out for characterization of surface waters and groundwater for the month of August and September 2012, Interpolation technique was performed using ArcMap 9.3.

Studying groundwater and surface water interactions using airborne remote sensing in Heihe River basin, northwest China

Abstract. Managing surface water and groundwater as a unified system is important for water resource exploitation and aquatic ecosystem conservation. The unified approach to water management needs accurate characterization of surface water and groundwater interactions. Temperature is a natural tracer for identifying surface water and groundwater interactions, and the use of remote sensing techniques facilitates basin-scale temperature measurement. This study focuses on the Heihe River basin, the second largest inland river basin in the arid and semi-arid northwest of China where surface water and groundwater undergoes dynamic exchanges. The spatially continuous river-surface temperature of the midstream section of the Heihe River was obtained by using an airborne pushbroom hyperspectral thermal sensor system. By using the hot spot analysis toolkit in the ArcGIS software, abnormally cold water zones were identified as indicators of the spatial pattern of groundwater discharge to the river.

Evaluation of NARR and CLM3.5 outputs for surface water and energy budgets in the Mississippi River Basin

[1] The North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and Community Land Model (CLM, version 3.5) outputs are analyzed to characterize the surface water and energy budgets in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB). NARR and CLM performance are evaluated with reference to energy flux observations from 16 AmeriFlux sites in MRB. The issue of point-scale observations versus climate model grid cell outputs is addressed by analyzing the spatial variability in long-term monthly precipitation and temperature observations from 71 United States Historical Climatology Network stations in Indiana and Illinois. The model outputs are also evaluated for their ability to capture spatial and temporal variability in total runoff. Compared to average values at 11 AmeriFlux sites in MRB, NARR show higher biases (compared to CLM) in incoming solar radiation (24%), sensible heat flux (27%), and latent heat flux (59%), whereas CLM show smaller biases (compared to NARR) in incoming solar radiation (0.5%), sensible heat flux (−2%), and latent heat flux (11%). Seasonal cycle of observed sensible heat flux in the crop region shows two peaks (bimodal pattern), which is captured by NARR, but CLM do not show any bimodal pattern. Based on 25 years (1980–2004) monthly climatology in MRB, NARR has 11% energy balance closing error (latent + sensible + ground heat flux = 1.11 net radiation) and 12% water balance closing error (evapotranspiration + runoff = 1.12 precipitation), whereas CLM does not have water and energy balance closing errors, primarily due to model design. In comparison to the observed mean annual runoff of 237 mm/yr based on 1988–1999 data in MRB, NARR and CLM mean annual runoff values are 89 mm/yr and 281 mm/yr, respectively. Overall, CLM provides relatively better characterization of surface water and energy fluxes in the MRB compared to NARR.

Characterization of surface water on Au core Pt-group metal shell nanoparticles coated electrodes by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

We utilized the strategy of 'borrowing SERS activity', by chemically coating several atomic layers of a Pt-group metal on highly SERS-active Au nanoparticles, to obtain the first SERS (also Raman) spectra of surface water on Pt and Pd metals, and propose conceptual models for water adsorbed on Pt and Pd metal surfaces.

Characterization of surface water and groundwater in the Damascus Ghotta basin: hydrochemical and environmental isotopes approaches

The hydrochemistry of major ions and environmental isotope compositions (18O, 2H and tritium) of water samples have been used to investigate the characteristics of rainfalls, surface water and groundwater in the Damascus Ghotta basin. The groundwater salinity in the Damascus Ghotta basin gradually increases, as the groundwater moves from western to south-eastern and north-eastern parts of the basin. A strong relationship exists between the Barada river and the surrounded groundwaters, mainly in terms of recharge by infiltration of surface waters. The groundwater quality in the Adra region has clearly become less saline as a result of establishment of the sewage-water-treatment station in this area since 1997. The uncommon depleted stable isotope concentrations in the vicinity of Al-Ateibeh Lake and Adra valley could be interpreted as a result of sub-flow recharge from the Cenomanian–Turonian aquifer, mostly prolonged along the Damascus Fault, which forms direct contact between this complex and the Quaternary alluvium aquifers. The extensive exploitation of water from the Cenomanian–Turonian aquifer for drinking water supply would shortly be reflected by a gradual decline of the groundwater table in the Damascus Ghotta basin. Amelioration of water quality in the Damascus basin still requires further management strategies and efforts to be taken within the forthcoming years.

A method for the characterization of surface waters as derived from plankton investigations in the Loosdrecht Lakes

A method for the characterization of surface waters as derived from plankton investigations in the Loosdrecht Lakes

Comparative abundance-frequency assessment exampled by data from the Bergumermeer, a lake in the Netherlands

In the years 1969–1978 chemical and plankton samples were collected monthly in the Bergumermeer, province of Friesland. The samples were analysed by biologists of the KEMA, a company for testing of electrical equipment, who were interested in the environmental impact of heat discharge from the electricity power plant at the lake side. The observations were compiled in three reports and they offered an opportunity to try out a particular method for the presentation of the results. This method is described as ‘comparative abundance-frequency assessment for the characterization of surface water as derived from plankton investigation’ (LEENTVAAR and VAN DE MECHE-JACOBI, 1984). In the case of the Bergumermeer the method showed also good results. The influence of Lake De Leyen, which in the south is connected to the Bergumermeer by a small canal, was demonstrated by finding other maxima and minima of chlorid, phosphate, nitrate and plankton algae. At the other sampling stations the values did not differ essentially, which means that in the Bergumermeer the water is mixed and the algal distribution is homogeneous. This may be related to the rather short retention time of the water. The temperature data are interesting in relation to the heat discharge from the power plant. After the use of cooling water which started in 1974 the sampling station at the outlet showed every month higher temperatures than the other stations. Plankton and chemistry was not affected at this station.