Beam Surface Research Articles

Numerical study of the effect of circular openings in the upper surface of rectangular hollow flange steel beams on the sectional moment capacity

Rectangular Hollow Flange (RHF) steel beams may have openings drilled in their top surface to pass some plumbing and electrical wiring inside the RHF cavity. These openings affect the behavior of these steel beams and may reduce their resistance to bending moment. To investigate this effect, Finite Element Modeling (FEM) was used to simulate RHF steel beams with and without flange openings with several variables in geometric dimensions. The FEM results were examined using 8 experimental test specimens of RHF steel beams obtained from previous studies without flange openings. The results showed high accuracy in modeling these RHF steel beams in structural behavior and ultimate bending moment capacity. Current design codes were applied to predict the capacity of these RHF steel beams without flange openings, both from FEM results and experimental tests. The prediction values were always less than the ultimate capacity of RHF steel beams without flange openings. After verifying the results, 98 RHF steel beams with different flange opening diameters were modeled. The reduction ratios in ultimate capacity in steel beams with hollow flange openings are directly proportional to the opening diameter, hollow flange height, and steel yield stress, while they are inversely proportional to the thickness and width of the hollow flange and the steel beam web height. The reduction ratios in the ultimate capacity for RHF steel beams with flange openings are small in the compact category, and these ratios increase with the non-compact and slender categories.

Bending Test of Rectangular High-Strength Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Beams with Stiffeners

To better understand the bending performance of rectangular high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete (HSFRC)-filled steel tubular (HSFRCFST) beams with internal stiffeners, ten beams were subjected to a four-point bending test. The primary considerations were the strength grade of the HSFRC, the steel fiber content, the internal stiffener type, and the circular hole spacing of the perfobond stiffener. The moment–curvature and flexural load–deflection curves were calculated. The mode of failure and the distribution of cracks of the infill HSFRC were observed. The presence of steel fibers greatly improved the bending stiffness and moment capacity of HSFRCFST beams, with the optimal effect happening at a steel fiber content of 1.2% by volume, according to the experimental findings. The type of stiffener influenced the failure modes of the exterior rectangular steel tube, which were unaffected by the compressive strength of the infill HSFRC. On the tension surface of HSFRCFST beams, the crack spacing of the infill HSFRC was virtually identical to the circular hole spacing of perfobond stiffeners. When the circular hole spacing was between two and three times the diameter, the perfobond stiffener worked best with the infill HSFRC. The test beams’ ductility index was greater than 1.16, indicating good ductility. The test beams’ rotational capacities ranged from 6.26 to 13.20, which were greater than 3.0 and met the requirements of the specification. The experimental results demonstrate that a reasonable design of the steel fiber content and the spacing between circular holes of perfobond stiffeners can significantly improve the bending resistance of rectangular HSFRCFST beams. This provides relevant parameter design suggestions for improving the ductility and bearing capacity of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams in practical construction. Finally, a design formula for the moment capacity of rectangular HSFRCFST beams with stiffeners is presented, which corresponds well with the experimental findings.

In Situ Surface Exsolution of Chang'e-5 Lunar Soil Architected by the Trinity Effect of Electron Beam.

It is known that the interaction between electron beam and material surface enables a variety of physical phenomena, which hold significant inspiration for functional application. Herein, the process of insitu surface exsolution was observed and documented for the basalt phase in the Chang'e-5 lunar samples via scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the main existence of metal oxides such as plagioclase and pyroxene. Under electron beam irradiation, these components have undergone insitu dynamic mass loss and radiation decomposition, leading to an interesting insitu surface exsolution, as the energy of the electron beam exceeds the dissociation energy of metal-oxide bonds. It is clarified that the thermal effect of the electron beam is negligible under the experimental conditions. Alternatively, the "trinity" of electron beam-induced electric field-radiolysis-electron beam deposition is the key factor driving the surface exsolution. Our result not only deepens our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of lunar soil but also lays the groundwork for future applications of lunar soil for functional application.

Depth-dependent energy absorption control of large pulsed electron beam (LPEB) irradiations for defect-free surface modification of metallic alloys

Electron beam surface finishing offers the ability to treat various materials and shapes while enhancing surface properties such as wear and corrosion resistance. However, its industrial application is limited by the formation of crater-like defects' pulse count, irradiation angle, and energy density, were optimized to achieve defect-free surfaces. By systematically investigating the synergistic effects of previously studied parameters (irradiation angle and energy density), the optimal conditions were established through strategic combination of these parameters, demonstrating enhanced surface quality and reduced defect formation. These were compared to previously optimized conditions that focused solely on increasing pulse counts. The new conditions significantly reduced the density of crater-like defects and produced smoother surfaces. This improvement is attributed to concentrated energy absorption near the surface and the creation of a high-temperature gradient, which prevents the introduction of non-metallic inclusions. Unlike conventional methods, where accumulated heat leads to phase transformations and reduces hardness and corrosion resistance, the new approach maintains a rapid cooling rate. This allows the surface to retain a fully martensitic phase even at 45 pulses, resulting in higher surface hardness. These findings highlight that the newly developed conditions not only produce defect-free surfaces but also impart enhanced mechanical properties. This approach suggests that future improvements in surface quality for electron beam-based processes can be achieved by considering adjustments to the irradiation angle and energy density.

Strengthening Effect Evaluation of Developed Stiff-Type Polyurea Sprayed on Masonry Beam Surface Under Static Loading in Experimental and Numerical Tests.

Recently, deteriorated masonry structures aged over 30 years have shown serious structural problems. Simple and rapid maintenance plans are urgently needed for aging masonry structures. Polyurea (PU) is an effective retrofitting material for aging structures due to its easy spray application. This process saves time, reduces costs, and allows the structure to remain in use during retrofitting. However, a general PU is not suitable for retrofitting aged masonry and concrete structures due to its low stiffness. In this study, stiff-type polyurea (STPU) was selected as the reinforcement material for masonry structures. It was developed by modifying the chemical mix of general PU to improve stiffness. To evaluate the strengthening effect of STPU on masonry members under static loading, tests were conducted. The flexural load capacity of masonry beams with STPU-sprayed surfaces was assessed. Three different types of STPU applications were used to select the most efficient strengthening method. Reinforcing masonry structures with STPU allows brittle failure modes to achieve ductile behavior. This improves their structural performance under lateral stresses. The experimental data were used to calibrate FEM models for simulation. These models can be used for future parametric studies and masonry structural design.

Research on the relationship between comprehensive characteristics of cracks and stiffness of RC beams

The relationship between crack comprehensive characteristics and the stiffness of RC beams is investigated through experimental tests and numerical simulations. A synthetic parameter, the surface damage ratio (SDR), is proposed to represent the comprehensive characteristics of cracks, including crack width, length and location. Crack propagation in RC beams is simulated using a dual-damage parameter plastic damage model. A method for calculating the width and length of cracks is developed based on integral point strains and element equivalent length. The accuracy of this method is verified by comparing it with the results of four-point bending tests on RC T-beams and rectangular beams. Correlation analysis indicates that the cracks in different zones have varying impacts on beam stiffness, with crack length in the bending area and crack width in the shear area having a greater impact than others. To consider the comprehensive characteristics of cracks and their impact on beam stiffness, the SDR, the ratio between the entire crack area and the intact area of the beam surface, is proposed. The proposed parameter is shown to increase linearly with load, resulting in beam stiffness degradation following a power law. The accuracy and applicability of the proposed SDR and its correlation with load and stiffness are verified through load tests on rectangular beams with different reinforcement ratios using Cervenka’s test. Parameter analysis has shown that the section modulus, concrete strength, reinforcement arrangement, and ratios significantly influence how beam stiffness varies with SDR. The presented simulation model for concrete crack evolution, combined with the synthetic parameter of crack characteristics, and the correlation analysis, provide a valuable approach for the safety evaluation of concrete beams during their service life.

First Principles Variational Formulation and Analytical Solutions for Third Order Shear Deformable Beams with Simple Supports using Fourier Series Method

The Fourier series method for solving bending problems of third-order shear deformable beams (TSBD) is presented in this paper. The theory accounts for transverse shear deformation and is suitable for moderately thick beams. Transverse shear stress-free conditions are valid at the beam surfaces for TSDB. The field equations are two coupled ordinary differential equations in terms of two unknown displacement functions – transverse deflection w(x) and warping function For simply supported ends considered, the loading and unknown functions w(x) and are represented in Fourier series that satisfies the boundary conditions. The problem is reduced to a system of algebraic equations in terms of the Fourier coefficients wn and which is solved to obtain wn and Axial and transverse displacements fields, axial bending stress and transverse shear stress are then determined for the cases of point load at midspan, uniformly and linearly distributed loads over the span. The results are identical with previous results obtained by other scholars who used Ritz variational methods and other mathematical tools. For moderately thick beams under uniform load with l/h = 4, the results obtained for is 0.516% greater than the exact result by Timoshenko and Goodier while for thick beams under uniform load with l/h = 2, the result for is 1.96% greater than the exact result by Timoshenko and Goodier. Similar acceptable variation was obtained for for beams under linearly distributed load with the variations being less than 2% for l/h = 2. However, unacceptable variations of 68.37% were found for in thick beams under point load, for l/h = 2.0. The variation for however reduced to 12.513% for moderately thick beams under point load for l/h =4.

Analysis of synergistic effect of bending energy absorption capacity of fiber reinforced concrete based on fiber distribution characteristic

Macro fibers could contribute to absorb energy through fiber sliding, which significantly enhance the energy absorption capacity of concrete beams. In this research, the synergistic effect of macro steel fibers and polypropylene (PP) fibers on the energy absorption capacity of concrete under bending is under investigated. The three-point bending test is adopted to compared the residual flexural strength and energy absorption capacity of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) beams. Besides traditional Load-deflection curves, the energy absorption-crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curves are adopted to reflect the toughness of FRC beams. The synergistic effect of steel fibers and PP fibers on the residual flexural strength and energy absorption capacity is evaluated. A linear function is proposed to describe the relationship between energy absorption and CMOD for FRC beams. In addition, fiber distribution on cracking surface of FRC beams is analyzed through fiber distribution density and fiber spacing to explain the synergistic effect. Experimental results indicate that the behaviors of FRC beams, that is, residual flexural strength and energy absorption, are improved by adding macro fibers, in particular macro steel fibers. Besides, the relationship between energy absorption and CMOD of FRC beams can be fitted very well by the linear function. The slope of the energy absorption and CMOD relationship is adopted to analyze the contribution of macro fibers to energy absorption. The uniformity of fiber distribution is improved by increasing of fiber dosage for SFRC and PFRC beams. The hybrid use of macro steel fibers and PP fibers demonstrates a positive synergistic effect on the energy absorption capacity and flexural strength of concrete. The improved fiber spacing and fiber distribution density of hybrid fiber on cracking surface contribute to the positive synergistic effect observed in hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HyFRC) beams.

Study of curtaining effect reduction methods in Inconel 718 using a plasma focused ion beam.

The curtaining effect is a common challenge in focused ion beam (FIB) surface preparation. This study investigates methods to reduce this effect during plasma FIB milling of Inconel 718 (nickel-based superalloy). Platinum deposition, silicon mask and XeF2 gas injection were explored as potential solutions. These methods were evaluated for two ion beam current conditions; a high ion beam intensity condition (30kV-1µA) and a medium one (30kV-100nA) and their impact on curtaining reduction and resulting cross-section quality was assessed quantitatively thanks to topographic measurements done by atomic force microscopy (AFM). XeF2 assistance notably improved cross-section quality at medium current level. Pt deposition and Si mask individually mitigated the curtaining effect, with greater efficacy at 100nA. Both methods also contributed to reducing cross-section curvature, with the Si mask outperforming Pt deposition. However, combining Pt deposition and Si mask with XeF2 injection led to deterioration of these protective layers and the reappearance of the curtaining effect after a quite short exposure time.

Surface modification of Al-15Al2O3-0.3G powder metallurgical alloy induced by high-current pulsed electron beam

This paper investigates the effect of high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) surface treatment with two, five, and eight pulses on Al-15Al2O3-0.3G prepared by powder metallurgy. The results show that the presence of graphene during HCPEB irradiation effectively controls the extension of microcracks. The surface hardness of the samples increased by 66.56% and the wear rate decreased by 68.98% after eight-pulse HCPEB treatment. The increase in hardness is attributed to the uniform dispersion of hard particles, fine grain strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and amorphous structure formation by XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis during HCPEB irradiation. The improvement in wear resistance was attributed to the increase in hardness. The corrosion current density in 5 wt. % NaCl solution decreased from 1.212 × 10−4 to 3.353 × 10−5 after eight-pulse HCPEB treatment; the improved corrosion resistance performance is attributed to the equilibrium structure induced by HCPEB treatment.

Study of factors affecting the magnetic sensing capability of shape memory alloys for non-destructive evaluation of cracks in concrete: Using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches

Currently, the field of structural health monitoring (SHM) is focused on investigating non-destructive evaluation techniques for the identification of damages in concrete structures. Magnetic sensing has particularly gained attention among the innovative non-destructive evaluation techniques. Recently, the embedded magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) wire has been introduced for the evaluation of cracks in concrete components through magnetic sensing techniques while providing reinforcement as well. However, the available research in this regard is very scarce. This study has focused on the analyses of parameters affecting the magnetic sensing capability of embedded MSMA wire for crack detection in concrete beams. The response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models have been used to analyse the magnetic sensing parameters for the first time. The models were trained using the experimental data obtained through literature. The models aimed to predict the alteration in magnetic flux created by a concrete beam that has a 1 mm wide embedded MSMA wire after experiencing a fracture or crack. The results showed that the change in magnetic flux was affected by the position of the wire and the position of the crack with respect to the position of the magnet in the concrete beam. RSM optimisation results showed that maximum change in magnetic flux was obtained when the wire was placed at a depth of 17.5 mm from the top surface of the concrete beam, and a crack was present at an axial distance of 8.50 mm from the permanent magnet. The change in magnetic flux was 9.50 % considering the aforementioned parameters. However, the ANN prediction results showed that the optimal wire and crack position were 10 mm and 1.1 mm, respectively. The results suggested that a larger beam requires a larger diameter of MSMA wire or multiple sensors and magnets for crack detection in concrete beams.

FBG Sensing Data Motivated Dynamic Feature Assessment of the Complicated CFRP Antenna Beam under Various Vibration Modes

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) components were extensively used and current studies mainly refer to CFRP laminates. The dynamic performance of the complicated CFRP antenna beams is yet to be explored. Therefore, a sensor layout based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in series was designed to measure the dynamic response of the CFRP antenna beam, and various vibration tests (sweep frequency test, simulated long-life vibration test, shock vibration test, functional vibration test, and constant frequency vibration test) were conducted. The time and frequency domain analysis on FBG sensing signals was performed to check the vibration performance and assess the health condition of this novel CFRP structure. The results indicate that strain values reach a maximum of only 300 µε under different test conditions. The antenna beam exhibited clear vibration patterns, with the first four intrinsic frequencies identified at 44, 94.87, 107.1, and 193.45 Hz. It shows that strain distribution and vibration modes of the antenna beam can be characterized from the sensing data, and the dynamic feature can be much more accurately assessed. The FBG sensors attached on the surface of CFRP antenna beam can accurately and stably measure the dynamic response, which validates that the interfaces between optical fiber sensing elements and CFRP material have excellent interfacial bonding characteristics. The novel CFRP antenna beam exhibits the excellent dynamic performance and stability, offering the replacement of traditional steel antenna beams. The study can finally instruct the development of self-sensing CFRP antenna beams assembled with FBGs in series.

Multishot laser damage of multilayer dielectric mirrors in the near-infrared subpicosecond regime

The laser damage resistance of dielectric components of high-power laser facilities to laser irradiation depends significantly on the irradiation sequence. In the short pulse (fs) regime, it is known that continuous irradiation of these components leads to a reduction in the damage threshold, reflecting a laser fatigue effect. Conversely, in the long pulse (ns) regime, progressive irradiation of these components leads to an increase in the damage threshold, reflecting a laser conditioning effect. In this article, we experimentally evaluate the competition between the effects of laser fatigue and laser conditioning for multilayer dielectric components irradiated in the subpicosecond pulse regime in the infrared (∼1µm) through different test sequences. For this purpose, we implemented an original test sequence derived from an S-on-1 type protocol, which consists of irradiating the component until damage. By repeating this sequence at different set points, it was possible to estimate the progressive reduction in damage threshold with the number of laser irradiations and to compare it with that observed during the fluence ramps. Particular attention was also paid to the precise knowledge of the test beam irradiating the component, as a dependence of the beam surface on the test set point was highlighted.

Blast resistant performance and damage mechanism of steel reinforced concrete beams under contact explosion

To investigate the blast resistance of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) beams under contact explosion, contact explosion tests on four SRC beams were carried out. The damage modes and dynamic response of SRC beams and the effect of structural steel and studs were analyzed. Finite element models of SRC beams and the corresponding RC beams were established to compare and analyze the different stress wave propagation in the middle-span cross-section and stress-time history curves of critical nodes in the section to reveal the damage mechanism of SRC beams. The results show that under contact explosion, U-shaped craters were formed on the blasting surface of the SRC beams, and the depth of the crater center was the distance from the top surface of the beam to the top surface of structural steel. The cover concrete on upper half side surfaces and bottom surface was spalled off. However, the concrete protected by structural steel flanges was not damaged, and comparing with RC beams, the setting of structural steel reduced the compressive stress in concrete protected or shielded by structural steel flanges and tension stress waves in concrete near the side and bottom surfaces of SRC beams. So, the concrete spalling on the side and bottom surfaces suffered less severe damage, and concrete protected by structural steel flanges was not damaged for SRC beams. Besides, when larger structural steel was used, the effects were more significant.

Impermeabilization of carbon black-based smart coatings for strain-sensing purposes

This study explores self-sensing properties in carbon black (CB)-based cementitious coatings, focusing on the influence of internal moisture on electrical measurements. Various saturation levels were examined by gradually drying the coatings and encapsulating them with epoxy resin to shield them from external humidity. Results show that inner water impacts the strain-sensing response of the coating, reaching an optimal moisture saturation of 25 % where an equilibrium between carbon black particles, water, and free ions was attained. For coatings on tension surfaces of concrete beams under flexural loads, 230.7 ± 25.8 was the obtained gauge factor for 3 wt% added carbon black. Epoxy-sealing reduced the bonding strength between the coating and the substrate by 27 %. Nonetheless, epoxy-encapsulated coatings with 3 wt% carbon black achieved a gauge factor of 110.9 ± 35.5, indicating a promising path for the production and application of self-sensing coatings that remain unaffected by external humidity conditions.

A three-dimensional fiber Bragg grating wrist force sensor with separation elastic structure

PurposeThe use of a force sensor to estimate the external force of manipulator not only needs to deal with the signal noise of the sensor itself but also needs to solve the coupling interference of the sensor itself, especially the axial force. The purpose of this paper is to develop a three-dimensional fiber Bragg grating (FBG) wrist force sensor, which has a simple structure and reduces the coupling influence between several axes.Design/methodology/approachA particular separation elastic structure with four FBGs is devised for the three-axial force sensor. One FBG is suspended on the profile of central cylinder and the other three FBGs are pasted on the elastic beam surface of the over and under measuring bodies, respectively. Finite element analysis (FEA) simulation has been implemented to the strain distribution characteristics, the output characteristics of each direction and the coupling effects of the structure. Furthermore, theoretical derivation and experimental results are used to compare, which have a good consistency.FindingsThe experiment results show that the maximum repeatability error of the sensor is 6.75%, the maximum nonlinear error is 5.36%, the maximum coupling interference is 4.73% and the minimum sensitivity is 1.58 pm/N.Originality/valueA three-dimensional force sensor based on FBG adopts a particular separation elastic structure. The sensor can reduce the coupling influence between several axes, especially the coupling interference in the z-direction is 0.

Heterogeneously Catalyzed Partial Oxidation of Styrene on a Silver Surface

AbstractThe epoxidation of olefins on Ag/O systems is a significant industrial‐scale process within heterogeneous catalysis. However, the details of the surface reaction remain controversial, and it has been highly challenging to reconcile the findings from cataltyic studies under reaction conditions with the highly detailed static studies under carefully controlled ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) conditions. In this study, we combine molecular beam surface scattering and ion imaging techniques to explore the partial oxidation of styrene. This experimental approach enhances the sensitivity to the extent that we can directly observe the partial oxidation product, styrene oxide, under UHV conditions. We note that partial oxidation exclusively occurs at high oxygen coverages, which we attribute to the reaction of styrene with electrophilic oxygen formed specifically at elevated coverages.

Enhancing shear strength of RC beams through externally bonded reinforcement with stainless-steel strips and FRCM jacket to mitigate the failure risk

This study aims to assess the efficacy of innovative and sustainable methods in improving the shear performance of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams lacking shear stirrups. Eleven specimens, including two control specimens and nine strengthened ones, underwent monotonic loading through three-point testing. Various strengthening configurations were investigated, involving the application of Stainless-Steel Strips (SSSs) affixed to the beam surface in the defective zone, along with a Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) jacket. In the first set of beams, SSSs were vertically applied, while the second set featured beams with SSSs inclined at 60°, and the third set had SSSs inclined at 45°. Each set comprised three beams, allowing for the examination of the impact of SSS thicknesses, set at 1 mm, 1.25 mm, and 1.50 mm. After the installation of SSSs, all strengthened beams received an FRCM jacket, including a 5 mm Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) layer with embedded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) textile. The study concludes that incorporating SSS strips with an FRCM jacket delays the initiation of the first crack in defective beams. Increasing SSSs thickness contributes to a more favorable crack distribution. The 60° inclined SSSs proves to be the most effective, rectifying the deficiency from the absence of shear stirrups and surpassing the original beam's performance. Additionally, finite element analysis was conducted, and the results supported the accurateness of the developed model in simulating responses and crack patterns throughout all loading stages.

Investigation of surface roughness effects on the dynamic performance of electromagnetic nano-resonators

Here, we expose the influence of surface roughness on the dynamics of electromagnetic nano-resonators. To this end, the continuum field equations of an electromechanical nano-resonator subjected to an external magnetic flux are formulated. The developed model considers surface integrity, including surface roughness, waviness, and altered layer. Also, the influence of residual stresses of the extreme surfaces of the resonator is incorporated in the proposed model. It was revealed that the surface roughness significantly tailors the dynamic stability of the resonator, as the voltage that onsets the pull-in instability of the resonator decreases as the surface roughness increases, which thus indicates the necessity of particular calibrations of nano-resonators for surface roughness. To investigate the problem and the effect of factors such as magnetic field intensity, roughness, and beam surface thickness on the pull-in voltage, we have performed an analysis using the Taguchi method and analysis of variance. The results show that the intensity of the magnetic field has the most significant effect on pull-in voltage. Also, the more accurate results show on the resonance frequency; with the increase of the input voltage to the beam, the impact of increasing the intensity of the magnetic field and other factors increases. The rest of the paper proposes a linear and non-linear model to express the pull-in voltage according to the investigated factors.

Research on the microstructure and properties of antimicrobial stainless steel coatings on Q345R alloy steel by electron beam surface coating

In this study, 304 antimicrobial stainless steel coatings were prepared by the electron beam melting of antimicrobial stainless steel powder, in an attempt to enhance the surface properties of Q345R steel. Besides, the effect of Cu-containing 304 powder coatings on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrochemical properties of the Q345R surface was investigated. The results indicated that the coating grain was refined, the dislocation density was increased, and both the plasticity and toughness were enhanced after the electron beam surface coating (EBSC) treatment. Additionally, the hardness of coatings was also enhanced under the three beam currents due to grain refinement and dislocation strengthening. At a beam current of 28 mA, the coating hardness reached a maximum of 384.078 HV, representing a two-fold increase compared with the base material (BM) hardness of 131.048 HV. Moreover, the abrasion resistance of the coating was superior to that of the BM. At a beam current of 28 mA, the wear volume and wear rate were minimized to only 10 % of the wear volume of substrates. In galvanic corrosion measurements, the coatings displayed better corrosion resistance than the substrates, and these samples at a beam current of 28 mA exhibited the best corrosion resistance. Overall, the E-beam surface melting 304 stainless steel coating can effectively improve the properties of Q345R carbon steel.