Surface Of Carbon Paste Electrode Research Articles

An Eco-Friendly alternative for voltammetric determination of creatinine in urine sample using copper(II) immobilized on biochar

Creatinine (CRE) is the final product of creatine and phosphocreatine metabolism in mammals. CRE is primarily excreted by the kidneys, and a decrease in urinary creatinine content can be an indicator of kidney failure. Therefore, monitoring this biomarker in urine samples is crucial. For this purpose, an electrochemical sensor had been proposed for indirect determination of the target based on the immobilization of copper ions on biochar, an eco-friendly material. First, copper ions (Cu2+) were spontaneously preconcentrated at the surface of a biochar-modified carbon paste electrode. Next, CRE was spontaneously accumulated over this surface, resulting in the suppression of the copper voltammetric signal. This suppression was attributed to the formation of a creatinine-copper complex, and used as the analytical response. A linear dynamic range (LDR) of 300–700 µmol L−1 in the presence of a synthetic urine matrix was achieved, along with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 91.0 µmol L−1 and 300 µmol L−1, respectively. Selectivity was suitable for the most common metallic species found in urine and equimolar uric acid concentration. The standard addition method was adopted for CRE determinations in synthetic urine samples, and the recoveries values were 101 ± 7 % for the method's limit of quantification (LOQ) concentration (300 µmol L−1), and 100 ± 7 % for the usual creatinine concentration in urine after a dilution step, 500 µmol L−1. Therefore, an approach based on metal immobilization, using an eco-friendly material, was proposed for indirect creatinine determination, and successfully applied to biomarker analysis in a synthetic urine matrix.

A novel, rapidly-constructed synergistic copolymer-metallocene electrode with drug-detection capabilities

Electropolymerized poly(diphenylamine-co-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether) (P(DPA-co-4,4′-DADPE)) on carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface, forms a thin, porous nanofilm with low impurity content, and high resistance to toxicity and electrocatalytic properties. In this research, we aim to enhance the properties of the copolymer by immersing it in a chloroferrocene solution for only 4 min. This facilitates the formation of a novel, robust synergistic electrode. Optimization of this electrode is influenced by the concentration of ferrocene, immersion time, and scan rate. Various characterization techniques including CV (Cyclic Voltammetry), FESEM (Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDS (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), and IR (Infrared Spectroscopy) were employed to investigate the electrode. This synergistic electrode exhibits a current density of 9.67 and 24.67 times higher compared to nano-copolymer and ferrocene electrodes, respectively. The kinetic parameters, Γ∗, α, ks, and n, for the electrode, are 4.10 × 10−7mol/cm2, 0.485, 61.13 s−1, and 1. As a result, the electrode displays appropriate velocity, quasi-reversible kinetic characteristics, and behavior compatible with the surface adsorption process. Furthermore, it exhibits a higher active surface concentration of redox compared to copolymer and ferrocene electrodes. The synergistic electrode also demonstrates a significant improvement in electron exchange yield with ΔEp, 43 % less than copolymer/CPE. These findings, combined with electrochemical stability and pH independence of the new electrode, resulting from the synergistic effect of ferrocene and copolymer, indicate its potential as a robust redox mediator. Finally, the catalytic effect of the electrode in cyclic voltammetry detection of amoxicillin was confirmed, with a Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) within the dynamic range of 2.00 × 10−5–8.00 × 10−4 M, was estimated equal to 1.42 × 10−6 and 4.73 × 10−6, respectively.

Electrochemical activation of zinc oxide decorated graphene oxide modified carbon paste electrode surface for investigation of bisphenol-A and sulfadiazine: A voltammetric study

The rapid monitoring of drugs has robust global desire for environment has high efficacy. In this study the Zinc Oxide/Graphene Oxide modified carbon paste electrode (ZnO/GO/MCPE) was used for the voltammetric determination of Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Sulfadiazine (SFZ). The characterization of synthesized ZnO NP’s done by XRD, SEM and EDX technique; the morphological character of procured graphene oxide is done by SEM and ZnO/GO/MCPE brings the tremendous sensitivity towards the detection of BPA and SFZ utilizing CV and LSV techniques. The pH, concentration and scan rate parameters investigation were performed for BPA and SFZ, the ZnO/GO/MCPE is employ for SFZ and BPA in simultaneous determination. the limit of detection was established to be 0.209 µM and 2.760 µM respectively.

An electrochemical sensor for the determination of environmentally hazardous fungicide pyrimethanil in water and fruit samples.

We developed a facile electroanalytical system for the rapid and sensitive detection of pyrimethanil through the modification of carbon paste electrode surface using the as-fabricated europium doped feather-type CuO nanoflowers (FT-Eu3+-CuO NF sensor). The peak current of pyrimethanil oxidation was elevated by the sensor due to the integration of appreciable electrochemical features of the modifier, which indicates the high ability of the modified electrode to enhance the sensitivity of pyrimethanil detection. The pyrimethanil sensor under the optimized setting had a broad linear dynamic range (0.001-800.0 μM) and a narrow limit of detection (0.18 nM). The practical applicability of the as-fabricated electrode was verified by sensing pyrimethanil in real samples; it also exhibited commendable specificity, stability and reproducibility.

Electrochemical determination of sorafenib by chronopotentiometry and ASDPV based on novel molecularly imprinted polymer and their applications in oncology patients

A promising selective and sensitive biosensor was fabricated for the first time to monitor trace amounts of sorafenib (SORF), a multi-target kinase inhibitor, based on the electropolymerization of pyrrole on a carbon paste electrode (CPE). To prepare a modified CPE, the prepared metal organic framework (NH2-MIL-101(Fe)) was mixed with graphite powder in the presence of an appropriate amount of paraffin oil before it was packed into a plastic tube containing a copper wire. Computational studies appreciate the use of pyrrole as the functional monomer for electropolymerization at the CPE surface using chronopotentiometry in the presence of SORF as a template. After the leaching of SORF, the imprinted sensor was characterized using FT-IR, SEM, and AFM, while NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was investigated by XRD, XPS, and SEM analysis. Under optimum conditions, SORF was detected using anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetric and chronopotentiometric techniques. High sensitivity (6.40 × 10−12 mol/L), excellent selectivity, and a wide linear range (4.20 × 10−11–7.10 × 10−3 mol/L) were recorded. Furthermore, the proposed sensor exhibited good repeatability (RSD = 2.40 % for n = 7) and high lifetime stability (∼7 weeks). Based on the above-mentioned merits, the designed electrochemical sensor was properly utilized for SORF determination in different oncology patients with satisfactory results (recovery = 94.40–99.90 %).

Bio-engineered sensing of Atrazine by green CdS quantum dots: Evidence from electrochemical studies and DFT simulations

The present investigation reports a comprehensible and responsive strategy for identifying atrazine in several conditions using an extensive electrochemical method. CdS Quantum dots were synthesized via a greener approach, and their formation was endorsed by numerous characterization techniques such as FTIR, SEM, Raman, UV–Vis, and XRD. Owing to the splendid electrocatalytic behavior, Green CdS quantum dots (QDs) of crystallite size ∼2 nm was opted as the sensor material and were, therefore, incorporated on the bare carbon paste electrode's surface. The developed sensor demonstrated an impressive outcome for atrazine sensing accompanied by superior selectivity and sensitivity. The lower detection limit (LLOD) of 0.53 μM was attained using the developed sensor in a linear concentration range of 10–100 μM. Furthermore, the practical pertinence of the developed sensor was examined on distilled water, wastewater, and fresh liquid milk, resulting in a tremendous retrieval of atrazine (91.33–99.8%).

Response surface methodology use in construction of polianiline-coated carbon paste electrode-based biosensor: Modification and characterization.

In this study, the effect of amperometric glucose biosensor construction and using conditions on the current response was investigated in detail applying experimental design. Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized on the carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface using the cyclic voltammetry technique in sodium oxalate (NaOx ) electrolyte medium, and an amperometric biosensor was constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD). Biosensor preparation (aniline, GOD and NaOx concentrations, and scan rate) and operating conditions (pH and applied potential) were optimized by Box-Behnken and optimal designs, respectively, via State Ease Design Expert 7.0.1.1 software. ANOVA analyses showed that among the biosensor preparation parameters, the NaOx concentration has the highest effect on the current measured in the presence of glucose, whereas in the optimization of pH and potential parameters applied in current measurement studies, it has been revealed that pH has a very high effect on the measured current. Several compounds, such as MWCNT, two different ionic liquids and two different organic molecules were added to carbon paste, and, among them, 2-cyanoethylpyrrole (CPy) enhanced the efficacy highly, most probably due to its polymerization in the paste and increasing the electron transfer rate of the CPE. Sucrose- and lactose-sensitive biosensors were also constructed by co-immobilizing GOD with invertase (INV) or β-galactosidase, respectively, onto modified CPE, and sensitivities to their substrates were shown by cyclic voltammetry and impedance analysis. CPy modification caused an increase in the current values, and also Imax /KM values increased approximately 11.8, 7.83, and 2.56 times for glucose-, sucrose-, and lactose-sensitive CPEs, respectively.

Eco-friendly electrochemical sensor for determination of conscious sedating drug “midazolam’’ based on Au-NPs@Silica modified carbon paste electrode

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a group of drugs prescribed for their sedating effect. Their misuse and addictive properties stipulate different authorities for developing simple, fast and accurate analytical methods for instantaneous detection. Differential pulse voltammetric technique (DPV) was utilized for the selective assay of midazolam hydrochloride (MDZ) in the pure, parenteral dosage forms and plasma samples. A chemically modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was implemented during the study. The method depended on the electroreduction of MDZ on the surface of the electrode over a potential range of 0.0 V to −1.6 V. The electrode was fabricated using silica nanoparticles (Si-NPs) which were incorporated into the composition of the CPE and used to enhance the electrode performance. Then, to enhance the sensitivity of the method, a chronoamperometric modification step was applied for depositing gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) on the carbon paste electrode surface. Modification with Au-NPs showed a higher reduction current peak for MDZ with well-defined peaks. Various parameters such as pH of the media and measurements scan rate were investigated and optimized to enhance the sensor sensitivity. The sensor showed a dynamic linear response over a concentration range of 4.0 × 10−7 M to 2.9 × 10−4 M of MDZ with a LOD of 2.24 × 10−8 M using 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 5.6). The sensor was validated in accordance with the ICH guidelines regarding accuracy, precision and specificity for the selective assay of MDZ in the presence of excipients. A greenness evaluation was performed using three different assessment tools, namely, the “Green Analytical Procedure Index” (GAPI), the “Analytical Greenness metric” (AGREE) and the “Whiteness Analytical Chemistry tool” (WAC) using the RGB12 model.

Analysis of catechol as an environmental pollutant based on electropolymerised methyl orange modified carbon paste sensor

ABSTRACT The present research work outlines a low-cost and green electrochemical approach for the assay of ecological toxin catechol (CT) based on electro-polymerised methyl orange (MO)-activated carbon paste electrode (CPE) as a responsive, simple and low-priced electrocatalyst. The CT electrochemical response was premeditated on the surface of poly methyl orange-activated carbon paste electrode (Poly(MO)ACPE) using different voltammetric methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) which recommends that the Poly(MO)ACPE shows good electrocatalytic nature for the electrochemical redox reaction of CT with high peak current response as associated to the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). The CT molecules expose electrochemical quasi-reversible reactions (oxidation and reduction nature) at Poly(MO)ACPE, which was done by a diffusion-controlled reaction kinetics. The practicability of this sensor was verified using the DPV method; here the CT peak current was improved with the varied concentration of CT in the range from 1.0 µM to 36.0 µM, and the corresponding limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.880 × 10−8 M and 2.935 × 10−8 M, respectively. The prepared sensor was efficiently tested with different interferents using the DPV method. Here, the sensor shows a lesser interference effect for the CT redox reaction nature. Finally, this sensor was applied for the analysis of CT in water and green tea samples, and the outcomes noticed a good CT recoveries.

Electrocatalysis of methanol at the surface of carbon paste electrode modified with composite of Cu-Al-layered double hydroxide and graphene oxide

Electrocatalysis of methanol at the surface of carbon paste electrode modified with composite of Cu-Al-layered double hydroxide and graphene oxide

Voltammetric quantitative analysis of vildagliptin in bulk form and spiked human serum at a modified electrode

The electrochemical behavior of Vildagliptin (VILD) was studied using the cyclic voltammetric technique in an aqueous Britton–Robinson (BR) universal buffer solution of various pH levels between 4.0 and 10 at a 5% calcium-montmorillonite clay modified with carbon paste electrode surface (5% Ca-MMT/CPE). The results exhibited an irreversible anodic peak at about 1.238 V versus Ag/AgCl, KCl (3 mol L−1). The anodic peak was found to be diffusion–adsorption controlled. The possible reaction mechanism is estimated taking into consideration of the calculated electrons and protons number transferred on the electrode/electrolyte interface using the cyclic voltammetric technique. VILD was found to adsorb onto the surface of 5% Ca-MMT/CPE in a monolayer surface coverage of 3.0 × 10−12 mol cm−2. A validated square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique for VILD determination was performed. The calibration curve of VILD onto the 5% Ca-MMT/CPE surface was linear in the concentration range of 1.0–110 nmol L−1 with the mean limits of detection and quantification was 0.285 and 0.950 nmol L−1, respectively, in the bulk form. The proposed procedure for the assay of VILD in bulk form, dosage form, and spiked human serum has the advantage of being simple, rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive compared to other analytical methods. The described method showed an excellent performance for the trace determination of VILD in its formulation without interference from excipients.Graphical abstract

Electrocatalytic Determination of the antibiotic Levofloxacin using modified carbon paste electrode with a poly‐murexide thin film voltammetrically

AbstractIn this work, a simple, cheap, sensitive, and selective modified carbon paste electrode is proposed for the electroanalytical determination of Levofloxacin (LEVO), the drug used to treat pneumonia caused by coronavirus. The electrochemical polymerization method was applied to create a thin poly‐murexide film (POMUR) on the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE) surface to enhance its electrocatalytic activity. The peak current response of LEVO obtained by POMUR/CPE was increased by 14.2 μA compared to BCPE. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques were employed to characterize BCPE and POMUR/CPE. Under the optimal experimental circumstances, the prepared sensor was capable of determining LEVO with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 7.18 nM (S/N = 3) for a linear dynamic range of 25 – 1 × 103 nM utilizing differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Moreover, the practical applicability of POMUR/CPE for determining LEVO in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples (human serum) demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity with a recovery of 95.08 – 100.5 %.

Simultaneous determination of amitriptyline and venlafaxine using a novel voltammetric sensor of carbon paste electrode modified with octahedral Pd2+-doped Co3O4 composite

We modified the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE) with octahedral palladium (Pd2+)-doped cobaltite (Co3O4) composite (Oh-Pd2+:Co3O4–C/CPE) as a novel voltammetric sensor to simultaneously detect amitriptyline and venlafaxine. The techniques of differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry were employed to determine the electrochemical responses of these analytes. The findings highlighted the ability of as-fabricated sensor to facilitate the amitriptyline and venlafaxine oxidation. Peak currents for both analytes differed linearly with their concentrations (between 1.0 × 10−8 M to 9.0 × 10−4 M) for the analytical performance of the sensor. The limit of detection calculated by differential pulse voltammetry was 2.31 nM for amitriptyline and 3.56 nM for venlafaxine. We found several advantages for the modified electrode, including a simple preparation method, impressive sensitivity, admirable repeatability, and narrow detection limitations. The proposed sensor was able to detect amitriptyline and venlafaxine in real drug, serum and urine specimens.

Electrochemical monitoring of 4-chlorophenol as a water pollutant via carbon paste electrode amplified with Fe3O4 incorporated cellulose nanofibers (CNF)

A crucial problem that needs to be resolved is the sensitive and selective monitoring of chlorophenol compounds, especifically 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), one of the most frequently used organic industrial chemicals. In light of this, the goal of this study was to synthesize Fe3O4 incorporated cellulose nanofiber composite (Fe3O4/CNF) as an amplifier in the development of a modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) for 4-CP detection. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the morphology of the synthesized nanocatalyst, while differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) techniques were implemented to illuminate the electrochemical characteristics of the fabricated sensor. The ultimate electrochemical sensor (Fe3O4/CNF/CPE) was used as a potent electrochemical sensor for monitoring 4-CP in the concentration range of 1.0 nM–170 μM with a limit of detection value of 0.5 nM. As a result of optimization studies, 8.0 mg Fe3O4/CNF was found to be the ideal catalyst concentration, whereas pH = 6.0 was chosen as the ideal pH. The 4-CP's oxidation current was found to be over 1.67 times greater at ideal operating conditions than it was at the surface of bare CPE, and its oxidation potential decreased by about 120 mV. By using the standard addition procedure on samples of drinking water and wastewater, the suggested capability of Fe3O4/CNF/CPE to detect 4-CP was further investigated. The recovery range was found to be 98.52–103.66%. This study paves the way for the customization of advanced nanostructure for the application in electrochemical sensors resulting in beneficial environmental impact and enhancing human health.

Advanced experimental techniques for the sensitive detection of a toxic bisphenol A using UiO-66-NDC/GO-based electrochemical sensor

In the present study, a simple and sensitive method for detecting bisphenol A (BPA) in various environments, including groundwater, was described using a widespread electrochemical method. BPA is well-known for its endocrine-disrupting properties, which may cause potential toxicological effects oon the nervous, reproductive, and immune systems. A novel metal-organic framework (UiO-66-NDC/GO) was synthesized, and its existence was confirmed by several characterization techniques like FTIR, UV–visible, XRD, SEM-EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA. Due to the excellent electrocatalytic nature, UiO-66-NDC/GO was chosen as the sensor material and integrated on the surface of the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). The UiO-66-NDC/GO modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE) was engaged for the detection of BPA using techniques like cyclic Voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The applied sensor exhibited an astonishing outcome for BPA detection with high sensitivity and selectivity. The lower detection limit (LLOD) of 0.025 μM was achieved at the modified sensor with a linear concentration range of 10–70 μM. Moreover, the practical applicability of the sensor was tested on tap water, drinking water, and fresh liquid milk, giving an excellent recovery of BPA in the range of 94.8–99.3 (v.%). The proposed method could be employed for electrochemical device or a solid state device fabrication for the onsite monitoring of BPA.

Simultaneous determination of anthracene and phenanthrene using a poly-alizarin red S/carbon paste electrode

A polymer-based carbon paste electrode was constructed by electropolymerized Alizarin Red S (ARS) film on the carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface. The electrochemical properties of poly-ARS/CPE were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized for electrode characterization. The electropolymerization cycles for the construction of the sensor and the supporting electrolyte were optimized. With 0.1 M LiClO4 as a supporting electrolyte, poly-ARS/CPE was able to generate oxidation peaks for anthracene (ANT) and phenanthrene (PHE), that were clearly defined and easily distinguished from one to another when operating in square wave voltammetry (SWV). In the simultaneous detection the linear ranges of ANT and PHE were within 80–1000 μM, with detection limits of 24 μM. The variation of peak parameters with scan rate was investigated to determine the nature of electrooxidation and the number of electrons involved in the electrode process. Poly-ARS/CPE was successfully utilized for the detection of ANT and PHE in different water samples and the obtained results suggested the selectivity, stability and reproducibility of the modified electrode.

Simultaneous resolution of serotonin and epinephrine at poly (Victoria blue B) amplified carbon paste electrode: A voltammetric study with density functional theory evidences

• P-VBB/MCPE was formulated through electrochemical procedure. • Enhanced electrocatalytic behaviour was noticed at modified electrode. • Simultaneous analysis of 5-HT and EP was carried out using voltammetry. • Low detection limit was achieved. Herein, a polymerised film of Victoria blue B monomer was deposited on carbon paste electrode surface and characterised by using scanning electron microscope and electrochemical methods. The polymer film amplified electrode exemplified the elevated electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-HT and EP in presence 0.2 M PBS of physiological pH. The various experimental settings such as effect of supporting electrolyte, scan rate and varying the concentration of targeted analytes were scrutinized and the designed sensor depicts the lower detection limit for 5-HT (0.89 μM) and EP(0.33 μM). The proposed modified electrode also implemented for concurrent resolution and determination of serotonin (5-HT) and epinephrine (EP) by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry also shows satisfactory steadiness towards 5-HT and EP.

Electrochemical sensing of sodium dehydroacetate in preserved strawberries based on in situ pyrrole electropolymerization at modified carbon paste electrodes

Sodium dehydroacetate (SDA) is one of the most common additives and preservatives in food, especially for strawberries, due to its fungicidal and antibacterial effects. Therefore, an innovative electrochemical sensor, depending on carbon paste electrode (CPE) modulated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and molecularly imprinted polymers, was constructed for in situ detection of SDA. Based on density functional theory calculations, the polymer film was imprinted on the modified CPE surface via electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of SDA. The morphology and electrochemical behavior of the synthesized sensors were characterized using different techniques. Under optimal conditions,a wide linear range (4.1 × 10−6 –1.2 mM)with a detection limit of 0.13 nM was obtained using differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The proposed sensor displayed superb selectivity for SDA, good precision (RSD = 2.7%), and high stability (˃4 weeks). Thus, it was successfully applied to determine SDA in strawberry samples with excellent recoveries (96.7%–100%).

Mn/Cu Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Nicotine Detection

AbstractA novel, cheap and economical electrochemical sensor for nicotine (NIC) revealing is prepared by setting down for Manganese/copper nanoparticles (Mn/Cu NPs) on the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE). This sensor demonstrated good electrocatalytic activities to anodic oxidation of NIC in Potassium Phosphate Buffer solution (0.1 M) of pH range (4.0–10.0). The electrochemical description of MCMCPE is carried out by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Analysis (EDX) techniques were utilized for studying the surface morphology. The developed sensor is found to show a linear response in the concentration range 2×10−6–6×10−4 M with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 1.15×10−7 M. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits high sensitivity and stability for sensing NIC in urine and tobacco samples.

An ultra-sensitive tailor-made sensor for specific adsorption and separation of rutin based on imprinted cavities on magnetic sensing platform

Present study details the expansion of a sensing platform based on magnetic imprinted layer system for plant pigment. A scalable, simple, cost-effective and novel magnetic imprinted layer constructed of Fe3O4@polyaniline/reduce graphene oxide molecular imprinted membrane (M@PANI/rGO MIP) was manufactured on the surface of the magnetic carbon paste electrode (MCPE). The prepared M@PANI/rGO MIP was investigated with all the significant physical characteristics including composition, topography and morphology. The synthesized M@PANI/rGO MIP was displayed stability and exceptional electrochemical activity due to presenting tailor-made receptors. Upon the electrochemical investigation, a sensitive MIP sensing platform for the detection of rutin led to two linear calibration curves in the range of 0.01–1 pM and 0.00001–10 µM and an ultralow detection limit (0.356 fM). Consequently, the proposed MIP platform evidently was featured accurate detection of rutin in fruits and could be recommended for real-time analysis.