Surface Pore Structure Research Articles

Preparation and Characterization of Crimped PLA Fibers With Surface Porous Structure to Promote Cell Adhesion and Growth

ABSTRACTElectrospun fibrous scaffolds are widely used in vascular tissue engineering because they are able to mimic the organizational structure and biological function of a natural extracellular matrix. Improving the topological structure and mechanical properties of electrospun fibrous scaffolds is crucial for achieving good interaction between cells and materials. Herein, oriented polylactic acid (PLA) fibers with surface porous structure were prepared by electrospinning. The orientation degree of the surface porous structure (84.77° ± 5.61°) was highly consistent with the orientation degree of the fiber (83.66° ± 7.31°), which improved the porosity of the fiber and promoted the adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Then, by heat treatment, oriented PLA fibers with a surface porous structure were formed into a crimped state, which mimics the crimped structure and nonlinear mechanical properties of the elastic fibers within the blood vessel wall. The crimped PLA fibers with surface porous structure significantly improved the aspect ratio of HUVECs and promoted HUVECs‐oriented growth, which shows certain potential applications in vascular tissue engineering.

Purification, structural identification, in vitro hypoglycemic activity and digestion characteristics of polysaccharides from the flesh and peel of wampee (Clausena lansium)

In this study, two polysaccharides were isolated from the flesh and peel of wampee, termed as PWP-F and PWP-P respectively, and their structural characteristics, in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities and digestion were investigated. Results indicated the molecular weight of PWP-F was higher than that of PWP-P and they were both mainly composed of galactose and arabinose. Both polysaccharides exhibited α-type and β-type glycosidic linkages based on FTIR analysis. NMR spectroscopy revealed that PWP-F mainly consisted of α-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-Araf-(1→, →2,5)-α-Araf-(1→, →4) → β-Galp-(1 → and α-GalpA-(1→, while PWP-P was composed of α-Araf-(1→, →3)-α-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-Araf-(1→, →3,6) → β-Galp-(1→ and α-GalpA-(1→. Scanning electron microscopy showed that PWP-P had more porous surface structure compared to PWP-F. Moreover, PWP-P exhibited superior antioxidant activity and significant inhibition of both α-glucosidase and α-amylase compared to PWP-F. Specifically, PWP-P demonstrated mixed inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. In vitro digestion results showed the molecular weight, polysaccharide and reducing sugar content of PWP-F and PWP-P decreased after simulative gastrointestinal digestion. Overall, PWP-P has great potential as a kind of new antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent.

Effects of rainfall-induced physical crusts on soil carbon distribution and mineralization through surface pore structure

The vast carbon sequestration potential of soil implies that even minor changes in its characteristics can impact atmospheric carbon levels. However, little research has focused on the influence of rainfall-induced physical crusts, a common natural phenomenon, on soil organic carbon (SOC). In this study, we simulated contour farming patterns and induced artificial rainfall to obtain different types of physical crusts (structural and depositional crusts). We determined their effects on SOC mineralization rates and distribution and utilized XCT scanning technology to gather surface pore data, attempting to explain the reasons from the perspective of pore structure changes. The formation of physical crusts significantly enhanced SOC mineralization. During the 27-day mineralization experiment, the production of structural and depositional crusts increased cumulative mineralization rates by at least 23.07 % and 18.57 %, respectively. The underlying cause of this phenomenon is closely related to the drastic changes in soil pore structure, particularly the increase in the proportion of micropores and the enhancement of pore connectivity after crust cracking. Additionally, rainfall resulted in SOC enrichment in the surface crust but led to increased participation of subsoil organic carbon in the mineralization process. Consequently, the level of SOC in subsoil significantly decreased after the formation of physical crusts compared to soil without crusts. This study reveals the impact of rainfall-induced soil physical crusts on SOC release and storage and provides a microscopic pore perspective to explain the underlying mechanisms. Against the backdrop of global climate change, this research supplements theoretical understanding of the effects of rainfall events on soil carbon pools and predictions of soil organic carbon release.

Optimizing sponge-like activated carbon from Manihot esculenta tubers for high-performance supercapacitors

Activated carbon plays a crucial role in enhancing supercapacitor performance by optimizing parameters such as surface area, pore structure, and morphology. This study investigates activated carbon derived from Manihot esculenta tubers, which offers a promising, sponge-like porous morphology suitable for supercapacitor electrodes. Activated carbon derived from Manihot esculenta tubers was synthesized utilizing chemical activation with varying concentrations of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the activator 0 M (C-S0), 1 M (AC-S1M), 2 M (AC-S2M), and 4 M (AC-S4M). The AC-S4M sample variant achieved the highest surface area (471.645 m2g−1) and total volume (0.253 cm3g−1). Electrochemical characterization using symmetric coin cell supercapacitors demonstrated excellent specific capacitance of 146.570 Fg−1 at 0.1 Ag−1 in a 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. Notably, the highest energy density of 15.525 Whkg−1 at a power density of 174.660 Wkg−1 was achieved. These results underscore the potential of Manihot esculenta tubers-derived activated carbon as a sustainable, high-performance electrode material, advancing environmentally friendly energy storage technologies, which remain interesting for further studies.

Preparation of Bi2WO6/MXene(Ti3C2Tx) Composite Material and Its Photothermal Catalytic Reduction of CO2 in Air

In response to growing concerns about the greenhouse effect, the direct conversion of atmospheric CO2 has become a pivotal research focus. This research utilizes hydrothermal synthesis to develop Bi2WO6/MXene(Ti3C2Tx), which efficiently reduces CO2 directly at the gas–solid interface through photothermal synergy, without requiring additional sacrificial agents or alkaline absorption solutions. The results indicate that the CO formation rate is about 216.9 μmol·g−1h−1. Notably, this system demonstrates exceptional selectivity for reducing CO2 to CO. The outstanding photothermal catalytic efficiency is attributed to the introduction of MXene, which serves as an efficient and economical co-catalyst. The integration of MXene improves the composite material’s specific surface area and pore structure, enhances its CO2 adsorption capacity, and results in the Bi2WO6/MXene hybrid having a shorter charge transfer distance and a larger interface contact area. This ensures superior charge transfer capabilities, ultimately leading to a significant enhancement in the catalytic efficiency of the composite. This study presents a straightforward and highly selective method for capturing and converting atmospheric CO2, offering fresh insights for developing efficient photothermal catalytic materials.

In Situ Rapid Preparation of the Cu-MOF Film on Titanium Alloys at Low Temperature.

Titanium alloys are widely used in marine environments and medical fields due to their excellent corrosion resistance and high specific strength. However, their good biocompatibility can lead to severe biofouling, thereby limiting their effectiveness. To inhibit biofouling on the surface of titanium alloys, this study proposes an antifouling solution, which involves the in situ preparation of Cu-MOF film on titanium alloys by leveraging the antibacterial properties of Cu ions. Here, the dense and stable TiO2 film on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy was removed by alkali-heat treatment; meanwhile, a porous surface structure was simultaneously obtained where OH- ions were retained. In the subsequent step, the retained OH- ions in the pores attracted Cu2+ ions in solution to form Cu(OH)2 in the pores, providing active sites for the formation of Cu-MOFs. Subsequently, Cu(OH)2 reacted with organic ligand (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, BTC) at room temperature to form Cu-MOFs in the pores, which then grew quickly to cover the alkali-heat-treated surface within 1 h. The formation mechanism of Cu-MOF film on Ti-6Al-4V was elucidated, which provides a reference for designing and preparing multifunctional MOF film in situ on titanium alloys. The stability of in situ-grown Cu-MOF samples and their inhibitory effects on bacteria and microalgae have also been verified. The results indicate that although the stability of Cu-MOFs is relatively poor, their bactericidal and algicidal effects are extremely significant, suggesting that this material has significant potential for short-term applications that require high antibacterial performance.

Ionic substitution through bredigite doping for microstructure and performance adjustment in DLP 3D-printed TPMS porous HA bone scaffolds

ABSTRACT Hydroxyapatite (HA) is widely used in bone scaffold development, but still faces problems of forming difficulty, slow degradation, and limited biological performance. In this study, triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous HA scaffolds were prepared using desktop-level DLP and then doped with bredigite (BR) to enhance their performance through ion substitution to adjust microstructure. The DLP-prepared scaffolds displayed intricate curved surface porous structure, and their micro-porosity decreased while grain size increased with sintering holding time. During sintering, Mg2+ from BR substituted Ca2+ in HA, forming new secondary phases, which slightly decreased grain size while significantly increased micro-porosity. These factors slightly reduced mechanical properties while significantly enhanced degradation. The rapid release of inorganic active ions from BR and new phases enhanced the biomineralization and cell response. This study demonstrated the potential of using desktop-level DLP to construct complex porous ceramic scaffolds and using ion substitution to modulate their microstructure and performance.

Improvement in an Analytical Approach for Modeling the Melting Process in Single-Screw Extruders.

Most single-screw extruders used in the plastics processing industry are plasticizing extruders, designed to melt solid pellets or powders within the screw channel during processing. In many cases, the efficiency of the melting process acts as the primary throughput-limiting factor. If the material melts too late in the process, it may not be sufficiently mixed, resulting in substandard product quality. Accurate prediction of the melting process is therefore essential for efficient and cost-effective machine design. A practical method for engineers is the modeling of the melting process using mathematical-physical models that can be solved without complex numerical methods. These models enable rapid calculations while still providing sufficient predictive accuracy. This study revisits the modified Tadmor model by Potente, which describes the melting process and predicts the delay-zone length, extending from the hopper front edge to the point of melt pool formation. Based on extensive experimental investigations, this model is adapted by redefining the flow temperatures at the phase boundary and accounting for surface porosity at the beginning of the melting zone. Additionally, the effect of variable solid bed dynamics on model accuracy is examined. Significant model improvements were achieved by accounting for reduced heat flow into the solid bed due to the porous surface structure in the solid conveying zone, along with a new assumption for the flow temperature at the phase boundary between the solid bed and melt film.

Organic-Inorganic Biocompatible Coatings for Temporary and Permanent Metal Implants.

The general trend of increasing life expectancy will consistently drive the demand for orthopedic prostheses. In addition to the elderly, the younger population is also in urgent need of orthopedic devices, as bone fractures are a relatively common injury type; it is important to treat the patient quickly, painlessly, and eliminate further health complications. In the field of traumatology and orthopedics, metals and their alloys are currently the most commonly used materials. In this context, numerous scientists are engaged in the search for new implant materials and coatings. Among the various coating techniques, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) (or micro-arc oxidation-MAO) occupy a distinct position. This method offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to modification of metal surfaces. PEO can effectively form porous, corrosion-resistant, and bioactive coatings on light alloys. The porous oxide surface structure welcomes organic molecules that can significantly enhance the corrosion resistance of the implant and improve the biological response of the body. The review considers the most crucial aspects of new combined PEO-organic coatings on metal implants, in terms of their potential for implantation, corrosion resistance, and biological activity in vitro and in vivo.

Effect of Structural Configurations on Mechanical and Shape Recovery Properties of NiTi Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Porous Structures

Based on the advantages of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous structures, extensive research on NiTi shape memory alloy TPMS scaffolds has been conducted. However, the current reports about TPMS porous structures highly rely on the implicit equation, which limited the design flexibility. In this work, novel shell-based TPMS structures were designed and fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. The comparisons of manufacturability, mechanical properties, and shape recovery responses between traditional solid-based and novel shell-based TPMS structures were evaluated. Results indicated that the shell-based TPMS porous structures possessed larger Young’s moduli and higher compressive strengths. Specifically, Diamond shell structure possessed the highest Young’s moduli of 605.8±24.5 MPa, while Gyroid shell structure possessed the highest compressive strength of 43.90±3.32 MPa. In addition, because of the larger specific surface area, higher critical stress to induce martensite transformation, and lower austenite finish temperature, the Diamond shell porous structure exhibited much higher shape recovery performance (only 0.1% residual strain left at pre-strains of 6%) than other porous structures. These results substantially uncover the effects of structural topology on the mechanical properties and shape recovery responses of NiTi shape memory alloy scaffolds, and confirm the effectiveness of this novel structural design method. This research can provide guidance for the structural design application of NiTi porous scaffolds in bone implants.

Experimental Study on Optimizing Hydrogen Production from Sludge by Microwave Catalytic Pyrolysis Using Response Surface Methodology.

Catalytic pyrolysis technology is a harmless and useful solid waste treatment method. Studying the catalytic pyrolysis of sludge for hydrogen production is of practical significance. Therefore, this paper prepared a bifunctional catalyst with both microwave absorption and catalytic properties from electroplating sludge through carbonization and acid modification processes and then was characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, XPS, and FTIR. An experimental study employed a conventional-then-microwave pyrolysis method to investigate the catalytic pyrolysis process of municipal sludge. Combining central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) with three factors and five levels, this paper investigated the interactive effects of the conventional pyrolysis temperature, microwave irradiation time, and catalyst addition ratio on the unit hydrogen production (UHP) of sludge. A predictive model based on a second-order polynomial regression equation was developed. The results revealed that the catalyst possesses a specific surface area and pore structure and that the second-order polynomial model fits well. The conventional pyrolysis temperature, microwave irradiation time, catalyst addition ratio, and interaction between the latter two significantly affected the UHP of sludge. The optimal operation conditions of conventional pyrolysis temperature, microwave irradiation time, and catalyst addition ratio were 462.7 °C, 8.8 min, and 12.4%, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the UHP was 13.22 mmol/g, with a relative error of only 1.12% compared to the predicted model value of 13.37 mmol/g.

Iron–Cobalt Bimetallic Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Carbon Materials Activate PMS to Degrade Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Water

Organic pollutants entering water bodies lead to severe water pollution, posing a threat to human health. The activation of persulfate advanced oxidation processes using carbon materials derived from MOFs as substrates can efficiently treat wastewater contaminated with organic pollutants. This research uses NH2-MIL-101(Fe) as a substrate, doped with Fe2+ and Co2+, to prepare Fe/Co-CNs through a one-step carbonization method. The surface morphology, pore structure, and chemical composition of Fe/Co-CNs were investigated using characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, FT-IR, BET, and Raman. A comparative study was conducted on the performance of catalysts with different Fe/Co ratios in activating PMS for the degradation of organic pollutants, as well as the effects of various influencing factors (the dosage of Fe/Co-CNs, the amount of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), the initial pH of the solution, the TC concentration, and inorganic anions) on the catalyst’s activation of persulfate for TC degradation. Through radical quenching experiments and post-degradation XPS analysis, the active radicals in the FeCo-CNs/PMS system were investigated to explain the possible mechanism of TC degradation in the Fe/Co-CNs/PMS system. The results indicate that Fe/Co-CNs-2 (with a Co2+ doping amount of 20%) achieves a degradation rate of 93.34% for TC (tetracycline hydrochloride) within 30 min when activating PMS, outperforming other Co2+ doping amounts. In addition, singlet oxygen (1O2) is the main reactive species in the reaction system.

Enhanced Removal of Chlorpyrifos, Cu(II), Pb(II), and Iodine from Aqueous Solutions Using Ficus Nitida and Date Palm Biochars

This study explores the adsorption efficiency of biochar derived from palm trees and Ficus nitida for the removal of various contaminants, including Cu(II), Pb(II), iodine, and chlorpyrifos from aqueous solutions. Biochar was prepared using a two-step pyrolysis process for date palm biochar and single-step pyrolysis for Ficus nitida biochar. Characterization techniques such as SEM, EDX, and FTIR revealed a significant surface area and a variety of functional groups in both types of biochar, essential for effective adsorption. The date palm biochar exhibited superior adsorption capacities for Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions, achieving efficiencies up to 99.9% and 100%, respectively, due to its high content of oxygen-containing functional groups that facilitated strong complexation and ion exchange mechanisms. Conversely, Ficus nitida biochar demonstrated a higher adsorption capacity for iodine, reaching 68% adsorption compared to 39.7% for date palm biochar, owing to its greater surface area and microporosity. In the case of chlorpyrifos, Ficus nitida biochar again outperformed date palm biochar, achieving a maximum adsorption efficiency of 87% after 24 h of incubation, compared to 50.8% for date palm biochar. The study also examines the effect of incubation time on adsorption efficiency, showing that the adsorption of chlorpyrifos by date palm biochar increased significantly with time, reaching a maximum of 62.9% after 48 h, with no further improvement beyond 12 h. These results highlight the importance of biochar characteristics, such as surface area, pore structure, and functional groups, in determining adsorption efficiency. The findings suggest that optimizing pyrolysis conditions and surface modifications could further enhance the performance of biochar as a cost-effective and sustainable solution for water purification and environmental remediation.

Chemical Safety Assessment of Pitch-Based Activated Carbon Pellets via Highly Toxic Gas Adsorption Properties

This study focuses on the preparation of activated carbon using a petroleum-residue-based pitch, as well as the HCl gas adsorption properties of the resulting activated carbon pellets relative to their specific surface area and pore structure. Activated carbon was prepared under various oxidation and chemical activation conditions using pitch with a softening point of 220 °C. The activated carbon was mixed with distilled water, an acrylic binder, and carboxymethyl cellulose in a specific ratio to form pellets. These pellets were then dried in an oven at 80 °C. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses were performed to evaluate the surface structure and specific surface area of the finalized pellets. HCl gas was adsorbed at a concentration of 50 ppm while examining the adsorption characteristics relative to the pore structure and specific surface area.

Structural design and performance correlation of porous Poly(ionic liquid)S for 2-bromophenol adsorption

The demand for bromophenol is on the rise, driven by its extensive applications in industries, including human medicine. This surge in demand has spurred the development of eco-friendly methods for bromophenol recovery and the synthesis of new, low-toxicity compounds. In our study, we prepared a novel poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) featuring a benzene ring. The synthesis of this PIL involved using benzyl alcohol as the primary crosslinking agent, dimethoxymethane as an auxiliary crosslinking agent, and an imidazolium-based ionic liquid monomer, [Dimbb]Cl₂, for the adsorption of 2-bromophenol from aqueous solutions. We designed the PIL to be a high-performance and sustainable adsorbent by optimizing its specific surface area and pore structure. Structural analysis revealed that the PILs have a highly rich micro-mesoporous structure. The adsorption kinetics conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetics, reaching equilibrium in just 6 min. According to the Langmuir model, PIL-1 demonstrated a remarkable maximum adsorption capacity of 434.71 mg/g for 2-bromophenol. Quantum chemical calculations suggested that the adsorption mechanism involves processes such as pore filling, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and π-π interactions. Furthermore, the adsorbent can be effectively recovered at least five times using anhydrous ethanol as the desorption agent, while maintaining an adsorption efficiency exceeding 90 %.

Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber composites integrated with Al-MOF/mesoporous carbon for superior CO2 capture and VOC removal

Electrospun PAN nanofiber composites with integrated Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and mesoporous carbon (MPC) offer an efficient solution for CO2 capture and hydrocarbon removal. In this study, we synthesized a series of NH2-MIL-101(Al)@MPC composites using a solvothermal method and incorporated them into PAN nanofibers via electrospinning. The composites were characterized by FTIR, XRD, FESEM, XPS, mechanical properties and TGA, showing enhanced surface area and pore structure. NH2-MIL-101(Al) exhibited a BET surface area of 933.14 m2/g, crucial for selective absorption. The PAN/MOF@MPC nanofibers demonstrated improved mechanical properties and achieved a CO2 uptake of 6.35 mmol g−1 at 298 K and 0.55 bar. Additionally, the modified nanofibers demonstrated excellent static and dynamic adsorption capacities for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like acetone and benzene. This study highlights the synergistic effects of combining MOFs and MPCs within electrospun nanofibers, resulting in materials with enhanced adsorption efficiency and mechanical stability. The work presents a novel approach by integrating MOF@MPCs into electrospun PAN nanofibers, significantly enhancing CO2 capture and VOC removal. This innovative combination not only improves the adsorption performance but also advances the mechanical properties of the nanofibers, showcasing a new strategy for developing high-performance materials for environmental remediation. The results offer strong potential for real-world applications in air purification and carbon sequestration.

In-situ monitoring of changes in temperature and microstrain during the chemical corrosion of stone cultural relics

Temperature changes during the chemical corrosion of stone cultural relics affect the condensation and evaporation of water and chemical reactions between soluble substances and corrosive solutions. This ultimately leads to changes in the internal structure and composition of the artifacts, which in turn lead to changes in the microstrain of cultural relics. To obtain in-situ real-time information on changes in the temperature and microstrain of stone cultural relics during chemical corrosion damage, a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) detection system was developed. The detection principle for the temperature and microstrain of sandstone was provided. Thermal field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to characterize the surface morphology, composition, and pore structure of the sandstone samples, respectively. The temperature and microstrain changes of the sandstone samples under deionized water with different acidic/alkaline and salt solutions and at different temperatures were examined online in situ using the FBG measurement system. The results indicate that the dissolution of sandstone in the acidic solution (H2SO4 and NaHSO4) resulted in an exothermic chemical reaction as well as the dissolution of sandstone in the neutral salt solution (Na2SO4) and alkaline solution (NaOH and Na2CO3) led to material conversion and exothermic chemical reaction; the deionization reaction belongs to the dissolution reaction. The NaHSO4 solution caused the most serious corrosive disease on the sandstone surface. When the temperature of the NaHSO4 solution was 60 °C, the temperature and microstrain of the sandstone reached 63.9 °C and 253.6 με, respectively. The results of this study can support the research of revealing the corrosion mechanism of sandstone in different environments.

Structural and Optical Properties of Nickel-Doped Zinc Sulfide.

In this study, undoped and Ni-doped ZnS nanoparticles were fabricated using a hydrothermal method to explore their structural, optical, and surface properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the cubic crystal structure of ZnS, with the successful incorporation of Ni ions at various doping levels (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) without disrupting the overall lattice configuration. The average particle size for undoped ZnS was found to be 5.27 nm, while the Ni-doped samples exhibited sizes ranging from 5.45 nm to 5.83 nm, with the largest size observed at 6% Ni doping before a reduction at higher concentrations. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified characteristic Zn-S vibrational bands, with shifts indicating successful Ni incorporation into the ZnS lattice. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the optical band gap from 3.72 eV for undoped ZnS to 3.54 eV for 6% Ni-doped ZnS, demonstrating tunable optical properties due to Ni doping, which could enhance photocatalytic performance under visible light. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses confirmed the uniform distribution of Ni within the ZnS matrix, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided further confirmation of the chemical states of the elements. Ni doping of ZnS nanoparticles alters the surface area and pore structure, optimizing the material's textural properties for enhanced performance. These findings suggest that Ni-doped ZnS nanoparticles offer promising potential for applications in photocatalysis, optoelectronics, and other fields requiring specific band gap tuning and particle size control.

Enhancing chemical heat storage performance of nanocarbon porous particle based MgO/Mg(OH)2 composite by calcination method

The application of MgO/Mg(OH)2 in heat storage technology has been limited due to slow hydration rate and easy agglomeration. In this paper, nanoporous carbon particle (NCP) as a carrier was used to prepare NCP/MgO chemical heat storage composite materials by impregnation and calcination methods, respectively. The microstructure characterization, hydration reaction, and simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis experiments were carried out on the prepared composite materials. The results showed that the internal distribution of MgO in the composite material prepared by calcination method was more uniform, and the particle size of MgO was smaller. Under the conditions of 110 ℃ hydration temperature and 57.8 kPa water vapor partial pressure, the hydration conversion ratio of the composite material prepared by calcination method after 120 min of hydration conversion ratio reached 93 %, which was 17.7 % higher than that of the impregnated composite material and 50 % higher than that of pure MgO. Under the comprehensive influence of specific surface area, pore structure, and active component particle size, compared with pure materials and impregnated composite materials, the dehydration rate of the composite material prepared by calcination method at 300 ℃ was twice that of impregnated method and 6 times that of pure MgO, and the heat storage density reached 1039kJ/kg. After 10 cycles, the heat storage density still maintained an initial state of 95.8 %. Compared with pure materials and impregnated composite materials, NCP/MgO composite materials prepared by calcination method had better heat storage performance and higher cyclic stability.

Removal of Dyes from Waste Water Using Low‐Cost Adsorbents

AbstractThe principal objective of this article is a thorough analysis of the usage of inexpensive adsorbents to eliminate dyes from different aquatic environments. Dyes, commonly employed in industries—textiles, pharmaceuticals, and food, pose a significant environmental concern due to their persistence and potential toxicity. In response, researchers have explored the efficacy of low‐cost adsorbents (LCAs) as sustainable and economical alternatives for dye elimination. An overview of the environmental effects of dye contamination and the difficulties in using traditional dye removal techniques is given at the outset of the paper. It then delves into the diverse range of LCAs, including agricultural by‐products, waste materials, and natural substances, that have shown promise in adsorbing and eliminating dye contaminants. Examples of such adsorbents include activated carbon (AC) derived from agricultural residues, bio‐adsorbents from various plant materials, and industrial by‐products with inherent adsorption properties. Key mechanisms involved in the adsorption process, such as surface chemistry, pore structure, and electrostatic interactions, are elucidated to offer a fundamental understanding of the sorption capabilities of these materials. This comprehensive review consolidates the current knowledge on dye removal utilizing LCAs, offering insights into the challenges, advancements, and future directions in this environmentally significant field. The findings underscore the potential of harnessing readily available, sustainable materials as effective sorbents for mitigating the adverse impacts of dye pollutants in aqueous systems. The adsorption capacity is comparable to supplementary adsorbents suggested for the removal of dyes. The widely accessible adsorption properties of basic and acidic dyes do not significantly differ from one another.