Surface Roughness Of Composites Research Articles

Evaluation of the Colour Stability and Surface Roughness of Polymethylmethacrylate and Indirect Composites With and Without Ageing: An In-Vitro Study

Evaluation of the Colour Stability and Surface Roughness of Polymethylmethacrylate and Indirect Composites With and Without Ageing: An In-Vitro Study

Fabrication and performance optimization of an advanced pervaporation desalination membrane: A study utilizing PVDF and hydrophilic active layer as composite

Pervaporation emerges as a promising technique for brine treatment. In this investigation, we employed a PVDF substrate layer and applied various coating solutions using a simple spray technique to produce a composite pervaporation membrane. The composite membrane's chemical structure, morphology, hydrophilicity, swelling property, surface roughness, and crosslinking conditions were thoroughly investigated. Notably, the PVDF/PEI/P(SS-MA) composite membrane exhibited outstanding desalination performance, demonstrating high salt rejection and flux of 308.7 ± 13.8 kg m−2 h−1 when subjected to a 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution. Even at an elevated brine concentration of 20 wt%, the membrane maintained a commendable flux of 88.76 ± 5.4 kg m−2 h−1 at 72 °C. These findings underscore the efficacy of the developed composite membrane for brine desalination applications.

Surface roughness of different types of resin composites after artificial aging procedures: an in vitro study

BackgroundThe temperature changes, chemical agents, and brushing activity that resin composite restorations are exposed to in the oral environment can cause changes in surface roughness. In this study, the aim was to investigate in vitro the clinical one-year surface roughness changes of different types of composites (flowable or conventional) from the same companies by subjecting them to immersion in solutions, brushing, and thermal cycling procedures to simulate intraoral conditions.MethodsFour different resin composite brands were included in the study using both their conventional (Charisma Smart, 3M Filtek Ultimate Universal, Omnichroma, Beautifil II) and flowable resin composites (Charisma Flow, 3M Filtek Ultimate Flowable, Omnichroma Flow, Beautifil Flow Plus F00), giving 4 groups with 2 types of resin composite in each. 40 samples were prepared for each group/resin type, for a total of 320 samples. After initial surface roughness measurements by a mechanical profilometer, the samples were divided into 4 subgroups (n = 10) and immersed in solutions (distilled water, tea, coffee, or wine) for 12 days. The samples were then subjected to 10,000 cycles of brushing simulation and 10,000 cycles of thermal aging. Surface roughness measurements were repeated after the procedures. For statistical analysis, the 3-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test were used (p < 0.05).ResultsIt was concluded that composite groups and types had an effect on surface roughness at time t0 (p < 0.001). At time t1, the highest surface roughness value was obtained in the Beautifil-conventional interaction. When the surface roughness values between time t0 and t1 were compared, an increase was observed in the Beautifil II and Beautifil Flow Plus F00, while a decrease was observed in the other composite groups.ConclusionComposite groups, types, and solutions had an effect on the surface roughness of resin composites. After aging procedures, it was concluded that the Beautifil group could not maintain the surface structure as it exceeded the threshold value of 0.2 μm for bacterial adhesion.

The effect of whitening toothpastes on the color stability and surface roughness of stained resin composite

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the effect of whitening toothpastes on the color stability and surface roughness of resin composites stained with coffee and cigarette smoke.MethodsSeventy-two disk-shaped specimens (6 × 2 mm) of suprananohybrid resin composite were randomly divided into two groups and exposed to coffee and cigarette smoke (n = 36). After staining, the samples randomly divided into four groups according to whitening toothpastes and were brushed for 4 min: Opalescence Whitening (OW); Colgate Optic White (COW); Curaprox Black is White (CPX) and, distilled water (control) (n = 9). Color was measured with spectrophotometer at the initial, after staining, and after brushing, and surface roughness was measured with profilometer at the initial and after brushing. A surface morphology analysis was examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. (p < 0.05).ResultsCigarette smoke caused a significantly higher color change than coffee in the resin composite (p < 0.05). Brushing with hydrogen peroxide and silica-containing whitening toothpaste showed significant differences in color change (p < 0.05). The lowest whitening effect was found in activated charcoal-containing toothpaste. While all toothpastes increased the degree of surface roughness of resin composites, the highest roughness was caused by whitening toothpastes containing activated charcoal. (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe color stability and surface properties of resin composites can be affected by brushing them with whitening toothpaste. The utilization of whitening toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide can be considered a safe method for increasing the whiteness of discolored resin composites.

Effect of Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Aged and Stained Bulk-Fill Resin Composites.

The aim of this study is to investigate how two different polishing techniques affect the color stability, surface roughness, and changes in surface morphology of aged and coffee-stained bulk-fill resin composites. A total of 112 disc-shaped samples were prepared using Omnichroma Flow Bulk (OB), Charisma Bulk Flow One (CB), Estelite Bulk Fill Flow (EB), and Estelite Sigma Quick (control). Samples were divided into two subgroups (n = 16) and aged using thermocycling. A profilometer was used to measure the surface roughness (Ra) and a spectrophotometer was used for color stability (ΔE00). The EB group had the highest Ra values both before aging (disc: 0.23 ± 0.05, twist: 0.42 ± 0.05) and after aging (discs: 0.28 ± 0.04, twist: 0.46 ± 0.05). The OB group had the highest ΔE00 values before and after aging (discs: 3.06 ± 0.54, twist 3.05 ± 0.41) and the highest after coffee-staining (discs: 3.75 ± 0.70, twist: 3.91 ± 0.57). Re-polishing reduced the ΔE00 values in all materials but did not restore all to clinically acceptable levels. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the surface roughness and color stability of resin composites are notably influenced by the polishing technique, aging process, and coffee staining. Specimens that were polished using the multi-stage Super-Snap discs consistently exhibited smoother surfaces across all bulk-fill resin composites compared to those polished with the two-stage Diacomp plus Twist.

Influence of in-office whitening on the color matching and surface characteristics of single-shade resin composites.

The color matching of single-shade resin composites after in-office whitening was investigated. Four single-shade resin composites were used. A total of 35% hydrogen peroxide was used as the whitening agent. The resin composite was placed in a cavity of an artificially discolored bovine tooth. The color differences between the restoration and surrounding enamel before and after whitening were determined based on ΔE*ab, ΔE00, and ΔWID. The color stability, surface roughness (Sa), and surface gloss (GU) of the resin composite alone were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using repeated-measures analysis of variance with the Tukey-Kramer test. Based on the 50:50% of perceptibility and acceptability thresholds of ΔE*ab and ΔE00, none of the resin composite restorations were clinically acceptable before or after whitening. Regarding ΔWID, although all resin composites showed "acceptable match" in the baseline, they showed "mismatch" after the third session of whitening. Most of the resin composites alone were stable in color against whitening. Although the single-shade resin composites failed to achieve the expected color matching on discolored teeth either before or after the whitening, the impact of the whitening on the color of the resin composite alone may be negligible.

Zinc oxide bridges the nanofillers to enhance the wear resistance and stability of triboelectric nanogenerators

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have received widespread attention as a means of harvesting mechanical energy from the environment and converting it into electricity. As people continue to explore the field of infinite sensors, traditional TENGs have faced persistent challenges in practical application, mainly due to the poor abrasion resistance and stability of the existing polymers commonly used. Herein, the polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) was melt blended with liquid crystal polymer (LCP) to be used as matrix, and the interfacial bonding strength between the matrix and filler was improved by zinc oxide (ZnO) grafted carbon nanotubes/graphene oxide (CNTs/GO). Under friction conditions of 100 N load and 0.5 m/s, the friction coefficient and wear rate of resultant nanocomposites were significantly reduced to 0.2 and 2.09 × 10-5 mm3/N, respectively. The abrasion resistant TENG (AR-TENG) was fabricated based on 0.3ZnO/CNTs/GO/LCP/PPS exhibited outstanding electrical output performance, which was attributed to the high dielectric constant of 5.3, improved surface roughness and interfacial contact area of composites. Consequently, this study reported a novel approach to tailor AR-TENG into a highly abrasion resistant and stable sensor. This customization enabled the AR-TENG to operate reliably in harsh environments (high temperatures and humidity), thereby expanding its potential applications.

Effect of Bleaching on Surface Roughness and Color Parameters of Coffee-Stained Nanohybrid Dental Composites with Different Viscosities

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to test the effect of different bleaching protocols on surface roughness, color stability, and translucency parameter of coffee-stained nanohybrid dental composites with different viscosities. Materials and Methods Five nanohybrid dental composites with different viscosities (n = 250)—Neo Spectra LV, Neo Spectra HV, Neo Spectra Flow (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany), Grandio, and Grandio Flow (Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany)—were used to test surface roughness, color stability, and translucency parameter after bleaching of coffee-stained specimens using either in-office bleaching, home bleaching, or a combination of both. The viscosity of the five types of dental composites was tested using a viscometer. A scanning laser microscope (SLM) was used to examine the surface topography of representative samples from each dental composite after the combined effect of both bleaching agents. Effect of composite type, bleaching protocol, and their interaction was assessed by two-way analysis of variance. For multiple comparisons, Tukey's post hoc test was used with Bonferroni correction. Results Surface roughness of all coffee-stained dental composites increased after bleaching; however, those of Grandio and Grandio Flow increased significantly (p &lt; 0.0001). This was confirmed by SLM images that showed rough surface with protruding fillers after in-office and home bleaching protocol. Results revealed that bleaching, regardless of the protocol, decreased the delta E values of all dental composites; however, it was still higher than the accepted threshold value of 3.7. Neither of the bleaching protocols enhanced translucency parameter of all dental composites. Neo Spectra Flow and Voco Flow had the highest translucency parameter after the three bleaching protocols. Conclusion Bleaching does not improve color stability and translucency of coffee-stained nanohybrid dental composites regardless of the viscosity. Surface roughness of coffee-stained nanohybrid dental composites increases after application of bleaching agents.

Effect of Repolishing on Color Stability, Translucency, and Surface Roughness of Aged Monochromatic Dental Composites

Abstract Objective This study aimed to test repolishing effect on color stability, translucency, and surface roughness of aged monochromatic dental composite in artificial saliva, tea, mouthwash, and coffee after 1 month, simulating 2.5 years of clinical use. Materials and Methods Omnichroma, a monochromatic dental composite, and Z250 XT a nanohybrid multishade dental composite were used in this study. Specimens (n = 80) from each dental composite were prepared to determine color stability, translucency parameter, and surface roughness after repolishing of aged specimens in artificial saliva, tea, mouthwash, and coffee for 1 month. Scanning electron microscope and laser scanning microscope were used to study surface topography after repolishing. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance, Scheffe test, and independent t-test. Results A significant difference between both dental composites after repolishing in terms of color stability and translucency parameter as that of Omnichroma was higher but sill color changes of Omnichroma were perceptible. There was no difference between both composites in regard to surface roughness after repolishing; however, values of both composites were above the accepted value of 0.2 µm and laser scanning microscope images confirmed these findings. Conclusions Repolishing did not enhance color and surface roughness of aged monochromatic dental composites.

Tuning high- and low-temperature rheological properties of warm-mixing asphalt composites by functionalized waxes

Traditional asphalt road construction utilizes hot-mixing asphalt mixtures. High temperatures not only accelerate the aging of asphalt, but also produce large amounts of toxic and greenhouse gases. To alleviate these problems, wax-based warm-mixing agents are applied, and asphalt pavement construction temperatures can be efficiently lowered, resulting in lower energy and gas emissions. To systematically evaluate the effects of composition and structure of warm-mixing agents on rheological properties of asphalt at high and low temperatures, a series of functionalized waxes (i.e., oxygen-containing groups, amide groups, and long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons) were designed in this work, followed by a melt-mixing process with asphalt. The findings demonstrated that warm-mixing agents with long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons could significantly improve asphalt composites’ rheological properties at high temperatures, such as good viscosity-reducing effect and superior rutting resistance or permanent deformation resistance; warm-mixing agents with oxygen groups were able to improve the asphalt composites’ resistance to low-temperature cracking; amide group-containing warm-mixing agents could improve the surface roughness of asphalt composites. This work provides a practical guide for the selection of functionalized warm-mixing agents for asphalt pavement under multiple environmental factors.

Effect of Various Toothpaste Tablets on Gloss and Surface Roughness of Resin-based Composite Materials.

To evaluate the effect of various toothpaste tablets on gloss and surface roughness of resin-based composite. Sixty-four resin-based composite specimens were divided into four groups of 16 specimens each. Gloss and roughness were measured before and after simulated brushing with three types of toothpaste tablets and one conventional toothpaste: CT: Chewtab Toothpaste Tablets; AT: Anticavity Toothpaste Tablets; HC: Charcoal Toothpaste Tablets; CP: Cavity Protection toothpaste. The Kruskal-- Wallis procedure was performed to compare the differences by groups. Post-hoc comparisons were conducted with Bonferroni corrections (α=0.05). There was a significant drop in gloss for all groups. CT and AT maintained the highest gloss with means of 81.6 GU and 74.1 GU, respectively. The lowest gloss of 24.5 GU was observed for HC. There was a significant increase in roughness for all groups except for CT. CT had the lowest roughness with a mean of 0.034 μm, while HC had the highest roughness with a mean of 0.074 μm. There was a significant correlation between post-brushing gloss and post-brushing roughness (p<0.001, r=-0.884). Chewtab Toothpaste Tablets had the least effect on gloss and roughness, while Charcoal Toothpaste Tablets had the most negative effect on the surface properties of resin-based composites.

The effect of different liquids on the surface roughness and color stability of single shade and nanohybrid resin composites: An AFM and SEM analysis.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the surface roughness (SR) and color changes of single-shade and nanohybrid resin-based restorative materials (RBC) after immersion in liquids at different pH values. For RBCs, a total of 120 specimens, 30 for each material, were prepared using 10 mm diameter and 2 mm thick molds. For flowable bulk fill RBC, a total of 40 specimens, 10 for each material, were prepared using 10 mm diameter and 4 mm thick molds (n = 10). After initial color and SR measurements, samples were stored in the liquids for 14 days and all of the measurements were repeated on 14th days. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyzes were performed in all groups. When SR results are examined; among all liquids, the highest SR value was observed in the Carisma Diamond One (CDO) group, while the lowest SR value was observed in the Omnichroma Flow Bulk (OMF) group (p < .05). When the color changes (ΔE) results are examined; it was observed that CDO group had highest color change and OMF group had the lowest values. It has been observed that among the liquids, the liquids that affect the ΔE values of the materials the most are coffee and cola. When the ΔE values of the subgroups of the materials were examined, there was a statistically significant difference in all subgroups of RBCs (p < .05). While acidic liquids increased the SR of RBCs, coffee more affected the color change of RBCs. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Clinicians should keep in mind that the RBCs tested may change their surface properties and colors when exposed to various liquids. People who have RBCs should pay attention to the consumption of acidic and highly pigmented liquids.

Color and surface roughness alterations of bulk-fill resin composites submitted to simulated toothbrushing with whitening dentifrices

Aim: To evaluate the surface roughness and color stability of bulk-fill resin composites after simulated toothbrushing with whitening dentifrices. The radioactive/relative dentin abrasion (RDA) and radioactive/relative enamel abrasion (REA) of dentifrices were also assessed. Methods: Specimens (n=10) of Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill (TNCB), Filtek One Bulk Fill (FOB) resin composites, and Z100(Control) were prepared using a cylindrical Teflon matrix. Surface roughness (Ra, μm) was assessed by a roughness meter and the color evaluations (ΔEab , ΔE00 , WID ) were performed using a digital spectrophotometer based on the CIELAB system. Three measurements were performed per sample, before and after simulated toothbrushing with 3D Oral-B White Perfection (3DW) and Black is White (BW) dentifrices. The abrasivity (REA and RDA values) of the used dentifrices was also determined by the Hefferren abrasivity test. Results: The Ra values increased significantly in all resin composites after 3DW and BW toothbrushing. The acceptable threshold color varied among resin composites, and TNCB and Z100 presented the highest ΔEab and ΔE00 for BW dentifrice. The 3DW dentifrice was significantly more abrasive than BW dentifrice on enamel and dentin. Conclusions: simulated toothbrushing with tested whitening dentifrices increased the surface roughness at acceptable levels. The Tetric N Ceram Bulk-fill and Z100 composite showed the highest color alteration in BW. 3D White Perfection dentifrice was more abrasive on dentin and enamel than Black is White.

Effect of an Effervescent Multivitamin on Color and Surface Roughness of Micro-Hybrid Dental Resin Composites.

The use of multivitamins has become widespread globally, yet there is a scarcity of studies investigating their impact on resin composite restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an effervescent multivitamin tablet on micro-hybrid dental resin composites' surface roughness and color. Fifty disc-shaped samples (8 × 2 mm, shade A2; n = 10) were prepared and polished using five different micro-hybrid resin composites (Pergamon, Dentac, Turkey; Estelite Posterior, Tokuyama, Japan; Geanial Anterior, GC, Japan; Charisma Opal, Kulzer, Germany; Beautifil II, Shofu, USA). Samples were immersed in 200 mL water to one effervescent multivitamin tablet (Redoxon Triple Action, Bayer) at 24 °C for 2 min a day in 24 h intervals for 30 days. All samples' surface roughness (Ra) and ΔE(L*a*b) measurements were recorded at the beginning and end of the 30 days. The Wald chi-square and a two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis (significance level p < 0.05). The resin composite type and exposure to the multivitamin had a statistically significant effect on Ra values (p < 0.05). The resin composite type had a statistically significant effect on ΔE values, likely due to the higher mean value of BII (p = 0.040). The surface roughness and color of resin composites can be affected by multivitamins with a pH value of 3.0. Therefore, it is important to consider the patient's routine vitamin intake during resin composite selection. Additional research is required to explore the properties of different dental restorative materials.

The Effects of Home and Over-The-Counter Whitening Agents on Surface Roughness and Microhardness of High Aesthetic Composites

Objectives: The aim of this in-vitro study is to compare the effect of the newly released peroxide-free over-the-counter whitening products and the home bleaching material containing carbamide peroxide, on high aesthetic composites. Materials and methods: In our study, 4 different composites were used: supra-nano(Tokuyama Estelite Asteria), submicron hybrid(Brilliant Ever Glow), nanofil(Filtek Universal Restorative) and finally nano-ceramic(Ceram.x SphereTEC one). A total of 200 disc-shaped composite specimens with 2 mm thickness and 8 mm diameter were prepared using metal molds(n=10). One surface of the samples was polished using Sof-Lex™ XT discs. Composite groups were divided into 5 subgroups as 4 experimental and 1 control groups. Four bleaching products, namely Opalascence Home Type, Mr. Blanc, I-White, Cali White, were used in the experimental groups. It was kept in a drying oven at 37°C to imitate the temperature of the mouth on certain days and hours in accordance with the instructions written in the whitening products prospectus. The surface roughness of the samples was measured with a profilometer and the microhardness values were measured with a fully automatic Micro Hardness Tester. The surfaces were examined with a Scanning Electron Microscopy. Data were evaluated with two-way Variance Analysis and Tukey Test as statistical methods. Results: According to the surface roughness data, Filtek Universal Restorative's I-White subgroup showed the highest average surface roughness value, and Tokuyama Estelite Asteria's I-White subgroup showed the lowest value. There was a meaningful difference between the composite main groups and the experimental subgroups(p&amp;lt;0.05). According to microhardness data, I-White subgroup of Tokuyama Estelite Asteria showed the highest average microhardness value and the lowest value was Brilliant Ever Glow's I-White subgroup. A meaningful difference was observed between the composite main groups and the experimental subgroups(p&amp;lt;0.05). Although OTC bleaching products did not significantly change the surface roughness and microhardness values of composite resins, when SEM analyzes were examined, it was observed that all OTC bleaching products caused more cleft, crack and defect-like changes on the composite surfaces compared to Opalescence home bleaching agent. Conclusions: It can be stated that Filtek Universal Restorative material is the composite that is most negatively affected by whitening materials, while Tokuyama Estelite Asteria composite is the least affected.

Effect of Different Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Gloss of Novel Nanohybrid Resin Composites

Effect of Different Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Gloss of Novel Nanohybrid Resin Composites

The Effect of Modeling Liquid on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Single-Shade Composites: A SEM Study

The aim of this study; to evaluate the effects of modeling liquid use on the surface roughness and color change of single-shade universal composite resins. Total 174-cylinder shaped samples (60 roughness, 54 FE-SEM analysis, 60 color measurements) were prepared in 6 groups, (n=10) 3 of only composites, 3 of composites and modeling liquid. Composite samples were stored in coffee for 7 days and then bleached with 35% Total Blanc Office. FE-SEM analysis, color changes and roughness were measured. For statistical analysis, Two-way Anova test were used (p&lt;0,05). There is a statistically significant difference between the groups with and without modeling liquid in terms of roughness and color changes (p&lt;0,05). The highest roughness and color changes findings were observed in Essentia groups for all measurement times. When Essentia modeling is applied with liquid, the decrease in roughness and color changes is insignificant at the baseline, but the decrease is statistically significant after staining and after bleaching. FE-SEM findings show surface changes in single-shade composites after staining and bleaching. The use of modeling liquids affects the surface roughness of single-shade composites. It is also seen that the modeling liquid used on the surface of the composites protects the surface.

Assessment of surface roughness and compressive strength of resin-based composite using different types of bleaching protocols.

Background and objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three types of bleaching protocols on the surface roughness and compressive strength of composite resin. Methods: Eighty composite resin samples were prepared using metal molds; forty samples (2 mm in height and 8 mm in diameter) for surface roughness evaluation and the other forty samples (6 mm in height and 4 mm in diameter) for compressive strength. Every forty samples were divided into four groups; Group 1 (n = 10) The samples were stored in deionized water at 37°C for two weeks as control, group 2 (n =10) The samples were subjected to bleaching with 22% Carbamide Peroxide (CP) Home bleaching, group 3 (n =10) The samples were subjected to bleaching with 14% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) Home bleaching and group 4 (n =10) The samples were subjected to bleaching with 25% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP in-Office) in a dental clinic. After bleaching, groups 2, 3, and 4 were evaluated for surface roughness and compressive strength. Results: The enamel surface roughness of all specimens were increased after bleaching protocols to a very similar extent with no statistically significant difference between the means of enamel roughness of the control group and the other three groups and the highest value was recorded in the Carbamide Peroxide group (CP), while compressive strength of the composite was decreased after using bleaching protocols in all groups in comparison with the control group and the least compressive strength was recorded in (HP) group followed by (HP in-Office) group and (CP) group respectively. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: There was a decrease in surface roughness using different types of bleaching protocols (22% CP and 14% HP) at-Home bleaching technique and (25%) in-Office HP bleaching. Although there was no significant difference between them. The compressive strength of the composite resin was reduced after bleaching with no significant difference. Keywords: Bleaching protocol, Hydrogen peroxide, Carbamide peroxide

In vitro comparison of one-step, two-step, and three-step polishing systems on the surface roughness and gloss of different resin composites.

This laboratory study evaluated the effect of three polishing systems on the surface roughness and gloss of resin composites. Thirty specimens (6 mm Ø × 8 mm) were fabricated from each of three resin composites: Z 350 XT (nanofill), Harmonize (nanohybrid), and Estelite Omega (supranonofill). All specimens were photopolymerized using a multi-peak LED curing unit (VALO-Standard mode), having a exitance irradiance of approximately 1000 mW/cm2 against a polyester strip (PS). 2 mm was then removed from the irradiated end (finished) using #320 abrasive paper (F). Specimens were then randomly polished (P) using a one-step (1S) (OneGloss), two-step (2S) (EVE Diacomp Twist Basic CA), or 3-step (3S) (Astropol P) system (n = 10). For PS, F, and P groups, surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a surface roughness tester, and surface gloss was measured with a glossmeter. For each specimen, the percent recovery to the PS value (%R) of surface roughness and surface gloss were calculated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test. Surface roughness and gloss values were submitted to Pearson's correlation test (α = 0.05). All statistical testing was performed using a pre-set alpha of 0.05. The interaction term [resin composite × polishing system] was significant for both surface roughness (p = 0.001) and gloss (p = 0.0001). For all resin composites, the 2S and 3S systems provided a higher %R of surface roughness and gloss compared to those of the 1S system. There was a negative correlation between surface roughness and gloss, but only a few combinations showed strong correlations. The 2S and 3S polishing systems provided surfaces having greater smoothness and gloss compared to the 1S system. The ability to recover surface roughness and gloss was dependent on type of resin composite filler classification. The 3S and 2S polishing systems were more effective in achieving PS values than was the 1S system for all tested resin composites. However, individual polishing systems performed differently depending on type of resin composite.

Effect of processing conditions and electrode materials on the surface roughness of EDM-processed hybrid metal matrix composites

The current investigation aims to investigate the role of four major input parameters, i.e. Current (I), Gap Voltage (V), Pulse off time (Toff), and Pulse duration (Ton) on surface roughness (Ra) of Al–Mg-0.6Si-0.275Cu/SiC10 % hybrid composite samples fabricated by Stir-casting. In addition, paper focuses on the goal to ascertain the impact of distinct tool materials on surface morphology of Al/SiC composite. Further, mathematical models were developed using the L29 orthogonal array in the Stat-Ease Modelling Expert V7.0 software. Thus, to validate the significance of the developed models, an Analysis of Variance was used. Finally, the topography of the specimen's surface (pre and post-machining) was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that at a peak current of 5 Amp, Gap voltage of 100V, Pulse on time of 100 μs, and Pulse off time of 40 μs, the lowest surface roughness with brass and copper electrodes was 0.29 μm and 0.32 μm obtained. The Brass electrode yielded 9.3 % lower surface roughness than the copper electrode.