Evaluation Of Surface Topography Research Articles

Surface roughness model of ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding GCr15SiMn bearing steel and surface topography evaluation

Surface roughness model of ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding GCr15SiMn bearing steel and surface topography evaluation

Evaluation of Surface Topography and Biomimetic Remineralization Capacity of Dendrimers in Comparison With Calcium Silicate Cement: An In Vitro Study.

Biodentine, a calcium silicate-based material, is known for its biocompatibility and ability to promote dentin regeneration. With their unique branching structure, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have shown promise in facilitating biomimetic remineralization processes. This study investigates the synergistic effects of combining PAMAM with Biodentine on root dentin remineralization, aiming to develop a novel bioactive compound that offers superior protective and regenerative properties. The following predictions were made: (1) In a cyclic artificial saliva/acid regimen, among the test groups, the combination of Biodentine and PAMAM would cause the most root dentin remineralization (2). Biodentine alone would increase Ca and P concentrations, neutralize acid, and promote root dentin remineralization (3). PAMAM, on the other hand, can remineralize the demineralized root dentin. Minimal mineral regeneration was accomplished in demineralized root dentin when treated with Biodentine or PAMAM alone. Root dentin remineralization was most pronounced when Biodentine and PAMAM were used together, and the hardness of demineralized root dentin was raised to an equivalent level to that of healthy root dentin. The study demonstrated the exceptional ability of PAMAM + Biodentine to promote root dentin remineralization. In an acid-challenging environment, PAMAM + Biodentine promoted full and efficient root dentin remineralization. Restorations made using innovative PAMAM + Biodentine technology show promise in remineralizing and protecting tooth structures.

Evaluation of the cumulative effect of photodynamic therapy and local fluoride on the microhardness and topography of demineralized enamel and cementum surfaces

BackgroundThe present study aimed to determine the cumulative effect of two photodynamic therapy methods with methylene blue and indocyanine green and two topical fluoride therapy methods with fluoride varnish and silver diamine fluoride alone and in combination on the microhardness and topography of demineralized enamel and cementum surfaces. Materials and methodsSeventy-two sound human teeth were selected, and their buccal and lingual surfaces were assigned to two main groups of enamel and cementum using simple randomization. The initial surface hardness (SH) of the enamel and cementum in each sample was determined using a micro-Vickers hardness tester using a 200-g force in 10 s. Then artificial caries was induced by immersion in a demineralizing/remineralizing solution (i.e., each tooth provided two samples, one on the buccal aspect and the other on the lingual aspect). Each enamel/cementum main group was divided into two subgroups using simple randomization based on the local fluoride type (fluoride varnish and silver diamine fluoride) and the type of the photosensitizer agent (methylene blue and indocyanine green). Finally, 16 groups were achieved (n = 9). The final surface hardness of the enamel and cementum samples was determined as described above. Finally, the sample surfaces were prepared for the surface topography evaluation under a scanning electron microscope. The baseline microhardness was compared between the 16 study groups in the first step using one-way ANOVA. Then, three-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of fluoride, laser, and surface (enamel and cementum) on microhardness. ResultsAll the groups exhibited decreased microhardness due to the induction of artificial caries. In both main groups of enamel and cementum, the lowest decrease in microhardness was recorded with combined photodynamic therapy and methylene blue photosensitizer material and fluoride varnish (15.1 % for cementum and 16.7 % for enamel), and the highest decrease in microhardness was recorded in the methylene blue group (35.7 % for cementum and 34.9 % for enamel). ConclusionThe combination of photodynamic therapy with the photosensitizer substance methylene blue or indocyanine green together with fluoride varnish or silver diamine fluoride is effective on the remineralization of demineralized enamel and cementum. Although there is no difference between the combination of photodynamic therapy with fluoride varnish compared to fluoride varnish alone, both of these treatments are more effective than using photodynamic therapy alone.

IPhone-Based Cartilage Topography Scanning Yields Similar Results to Computed Tomography Scanning

To investigate the feasibility and accuracy of 3-dimensional (3D) iPhone scans using commercially available applications compared with computed tomography (CT) for mapping chondral surface topography of the knee. Ten cadaveric dysplastic trochleae, 16 patellae, and 24 distal femoral condyles (DFCs) underwent CT scans and 3D scans using 3 separate optical scanning applications on an iPhone X. The 3D surface models were compared by measuring surface-to-surface least distance distribution of overlapped models using a validated 3D-3D registration volume merge method. The absolute least mean square distances for the iPhone-generated models from each scanning application were calculated in comparison to CT models using a point-to-surface distance algorithm allowing regional "inside/outside" measurement of the absolute distance between models. Only 1 of the 3 scanning applications created models usable for quantitative analysis. Overall, there was a median absolute least mean square distance between the usable model and CT-generated models of 0.18 mm. The trochlea group had a significantly lower median absolute least mean square distance compared with the DFC group (0.14 mm [interquartile range, 0.13-0.17] vs 0.19 mm [0.17-0.25], P= .002). iPhone models were smaller compared with CT models (negative signed distances) for all trochleae, 83% of DFCs, and 69% of patellae. In this study, we found minimal differences between a 3D iPhone scanning application and conventional CT scanning when analyzing surface topography. Emerging 3D iPhone scanning technology can create accurate, inexpensive, real-time 3D models of the intended target. Surface topography evaluation may be useful in graft selection during surgical procedures such as osteochondral allograft transplantation.

Evaluation of High-Frequency Measurement Errors from Turned Surface Topography Data Using Machine Learning Methods.

Manufacturing processes in industry applications are often controlled by the evaluation of surface topography. Topography, in its overall performance, includes form, waviness, and roughness. Methods of measurement of surface roughness can be roughly divided into tactile and contactless techniques. The latter ones are much faster but sensitive to external disturbances from the environment. One type of external source error, while the measurement of surface topography occurs, is a high-frequency noise. This noise originates from the vibration of the measuring system. In this study, the methods for reducing high-frequency errors from the results of contactless roughness measurements of turned surfaces were supported by machine learning methods. This research delves into optimizing filtration methods for surface topography measurements through the application of machine learning models, focusing on enhancing the accuracy of surface roughness assessments. By examining turned surfaces under specific machining conditions and employing a variety of digital filters, the study identifies the Gaussian regression filter and spline filter as the most effective methods at a 22.5 µm cut-off. Utilizing neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees, the research demonstrates the superior performance of SVMs, achieving remarkable accuracy and sensitivity in predicting optimal filtration methods.

Surface Quality Evaluation in the Milling Process Using a Ball Nose End Mill

Shaped surfaces are increasingly used in the field of mold-making for casting or injection molding, where future products include shapes with different curvatures. These are surfaces that form convex curves, concave curves, or a combination thereof. Given these machined surfaces, it is important to know the impact of the finishing strategies on these surfaces. This paper deals with the comparison of finishing milling strategies in the production of shaped surfaces and the analysis of different methods for the evaluation of surface topography. In addition, the experimental results evaluate the roughness of the machined surface and surface shape variations. The material used for the experiments was AlCu4Mg aluminum alloy, and Constant Z, spiral and spiral circle strategies were chosen for the finishing strategies. The evaluation of surface topography and surface roughness was carried out at three different specimen heights with respect to the tool’s contact with the machined surface.

Green Machining of NFRP Material

Nowadays, great emphasis is placed on environmental aspects of production processes with focus to lower carbon footprint. Natural fibre-reinforced plastics (NFRP) show potential for application in many fields of industry due their specific properties. Machining of NFRP-based materials is meeting several problems arising from non-homogenous structure as well as plastic-based matrix. Machining of NFRP using conventional technologies meets limitations due to the properties and geometry of the tools. Abrasive water jet (AWJ) machining can solve some of the problems machining NFRP materials. The presented article focused on surface topography evaluation of one kind of NFRP composite material after cutting by AWJ. Optical profilometry and 3D microscopy were applied for measurement of surface roughness parameters of surfaces created by AWJ with variable cutting parameters. Maximal height of profile Rz was measured in 20 lines perpendicular to the jet direction form upper to lower cut line. Structure of cut surface was observed and evaluated for different technologic parameters. The obtained results show promising presuppositions for application of AWJ technology for cutting of NFRP based materials.

Effect of Charcoal, Probiotic, and Chlorhexidine Mouthwashes on Mechanical Properties and Surface Characterization of Ceramic-Coated Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Arch Wires: A Comparative In-Vitro Study.

To determine the impact on the mechanical properties and surface features of ceramic-coated nickel-titanium (CC-Ni-Ti) archwires when subjected to charcoal, probiotic, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in in vitro conditions. Eighty samples of 25 mm were cut from the posterior end of preformed maxillary 0.016'' CC-Ni-Ti super elastic archwires (Koden Company, USA) anddistributed into four equal groups. Each group of wires was immersed in artificial saliva (Wet Mouth Mouthwash, ICPA Health Products Ltd., India) (control), charcoal mouthwash (Hello activated charcoal extra freshening mouthwash, Hello Products LLC, USA), probiotic mouthwash (Perfora, Probiotic Rinse, India), and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash (Sensorange, Orange Biotech, Pvt., Ltd., India) (experimental groups) for 90 min at 37 °C. All samples were taken out of their respective solutions and washed with distilled water prior to testing. A three-point bending test was performed on 15 samples from each group using a universal testing device. During the loading and unloading of the archwires, the yield strength (YS), flexural modulus of elasticity (E), and spring back ratio (YS/E) were calculated. The remaining five wires from each group were observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface topography evaluation. The mean differences of loading YS, E, and YS/E between chlorhexidine and charcoal are 302.91 MPa, 4.28 GPa, and 0.0004, whereas unloading values are 172.32 MPa, 4.16 GPa, and 0.0003, respectively, with a statistical significance of <0.001 in terms of YS and E. The mean differences of loading YS, E, and YS/E between charcoal and probiotic are 305.36 MPa, 4.54 GPa, and 0.0005, whereas unloading values are 173.77 MPa, 3.66 GPa, and 0.0003, respectively, with a statistical significance of <0.001 in terms of YS and E. The mean differences of loading YS, E, and YS/E between chlorhexidine and probiotic are 2.45 MPa, 0.26 GPa, and 0.00007, whereas unloading values are 1.44 MPa, 0.49 GPa, and 0.0000533, respectively, with no statistical significance of >0.001 in terms of YS, E, and YS/E. Surface topography alteration was clearly appreciated in the charcoal and probiotic mouthwash groups compared to charcoal mouthwash. Loading and unloading of 0.016" ceramic-coated nickel-titanium archwires showed an increase in mechanical properties except for the spring back ratio on exposure to chlorhexidine, probiotic, and charcoal mouthwashes. Chlorhexidine and probiotic mouthwashes had a higher yield strength and flexural modulus of elasticity in comparison with charcoal mouthwash and artificial saliva on 0.016" ceramic-coated nickel-titanium archwires. More corrosive changes were seen on 0.016" ceramic-coated nickel-titanium archwires when immersed in chlorhexidine, followed by probiotic and charcoal mouthwashes.

Effect of Sodium Flouride Mouthwash and Ozone-Infused Oil Pulling Solution With Coconut Oil on Mechanical Properties and Surface Characterization of Copper-Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Archwires.

To determine the impact on the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of prefabricated 0.016" copper-nickel-titanium (Cu-Ni-Ti) type 35oC (Ormco Company, USA)archwires when subjected to 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash (ACT Anti-Cavity Fluoride Mouthwash, Sanofi Company, USA) and ozone-infused oil-pulling solution with coconut oil (O3) (O3 Essentials, Health Ranger Store, USA). Sixty samples of preformed maxillary 0.016" Cu-Ni-Ti archwires were cut at the straight posterior ends for a length of 25 mm and then equally distributed into three groups (n=20). Each group of wires was immersed in distilled water (dH2O), NaF, and O3 solutions for 90 minutes at 37oC. All samples were taken out of their solutions and washed with distilled water prior to testing. On a universal testing device, a three-point bending test was performed on 15 samples. Yield strength (YS), flexural modulus of elasticity (E), and springback ratio (YS/E) were calculated. The remaining five samples from respective solutions were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface topography evaluation. The mean differences in loading YS, E, and YS/E between NaF and O3 are 41.14 MPa, 4.58 GPa, and -0.0006 whereas unloading values are 23.45 MPa, 4.38 GPa, and -0.0004, respectively with a statistical significance of <0.001. Surface topography alteration was appreciated in the NaF mouthwash group compared to the O3 solution. The mechanical properties of 0.016" Cu-Ni-Ti archwires during loading and unloading were changed after exposure to NaF mouthwash and O3 solution. The mechanical properties of Cu-Ni-Ti archwires were more negatively affected by NaF mouthwash than by O3 solution. Sodium fluoride mouthwash offers more corrosive changes when compared with the O3 solution.

Mechanical properties of additively manufactured zirconia with alumina air abrasion surface treatment

This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of zirconia fabricated using additive manufacturing technology and compare them to those of zirconia fabricated using subtractive manufacturing technology. Sixty disc-shaped specimens were fabricated for the additive (n = 30) and subtractive manufacturing groups (n = 30), and each group was divided into two subgroups according to their air-abrasion surface treatment: control (n = 15) and air-abrasion groups (n = 15). Mechanical properties including the flexural strength (FS), Vickers hardness, and surface roughness were determined, and the values were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used for phase analysis and surface topography evaluation, respectively. The SMA group exhibited the highest FS (1144.97 ± 168.1 MPa), followed by the SMC (944.58 ± 141.38 MPa), AMA (905.02 ± 111.38 MPa), and AMC groups (763.55 ± 68.69 MPa). The Weibull distribution showed the highest scale value (1213.55 MPa) in the SMA group, with the highest shape value in the AMA group (11.69). A monoclinic peak was not detected in both the AMC and SMC groups, but after air abrasion, the monoclinic phase content ({mathrm{X}}_{mathrm{m}}) reached 9% in the AMA group, exceeding that in the SMA group (7%). The AM groups exhibited statistically lower FS values than those of the SM groups under the same surface treatment (p < 0.05). Air-abrasion surface treatment increased the monoclinic phase content and FS (p < 0.05) in both the additive and subtractive groups, while it increased the surface roughness (p < 0.05) only in the additive group and did not affect the Vickers hardness in either group. For zirconia manufactured using additive technology, the mechanical properties are comparable to those of zirconia manufactured using subtractive technology.

Subaperture stitching digital holographic microscopy for precise wear volume measurement in tribology.

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is an effective method for the evaluation of surface topography. It combines the high lateral resolution of microscopy with the high axial resolution of interferometry. In this paper, DHM with subaperture stitching for tribology is presented. The developed approach allows large surface area inspection by stitching together multiple measurements, which brings a big advantage to the evaluation of tribological tests such as a tribological track on a thin layer. The whole track measurement provides additional parameters, which can offer more information on the result of the tribological test than the conventional four-profile measurement by a contact profilometer.

A Multivariate Local Descriptor Registration Method for Surface Topography Evaluation

This paper illustrates a systematical surface topography measurement and evaluation method based on a 3D optical system. Firstly, the point cloud data of the workpiece are extracted by the use of a 3D structured light measurement system, and the STEP file of the design model is converted into point cloud data. Secondly, the local measurement point cloud (LMPC) and digital model point cloud (DMPC) are registered by a multivariate local descriptor registration scheme proposed in this study. Thirdly, the surface shapes extracted from the STEP file are applied as a reference to segment the measuring point cloud. Finally, an error analysis scheme is conducted on specific functional surfaces. An experiment was conducted to analyse the flatness, cylindricity and roughness to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantage of the method. The comparison results show that the proposed method outperforms other 3D optical surface topography analysis methods.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Microscopic Wheel Surface Topography in Creep Feed Grinding Using Ceramics Grinding Wheel

The surface topography of ceramic grinding wheels used in creep feed grinding is examined in this study. Creep feed grinding experiments are performed using seeded gel (SG) grinding wheels. The three-dimensional surface of the grinding wheel is observed using a two-dimensional high-definition laser displacement sensor, and the effective cutting-edge number is calculated based on three-dimensional surface observations. Microscopic wear behaviors of grain cutting edges are examined based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The cutting-edge area percentage is calculated based on SEM images via the discriminant analysis method. Results show that the micro self-sharpening phenomenon can be evaluated quantitatively. Micro sharp cutting edges on grains and normal grinding forces are suppressed. Subsequently, the relationship between the grinding characteristics and behaviors of the SG wheel working surface is investigated.

Noncontact 3D evaluation of surface topography of reciprocating instruments after retreatment procedures.

This study evaluated the Reciproc R25 and Pro-R 25 instruments in unused condition, after one and a second use in endodontic retreatment employing a noncontact 3D light interferometer profiler, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic fatigue tests. Twenty single-root teeth were instrumented with Reciproc R25 and filled with gutta-percha and sealer. A 3D profiler with a 20x objective using the Mx™ software was used to evaluate the cutting blade surfaces of Reciproc R25 and Pro-R 25 (n=5 per group) in unused condition, after the first and second uses in retreatment procedures. After retreatment, SEM was used to evaluate the topographic features of the used instruments. Cyclic fatigue tests were performed to compare new to used instruments. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test was used to compare the tested instruments before and after the first and second uses. Student t-test was used to compare the different instruments and for cyclic fatigue evaluation. No significant differences were observed in the cutting blade surfaces of Reciproc and Pro-R before and after one and two uses (p>0.05). Reciproc without use showed higher Sa and Sq when compared to Pro-R without use (p<0.05). No differences were observed between Reciproc and Pro-R after one and two uses (p>0.05). New and unused Reciproc showed longer time to fracture than Pro-R instruments (p<0.05), and only Pro-R showed differences between new and used instruments (p<0.05). Retreatment procedures with Reciproc and Pro-R did not change the surface topography of instruments. Reciproc had greater resistance to cyclic fatigue compared with Pro-R.

Comparison of the contact and focus variation measurement methods in the process of surface topography evaluation of additively manufactured models with different geometry complexity

One of the key measurement parameters of the surface topography is the measurement area. It influences the possibility of using filters separating components of surface texture and thus determines the reliability of the obtained measurement results. The currently applicable standard does not define the size of the measuring area. To determine its size, fractal analysis was carried out in the article. The paper presents research on two types of geometry: simple geometry in the form of cylindrical and spherical surfaces and more complex geometry represented by free surfaces such as crowns and molars of teeth. In the process of making the research models, four 3D printing techniques were used: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Melted and Extruded Modeling (MEM) Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) and Material Jetting (MJ). 3D measurements of surface texture were made using a contact profilometer and a focus variation microscope. The analysis of topography images and selected parameters of the surface topography showed that the optical method gave better measurement results than the contact method. In the case of models made with the FDM and MEM techniques, similar values of the Sa parameter were obtained. Slightly smaller values of Sa were recorded for FFF models, while the highest for MJ models. Models made using the FFF method were also characterized by the lowest variability of results. Models made using the MJ method were characterized by relatively deep valleys in comparison with the other models, which was reflected in the Ssk and Svk parameters. The valleys counting from the top surface of the specimen were the shallowest for models made with the FFF method. Surfaces with simpler geometry were characterized by smaller variability of parameters values.

Evaluation of Surface Topography of Heat Cure Acrylic Denture-base Resin before and after Reinforcement with Different Fibers Using Stylus-based Profilometer

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of glass and nylon fiber reinforcement on surface topography of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture resin after polishing. Stainless steel dies were used for preparation of specimens and were divided into three groups of 30 specimens each. Group A: Control group, Group B: PMMA reinforced with glass fibers, Group C: PMMA reinforced with nylon fibers. All specimens were finished and polished by a single operator to eliminate any inadvertent bias and ensure a constant pressure when polishing. The surface roughness of all the acrylic samples was measured with the help of profilometer (SURFCOM 130A). Glass-reinforced PMMA showed higher mean surface roughness (0.16817 µm) as compared to unreinforced PMMA (0.10203 µm). Nylon-reinforced PMMA showed lower mean surface roughness (Ra) of 0.09177 µm as compared to unreinforced PMMM (0.10203 µm). Glass-reinforced PMMA showed a higher mean surface roughness (Ra) of 0.16817 µm as compared to nylon PMMA (0.09177 µm). Reinforcement with glass and nylon fibers affects the surface roughness of the PMMA resin, i.e., glass fibers increase the surface roughness of PMMA resin, whereas nylon fibers slightly decrease the surface roughness of PMMA resin. Hence, the use of nylon fiber may be justified to obtain a denture with increased fracture resistance, acceptable esthetic properties, and better denture hygiene and plaque accumulation. Two important parameters are essential for ensuring the durability of a restorative material, which include surface roughness and color stability. Surface roughness may be the major cause of discomfort for the patient and it may be associated with complications by promoting the deposition of biofilm and microbial growth. The use of nylon fiber increases fracture resistance and provides acceptable esthetic properties and better denture hygiene and plaque accumulation.

Tribological Properties and 3D Topographic Parameters of Hard Turned and Ground Surfaces.

Precision machining of automotive industrial parts is a highlighted topic in mechanical engineering due to the increased need for efficient and high-quality machining processes. This study is aimed to contribute to the field of surface topography evaluation by analyzing tribology-related topography parameters parallelly and finding connections between them. Hard machining experiments were carried out for the widely applied case-hardened material 16MnCr5 and the 3D topography of the machined surfaces was measured and analyzed. Based on a comprehensive design of experiments cubic response functions were determined for the analyzed parameters and the coefficients of determination were calculated. It was found that the cubic response function is reliable for predicting the topography parameter values and there are strong relationships between counterpart parameters under certain circumstances The findings could help clarify the roles of the analyzed parameters in some tribological properties within the analyzed cutting circumstances.

Functional Importance of Surface Texture Parameters.

Areal 3D analysis of surface texture gives more opportunities than a study of 2D profiles. Surface topography evaluation, considered as 3D dimensional analysis in micro or nanoscales, plays an important role in many fields of science and life. Among many texture parameters, those connected with height are the most often used. However, there are many other parameters and functions that can provide additional important information regarding functional behaviour of surfaces in different applications. The knowledge about the functional importance of various surface properties is low. This review tries to fill this gap. Surface texture parameters are presented in various groups: height, spatial, hybrid, functional, feature, and others. Based on experiences of the present authors and literature review, the relationships among various surface parameters and functional properties are described. A proposal of a selection of parameters on the basis of their functional significations is provided. Considerations for future challenges are addressed.

Evaluation of nail surface topography using a three-dimensional in vivo optical skin imaging system.

The analysis of nail surface topography is a subject of ever-increasing interest in dermatology, especially in cosmetic studies. However, there is no accurate and scientifically sound instrumental method that can identify and provide quantitative data on nail surface topography. The right index fingers of 78 healthy individuals were examined. The severity of nail roughness was rated by two independent dermatologists on a scale of 1 to 3. Using the phaseshift rapid in vivo measurement of the skin (PRIMOS) system, three-dimensional microtopography was performed, and the roughness parameter values were calculated and evaluated. The relationship between clinical nail roughness grade and nail roughness parameter values obtained utilizing PRIMOS was evaluated. A moderate correlation was found between the roughness parameter values and the clinical roughness grade. Our study showed that an overall relationship exists between the nail roughness parameter values obtained using PRIMOS and clinically observed nail surface changes. With further studies, PRIMOS could be a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers for conducting an accurate and objective patient assessment in daily practice and demonstrating effectiveness of different therapies for nail dystrophy or evaluating cosmetic effects of various topical treatments in future clinical trials.

A multi-scale model of real contact area for linear guideway based on the fractal theory

High precision, efficiency and reliability are the unremitting pursuits of machinery manufacturing industry. As one of the pivotal function parts of high-end NC machine tool, precise linear guideway determines the machining precision and operation performance. Accurate evaluation and prediction of surface topography are the crucial effects on the matching performance of linear guideway. In this paper, the real contact area is regarded as a key parameter, a multi-scale method with the fractal theory is proposed. First, the contact area of a single asperity was obtained with Hertz contact theory. Afterwards, the contact area between rough surfaces was deduced by the fractal theory. Finally, using the proposed multi-scale contact mechanics model, the real contact area between rough plane and cylinder was obtained by integral solution. Compared with the former fractal model and GW model, the proposed model on the real contact area calculation of linear guideway is more accurate and comprehensive. The effect factors of load, fractal parameter and friction were discussed, the increasing rate of real contact area of smoother surface is greater as load increases. The proposed model may provide practical guidance for assembly accuracy and surface quality requirements at design stage.