Surface Sizing Agent Research Articles

Styrene/acrylate copolymer emulsions as strengthening agents for kraft bagasse pulp: A way for enhancing the mechanical properties of paper

AbstractAlthough styrene acrylate emulsions (SAE) have demonstrated promising applications as surface sizing agents for paper, their strengthening effect on pulp fibers in papermaking is not clear. In this study, bagasse fibers, an agricultural waste, were treated with SAE to study the influences on the mechanical properties of the produced papers. SAE copolymers with hard chain (H‐PSA) and soft chain (S‐PSA) were prepared and added to bagasse pulp slurry at concentrations of 1%–4% by weight. The findings indicated that for the soft and hard copolymers, the glass transition temperatures were 19.5 and 26.8°C and their emulsion particle sizes were 166 and 182 nm, respectively. The copolymers strengthened the produced paper by wrapping around and forming a network of chemical and physical bonds with the pulp fibers. Papers treated with 3% H‐PSA exhibited the optimum improvement in tensile strength (38 MPa) and breaking length (67 m) by 13% and 64%, respectively. Treated papers were negatively affected by UV radiation due to phenyl groups spread along the chains. The copolymers demonstrated good wet‐strength properties achieved by self‐ and co‐crosslinked networks. The prepared paper sheets showed a preference for the mechanical properties of treated samples over the untreated ones.

Improve the interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites by maleimide‐modified waterborne polyurethane sizing agent

AbstractThe N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl) maleimide (4‐HPM) modified waterborne polyurethane emulsions (MWPU) were used as surface sizing agents to improve the interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers (CF) and epoxy resin matrix. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the particle size distribution, storage stability, and thermal stability of the modified MWPU. And the surface reactivity of CF increased significantly after sizing. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of CFREs were tested, and the fracture morphology was observed. The result showed that a continuous and uniform sizing layer is formed on the surface of CF. In particular, the comprehensive performance and interfacial modification effect of the MWPU emulsion outperformed other samples when the 4‐HPM content was 1.0 wt%. Compared with unsized carbon fibers, the IFSS and ILSS are up to 71.30% and 30.81% higher, respectively.

Enzymatically modified starch for paper surface sizing: Enzymes with different action modes and sites

Enzymatically modified starch is frequently applied as a kind of superior surface sizing agent to improve paper quality, but the available options for various enzyme types, except for α-amylases, are limited. Herein, starch was modified using various commercial enzymes with different action modes and sites, namely, α-amylase (CSTWA), β-amylase (CSTWB), pullulanase (CSTWP), glucoamylase (CSTWG), and compound enzyme (α-/β-amylase, CSTWAB), for sizing paper. The performance of the paper and the properties of the sizing agents were comprehensively determined. Moreover, the molecules of the modified starch were characterized to explore the enzymolysis mechanism. Results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis should be performed ahead of gelatinization. Compared with CSTWA, CSTWB and CSTWP endowed the paper with higher strength owing to their apposite viscosity and molecular mass distribution. CSTWG and CSTWAB contained excess low-molecular-mass molecules, making them weakly effective as surface-sizing agents. Therefore, pullulanase and β-amylase have better application prospects as surface-sizing agents than α-amylase.

A Review of Glass Fibre Recycling Technology Using Chemical and Mechanical Separation of Surface Sizing Agents

Glass fiber is widely used in various modern industrial applications because it has the advantages of good electrical insulation performance and good process ability. Inevitably, some flawed glass fiber generated during manufacturing processes becomes waste and, in recent years, the treatment or recycling of glass fiber waste has become an environmental concern. Since glass fiber is brittle, non-wearing, and can easily generate static electricity after friction, the surface of glass fiber must be coated with a wetting agent (i.e., surface sizing agent) to overcome these disadvantages. However, glass fiber waste cannot be directly recycled as glass raw materials due to the presence of the surface sizing agent and the high content of sodium element. Therefore, there is a need to develop a feasible technology for removal of surface sizing agent in order to recycle glass fiber waste. In this study, two methods were used to remove surface sizing agent from glass fiber waste. After removing the surface sizing agent, the treated glass fiber waste can replace sand particles for manufacturing controlled low-strength material (CLSM). The first method for removing surface sizing agent used different organic solvents such as ethyl acetate to dissolve the surface coating (i.e., surface sizing agent). Then, an optical microscope was used to observe the surface changes before and after such removal treatments. The second method involved grinding glass fiber waste into a fine powder and heating it to a high temperature. An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used to analyze the surface characteristics of the glass fiber waste. The experimental results showed that different organic solvents could not effectively remove the surface sizing agent, even if the glass fiber waste was processed by ultrasonic vibration for 5 h. In contrast, after high heating at 800 °C for 2 h, the surface sizing agent could be removed, and glass fiber waste transformed to cristobalite. The CLSM concrete produced by mixing cristobalite with cement in an appropriate proportion can meet the CLSM specification standard in Taiwan.

Application of surfactants in papermaking industry and future development trend of green surfactants

In this work, the application of chemical surfactants, including cooking aids, detergents, surface sizing agents, and deinking agents as core components, is introduced in the wet end of pulping and papermaking. This method for the combined application of enzymes and surfactants has expanded, promoting technological updates and improving the effect of surfactants in practical applications. Finally, the potential substitution of green surfactants for chemical surfactants is discussed. The source, classification, and natural functions of green surfactants are introduced, including plant extracts, biobased surfactants, fermentation products, and woody biomass. These green surfactants have advantages over their chemically synthesized counterparts, such as their low toxicity and biodegradability. This article reviews the latest developments in the application of surfactants in different paper industry processes and extends the methods of use. Additionally, the application potential of green surfactants in the field of papermaking is discussed. KEY POINTS: • Surfactants as important chemical additives in papermaking process are reviewed. • Deinking technologies by combined of surfactants and enzymes are reviewed. • Applications of green surfactant in papermaking industry are prospected.

Synthesis of macro-RAFT agent containing M13-10 and its application in surface sizing agent

Abstract A novel macro-RAFT emulsifier was synthesized with S, S’-bis(α, α’-dimethyl-α”-acetic acid)-trithiocarbonate (BDATT), M13-10 (self-made emulsifier) and acrylate monomer, which was further used to prepare surface sizing agent. On the other hand, M13-10 was synthesized with iso-tridecanol polyoxyethylene ether, sodium methoxide and sulfamic acid as the starting materials. The hydrophilicity of macro-RAFT emulsifier and the performance of surface sizing agent were affected by BDATT used as the chain transfer agent and M13-10 as the hydrophilic monomer. So, the CMC and HLB of the emulsifier prepared with different M13-10 content and BDATT content, were compared, as well as the particle size of the prepared surface sizing agent, and the cobb, bursting resistance, tensile resistance, folding endurance and roughness of paper sized. The results reveal that surface sizing agent with macro-RAFT emulsifier of which the amount of M13-10 is 7 w% and the amount of BDATT is 2.5 w% demonstrates the best sizing effect on paper with the contact angle of 119°, the surface water absorption (cobb) of 48.8 g/m2, the bursting strength of 285 kPa, the folding endurance of 19 and the tensile strength of 59.6 kN/m.

Comparison of the physical properties of heat-treated and hydrophobic modified glass fiber felt

The glass fiber felt owned opening pore structure and chemical stability, which was widely used in various of cabins of vessels, aircraft, vehicles, etc. The surface characteristics of fiber affected the drainage performance of felt, thus affecting the temperature and humidity environment in the cabin. In this paper, the physical properties of heat-treated and hydrophobic modified glass fiber felt were studied and compared. After heat treatment, the surface sizing agents were removed and the felt surface became smoother. The water contact angle (WCA) of all heated felt was 0°. The residual water of 1.5 cm and 0.5 cm felt decreased by 27% and 15%, respectively, while that of 2.5 cm felt increased 324%. The excellent drainage performance could be obtained by reducing the heated felt thickness. However, the tensile strength of felt decreased by 35%–45%. In addition, the fiber diameter, the thickness, and average pore size of heated felt all decreased. After hydrophobic modification, abundant nano particles adhered to the felt surface, making the surface of felt rough. The WCAs of 2.5 cm, 1.5 cm and 0.5 cm hydrophobic modified felt were 152°, 141°, 144°, respectively. The residual water decreased by more than 60%, indicating that the drainage performance of felt could be significantly improved. The tensile strength of felt was increased by 30%–40%. The fiber diameter increased, but the thickness and the average pore size of felt decreased. Compared with the heat treatment, the hydrophobic modification could obtain excellent drainage performance and increased the felt tensile strength, which was suitable for more occasions.

Combination of Starch and Nano‐Chitin Whiskers for Surface Treatment of Cellulosic Paper

AbstractNano‐chitin whiskers (NWs) are a group of renewable materials that have attracted wide interest. As surface sizing agents, the relevant research has been mainly concentrated on barrier properties since they are considered to be potential plastic alternatives. Nevertheless, it is likewise important to explore their potential to improve print quality. Herein, different dosages of NWs are added into cassava starch (CS) to explore their influence on the surface sizing and printing process. With the addition of NWs, the rheological behavior and film‐forming ability of composite pastes are improved. CS‐6 wt% NWs film with a sizing weight of 2.5 g m−2 can fully cover the pores of the base paper. Compared with CS sized paper with a similar loading weight, contact angle and printing surface strength are increased by 60.0% and 78.6%, respectively. Besides, CS‐6 wt% NWs sized paper show less print mottle on the surface than CS sized paper.

Synthesis of highly branched water-soluble polyester and its surface sizing agent strengthening mechanism

Abstract Solvent-free and highly branched water-soluble polyester (WPET) is prepared through self-emulsification methodology, using dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), sodium dimethyl isophthalate-5-sulfonate (SIPM), trimethylolpropane (TMP), and ethylene glycol (EG) by the transesterification and polycondensation. The WPET were first utilized as surface-sizing agents for cellulose fiber paper. The structure, average molecular weights, and physical properties of the water-soluble polyester were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic rheometer. The effects of polymer structure and properties, as well as the surface sizing of the paper, were investigated. WPET displayed better surface sizing properties when it was prepared under the following conditions: –COO/–OH molar ratio of 1:2, the SIPM content of 17.98%, and TMP content of 11.10%. The relationships between the WPET structure and sized paper were clearly illustrated. The mechanical properties and water resistance of sized paper did not only depend on multi-branched hydroxyl groups of the WPET chains but also relied on the interactions among polymers and fibers, as well as the high toughness of surface sizing agent. The sizing paper possesses excellent mechanical properties as well as water resistance.

ANALYSIS QUALITATIVE ADDITION OF ADDITIVE SUBSTANCE TO PAPER MAKING PROCESS IN PAPER MACHINE 12 PT. X - KARAWANG ON PRODUCT QUALITY

Paper is a tangible item of thin sheets which can be torn, rolled, folded, glued and crossed out. Paper is made to meet the needs of a very diverse life. The paper industry is one of the forest products industries which has a very important role in human life. There is almost no human activity that does not utilize this industrial commodity. In the process of making paper, in addition to the availability of Raw Materials there is also the use of additives. Additives are ingredients that are added to obtain certain desired characteristics of paper products. Some factors that influence the process of making paper are raw material, machine cleanliness, machine performance, human factors and additives. Additives are the main factors that influence the success of the papermaking process. There are two types of additives used in Paper Machine 12 PT.X-Karawang, namely functional additives and controlling additives. The effect of the addition of additives on Paper Machine 12 PT.X-Karawang namely, Dry Strength can increase the strength of the paper when used in dry conditions, Sizing Agent (Internal Sizing) functions to control liquid penetration, Surface Sizing Agent (Surface Sizing) functions to level the surface of the paper, Filler as filler, Dyes can give color to paper, OBA serves to increase the brightness of paper, Biocide functions to inhibit bacterial growth, Defoamer functions to prevent foam formation and Retention Aid can increase fiber retention.Keyword: Controlling Additives, Functional Additives, Paper, Paper Machine

Synthesis and Properties of Collagen Surface-sizing Agent Modified by Epoxy Compound

Three modified surface-sizing agents (SA) for paper were synthesized by the cross-linking of collagen with either glycol diglycidyl ether (GDE), tetrahydrophthalate diglycidyl ester (TDE), or triglycidyl p-aminophenol (TP) and then grafting with butyl acrylate (BA). The performance and application of the sizing agent emulsions were characterized and tested. The GDE-SA had the highest viscosity. The GDE-SA coated corrugated paper had the best water resistance, smoothness, and physical and mechanical properties.

Multifunctional water-soluble polymeric fluorescent whitening agents based on 4,4'-bis (1,3,5-triazinyl)- diamino stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid structure

A series of multifunctional water-soluble polymeric fluorescent whitening agents (PFWAs, 5a-f) based on 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DSD acid)-triazine structure were successfully synthesized using a nucleophilic substitution reaction with cyanuric chloride, DSD acid, amino compounds, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and/or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as raw materials. The structure of the PFWAs was characterized by FT-IR, and the substitution degree was calculated from the results of an elemental analysis. The optical properties of the PFWAs were measured by the UV-vis spectra and fluorescence spectra when the PFWAs were applied to paper fiber to serve the roles of light stabilizer, fluorescent whitener, and surface-sizing agent. Then the performance of the PFWAs on paper was evaluated by measuring the surface strength and smoothness of paper, brightness degree of paper, and the yellowness value (value of PC) of paper. The results indicated that the PFWAs had better light stability in water solution than that of a conventional fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) as a light stabilizer. According to the surface-sizing experiment and UV aging experiment, it was concluded that not only could the PFWAs enhance the surface strength and smoothness of paper, but also have a better effect on anti-UV aging than that of FWA as a light stabilizer and fluorescent whitener agent.

Dextrin-Poly(acrylic acid) Copolymer as an Additive for Surface Sizing with Oxidized Starch (II) : Effect on Strength and Drying Rate

Drying energy demand in the after-dryer section for the surface sized paper is an important economic factor in papermaking. Using an efficient sizing solution with high solids content and decreasing the pickup weight can reduce the drying energy requirement in the after-dryer section. A dextrin-poly(acrylic acid) copolymer was used as an additive for surface sizing of linerboard, and its effect on the mechanical properties of linerboard, and drying energy consumption were investigated. Results showed that, addition of dextrin poly(acrylic acid) copolymer had beneficial effects on the holdout of surface sizing starch and provided higher compressive and bending strengths. It was possible to reduce pickup weight by 23% while keeping the compressive strength and bending resistance at a similar level. Consequently, the reduced pickup resulted in higher dryness after surface sizing. Even though, drying analysis of wet sized sheets at a laboratory gave a lower drying rate when the copolymer was used as an additive, the result from a mill trial revealed that steam usage decreased significantly when the copolymer was used as an additive for surface sizing, which was attributed to the reduction in the pickup weight and improvement in holdout of the surface sizing agents on linerboard surface that is more pronounced on a high speed paper machine.

Carboxymethyl cassava starch/polyurethane dispersion blend as surface sizing agent

Surface sizing agent (SSA) is a material used to improve the surface quality of the paper. It is one of the compulsory components in the paper-related industries to impart surface smoothness, printability, water resistivity and brightness. An environmental friendly surface sizing agent based on carboxymethyl cassava starch/polyurethane dispersion (CCS/PUD) blend had been developed. A local cassava starch (CS) was modified with anionic reagent, sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) via etherification, in a presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CCS). Later CCS was blended with 30 wt% polyurethane dispersion (PUD) to enhance its water resistivity. The CCS/PUD blend was applied onto the surface of a hand-made paper prior to being tested and characterised. Fourier transform infrared analysis had verified the successful of etherification process by showing peaks at 3,400 cm-1, 1,635 cm-1 and 1,440 cm-1, corresponding to carboxymethyl substituent. The highest degree of substitution (0.76) was obtained from the system that used 6 g SMCA at fixed 1 : 7 CS : Water ratio and 4 mL NaOH. Meanwhile, CCS/PUD-coated paper had improved water resistivity corresponded to higher water contact angle at 73°, in comparison with the CCS-coated paper (62°) and the uncoated paper (40°). This was supported with low surface energy showed by CCS/PUD-coated paper (33.9 mJ/m2).

新規表面サイズ剤の開発

新規表面サイズ剤の開発

A novel polymeric fluorescent brightener agent based on 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-triazine structure: synthesis, characterization, photo-property, and performance on paper as light stabilizer, fluorescent brightener, and surface-sizing agent

In this work, a novel polymeric fluorescent brightener agent based on 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-triazine structure has been synthesized by radical polymerization. The structure of 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid -based polymeric fluorescent brightener agent was characterized by Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy, 1HNMR, and gel permeation chromatography. Photo-property was measured and analyzed by the ultraviolet–vis spectra and fluorescence spectra. The performance on paper was evaluated by determining the surface strength and smoothness, the brightness degree, and the post color number value of paper. Results showed that 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-based polymeric fluorescent brightener agent had a better light stability in water solution than that of 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-based fluorescent monomer as light stabilizer. Through the surface-sizing experiment and ultraviolet aging experiment, the 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-based polymeric fluorescent brightener agent not only enhanced the surface strength and smoothness of paper as a surface-sizing agent, but also had a better effect on anti-ultraviolet aging than that of 4,4′-diamino-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-based fluorescent monomer as a light stabilizer and fluorescent brightener agent.

Mechanism Analysis of Stiffness Improvement by Waterborne Epoxy Resin Surface Sizing Agent

Mechanism Analysis of Stiffness Improvement by Waterborne Epoxy Resin Surface Sizing Agent

Synthesis of polymeric fluorescent brightener based on coumarin and its performances on paper as light stabilizer, fluorescent brightener and surface sizing agent

In this work, a novel polymeric fluorescent brightener based on coumarin (PFBC) was synthesized, using three-step synthetic route, from 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, coumarin monomer (FBC), Acrylamide (AM) and methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC). The structure of PFBC was characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR and GPC. PFBC was applied to paper fiber as light stabilizer, fluorescent brightener and surface sizing agent and its performances were evaluated by measuring the UV–vis, fluorescence, thermal stability, the cationic degree, surface strength and smoothness of paper, the brightness degree of paper and the PC value of paper. Results showed that PFBC had better solubility in water than that of FBC, by measuring the optical properties. Through the surface sizing experiment and UV aging experiment, PFBC not only enhanced the surface strength and smoothness of paper as a surface sizing agent, but also had better effect on anti-UV aging than that of FBC as light stabilizer and fluorescent brightener.

Core–shell emulsion polymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate in the presence of polymerizable emulsifier

ABSTRACTA series of core–shell polymeric particles of styrene butyl acrylate were successfully prepared in the presence of polymerizable emulsifier. The compositions of the emulsions obtained were confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry. Latexes and emulsion films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The thermostability of emulsion films was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the existence of polymerizable emulsifier could enhance the solid content of the emulsion and the monomer conversion. The optimum mass ratio of polymerizable emulsifier to traditional emulsifier was 1:1, and the polymerizable emulsifier can participate in the emulsion polymerization perfectly. An emulsion with reverse core–shell particles exhibited better hydrophobic properties and thermostability than one with traditional core–shell particles. The film formed by the emulsion with reverse core–shell particles had lower water absorption, and it could be used in the fields of coatings, surface sizing agents, and spinning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43091.

Synthesis and Application of a Multifunctional Fluorescent Polymer Based on Coumarin

A multifunctional fluorescent polymer based on coumarin (MFPC) was synthesized using a four-step synthetic route. To obtain the target compound, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, coumarin fluorescent monomer (CFM), and ultraviolet absorber monomer (UVAM) were prepared. By the reaction of CFM, UVAM, trimethyl-2-methacroyloxyethylammonium chloride (DMC), and acrylamide (AM) as a linker, a new multifunctional fluorescent polymer was synthesized. The structure of the MFPC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopies. The optical properties of MFPC were measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopies, in aqueous solution. The integration effect between MFPC and paper was tested by scanning electron microscopy. The application performance of MFPC on paper was evaluated by measuring the surface strength, smoothness, and whiteness using the printability tester and the UV accelerated aging test. Results indicated that the MFPC had good solubility in water. It also exhibited a positive effect on the light stability and surface strength of paper as a light stabilizer, fluorescent brightener, and surface sizing agent.