Bagasse Surface Research Articles

Effects of bagasse as a carbon source on biofloc formation, water quality, and microbial community structure in shrimp culture system.

As a widely available, low-cost agricultural byproduct, bagasse is a potential solid carbon source and provides microbial attachment as a biofilm carrier. In this study, the effects of bagasse as a carbon source on biofloc formation, water quality, microbial community structure, and nitrogen conversion in a shrimp culture system were explored, and the performance of bagasse bioflocs was assessed. No bagasse was added to the control group (CK), and three bagasse addition groups were set up, with the floc content of the water maintained at 5 mL/L (BF5 group), 10 mL/L (BF10 group), and 15 mL/L (BF15 group). The results showed that bagasse bioflocs formed in the fourth week when bagasse was placed in the culture water, and the surface of bagasse was covered with thick biofilm at that time. The DOC content of the BF15 group was significantly greater than that of the CK group, from 30.31 to 105.06% (P < 0.05), and the DOC increased with increasing bagasse biofloc content. The BF group rapidly converted TAN to NO2--N and then to NO3--N because the accumulation of nitrite nitrogen in the BF15 group occurred 1 week earlier than in the other groups; at the 8th week, the nitrite nitrogen conversion rate of each BF group was close to 100%, which was significantly greater than that of the CK group (P < 0.05). The relative abundances of genes encoding microbial glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase increased in the bagasse biofloc groups (P < 0.05). The relative abundances of genes from Rhodobacterales and Hyphomicrobiales in each group were greater, but bagasse bioflocs increased the proportion of Hyphomicrobiale. In summary, adding bagasse to the shrimp culture system can form a biofloc system, resulting in the formation of a rich bacterial biofilm on its surface. Bagasse addition not only affects the composition of microbial communities but also accelerates the nitrification process in water. As a result, ammonia and nitrite are converted into nitrate, which is essential for maintaining the stability of the ecosystem balance in aquaculture water.

Construction of suspended bagasse bioflocs and evaluation of their effectiveness in shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) aquaculture systems

This experiment was carried out to improve the operability of bioflocs technology and to better the application of bagasse, a sugarcane by-product or fibrous pulp of other plant materials, in aquaculture. Firstly, a generator device for suspended-bagasse was designed, and indigenous efficient nitrogen-reducing bacteria were screened and combined. Then a suspended-bagasse bioflocs Penaeus vannamei (initial body weight of 0.78 ± 0.33 g, density of 350 shrimp/m2) culture system was constructed with bagasse and indigenous probiotics (single probiotic or composite probiotic from the previous step) as components through the generator device. The commercial shrimp culture model with commercial probiotics applied was used as a control group with three replicates in each group. The experiment lasted for 50 days. The effects of suspended-bagasse bioflocs on the water quality, shrimp growth, and immune response in the shrimp culture system were evaluated. All experimental results were analyzed using one-way variance or linear estimation. The suspended-bagasse generator could promote rapid biofilm formation on the surface of the bagasse, and the hydraulic retention parameter can be set to 12 h. Besides, three efficient nitrogen-reducing strains were screened and identified (Halomonas alkalihila AC3–2, Rugerella sp BD15–5, and Halomonas venusta BD15–8). They were non-hemolytic, sensitive to most antibiotics, and non-pathogenic to shrimp. Their combination with Bacillus megaterium BZ5 (a previously isolated probiotic) in a 1:1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest degradation efficiencies of 97.1% and 51.4% for ammonia and nitrite nitrogen, respectively. Furthermore, application experiments in shrimp aquaculture systems showed that suspended-bagasse flocs (with single bacteria and combined bacteria) reduced ammonia and nitrite nitrogen levels and promoted nitrification in the water of the shrimp aquaculture system. This suspended bagasse floc (with combined bacteria) system reduced water usage by 37.6% per kg of shrimp produced compared to the common culture system. Moreover, the suspended-bagasse flocs (with combined bacteria) improved hepatopancreatic digestive enzyme (trypsin, lipase, and α-amylase) and serum immune-related enzyme (lysozyme and phenol-oxidase) activity. This study indicates that it is feasible to cultivate suspended-bagasse flocs in shrimp aquaculture systems using a generator device with bagasse and probiotic bacteria as components. The flocs based on bagasse and indigenous complex bacteria can effectively reduce water exchange during shrimp aquaculture and improve shrimp production. Imperfectly, the microbial community and function of the biofilm on the surface of bagasse, which is very important for the interpretation of water quality variations, was not revealed in this experiment and needs to be refined in future work. Additionally, it is also worthwhile to evaluate the effectiveness of this device in other aquatic animal culture systems.

Synthesis of a cost-effective magnetic nanoparticles coated sugarcane bagasse and testing tetracycline removal capacity

This study describes a modified method to prepare nanomagnetic coated sugarcane bagasse. Under the general chemicals: iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O); sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) these were commercially available and a simple method, authors were successfully synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated sugarcane bagasse. These nanoparticles were heterogenous and formed nanoclusters on the sugarcane bagasse surface under Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis. Herein, we show that given the right experimental circumstances, the novel and prospective nanomagnetic sugarcane bagasse might prove to be an intriguing adsorbent for a variety of applications. For tetracycline removal case study: the studied material was significantly adsorbed this contaminant with the highest adsorption capacity was 15 mg/g under 25 mg/L initial tetracycline concentration; pH 6; equilibrium time: 15 hours; and magnetic nanoparticle sugarcane bagasse: 1 g/L. The fundamental result in the research denotes that the material could be a potential adsorbent for eliminating various contaminants in upcoming studies.

Sugarcane Bagasse as Carbon Source and Filler to Enhance the Treatment of Low C/N Wastewater by Aerobic Denitrification Flora

Sugarcane bagasse as a biomass solid waste has good prospects as a carbon source for biological wastewater treatment. However, it has rarely been investigated for aerobic denitrification (AD). Herein, we investigated its carbon release performance and constructed a bagasse-loaded sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) to investigate the feasibility of sugarcane bagasse as a carbon source and filler for AD bacteria to treat wastewater with low carbon–nitrogen ratios (C/N). Results showed that chemical oxygen demand (COD) leaching from sugarcane bagasse was 418.07 ± 17.05 mg/g; high-temperature and high-pressure operation had no significant effect on the carbon release performance of the bagasse. A shake-flask experiment revealed that adding sugarcane bagasse significantly enhanced the AD flora denitrification effect in low C/N wastewater; the removal process of NO3−–N by AD flora followed first-order kinetics. In the SBBR inoculated with AD flora, biofilm formation on the bagasse surface was evident; the NO3−–N removal rate reached 20.20 ± 4.27% after 28 operation cycles, which was significantly higher than that of the control sequencing batch reactor during the same period, and the effluent COD stabilized below 50 mg/L. The results provide a reference for AD application in the practical wastewater treatment and biomass resource utilization of sugarcane bagasse.

Simultaneous removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution by double functional groups modified bagasse.

Double functional groups modified bagasse (DFMBs), a series of new zwitterionic groups of carboxyl and amine modified adsorbents, were prepared through grafting tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) onto the pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) modified bagasse using the DCC/DMAP method. DFMBs' ability to simultaneously remove basic magenta (BM, cationic dye) and Congo red (CR, anionic dye) from aqueous solution in single and binary dye systems was investigated. FTIR spectra and Zeta potential analysis results showed that PMDA and TEPA were successfully grafted onto the surface of bagasse, and the ratio of the amount of carboxyl groups and amine groups was controlled by the addition of a dosage of TEPA. Adsorption results showed that adsorption capacities of DFMBs for BM decreased while that for CR increased with the increase of the amount of TEPA in both single and binary dye systems, and BM or CR was absorbed on the modified biosorbents was mainly through electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bond. The adsorption for BM and CR could reach equilibrium within 300 min, both processes were fitted well by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The cationic and anionic dyes removal experiment in the binary system showed that DMFBs could be chosen as adsorbents to treat wastewater containing different ratios of cationic and anionic dyes.

Layer‐by‐layer assembled bagasse to enhance the fire safety of epoxy resin: A renewable environmental friendly flame retardant

AbstractIn an effort to make rational use of resources, wasted bagasse were collected, and then fabricated by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly to prepare an environmentally benign flame retardant for epoxy resin (EP). Six chitosan/ammonum polyphosphate bilayers were successfully deposited on the surface of bagasse, which endows EP/6BL@BF composites with a limiting oxygen index value of 24.1% and V‐1 rating in UL‐94 test. Compared with untreated bagasse, cone calorimetry test reveals that the incorporation of 6BL@BF reduces the peak heat release rate and total heat release by 64.6% and 13.2%, respectively. Besides, expandable graphite (EG) was combined with 6BL@BF to further enhance the fire safety and thermal stability of EP composites. Furthermore, the gas and condensed phase analysis of EP/6BL@BF/EG‐3 composite was investigated by TG‐IR, scanning electronic microscopy, Laser Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the flame retardant mechanism of 6BL@BF/EG was proposed. Finally, the mechanical properties of EP composites were investigated systematically.

Removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by ferrihydrite/bagasse composite prepared through in situ precipitation method

Ferrihydrite/bagasse composite adsorbent (FH/SCB) was prepared by in situ precipitation method to remove phosphate from aqueous solution. Effects of precipitation pH on adsorption performances of the composites were investigated and adsorption performances and mechanism of phosphate on the composite prepared at the optimum pH for phosphate were studied. Results showed that precipitation pH played a key role on the morphology and adsorption performances of the FH/SCB. SEM-EDX, TEM, XRD and Zeta potential illustrated that ferrihydrite was loaded uniformly on the bagasse surface at pH 4.5, and the obtained composite (FH/SCB4.5) with higher isoelectric point exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity for phosphate. pH and adsorption isotherm results depicted that FH/SCB4.5 showed higher adsorption capacity at lower solution pH. Obvious synergistic effects were observed in co-ions experiment, and both the common anions (NO3−, Cl−, SO42−) and cations (K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) could promote the phosphate adsorption. Adsorption mechanism analysis showed that electrostatic attraction and inner-sphere complexation involved in the phosphate adsorption. Furthermore, wastewater treatment results showed that more than 99.7 % of phosphate could be removed from wastewater by FH/SCB4.5, demonstrating that the as prepared sorbent had great potential in practical application.

A comparison of different oxidative pretreatments on polysaccharide hydrolyzability and cell wall structure for interpreting the greatly improved enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by delignification

In order to confirm the contribution of delignification to the increase in lignocellulosic cellulose digestibility, several laboratory oxidative pretreatments under mild conditions, including alkaline-hydrogen peroxide (AP), two-step alkaline/peracetic acid (APAA) and sodium chlorite (SC) pretreatments were employed to achieve selective delignification of sugarcane bagasse and retained most of the hemicelluloses (xylan) in the pretreated solids. Four commercial cellulase cocktails were used to test the enzymatic hydrolyzability of pretreated substrates. Results revealed that delignification indeed could greatly improve the final (120 h) cellulose hydrolysis with relatively high final (120 h) glucan conversion (> 90%) by different cellulase cocktails even if the substrates still had a high hemicelluloses content. However, the xylan conversion seemed to be more greatly dependent on the pretreatments and cellulase cocktails used. AP and APAA pretreatments resulted in the disappearance of middle lamella and liberation of cellulose fibers with significant etching, deformation and fracture of cell wall structure. SC pretreatment greatly modified the sugar bagasse surface morphology to make the surface much coarser. The cell wall also underwent serious fracture and deformation with some middle lamella disappearing. However, no significant alteration on the structure of pure cellulose was observed by SC oxidative pretreatment of filter paper. Oxidative pretreatment might also modify lignin structure and surface properties thus greatly reducing the non-specific adsorption of enzymes. The obtained results strongly support the conclusion that delignification under mild pretreatment condition can be very helpful to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic cellulose by commercial cellulase cocktails even if the substrates has a high hemicelluloses content.

Bagasse as a Source of Glucose: Corona Pretreatment

Lignocellulosic materials have a complex polymeric structure, so, to obtain a high yield of glucose by hydrolysis reactions is necessary a pretreatment of the material. In this work, the effect of pretreatment corona (electric discharge) on different properties in three lignocellulosic materials (microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose pulp and bagasse) was evaluated. corona treatment was applied in three different exposure times (2, 6 and 10 minutes). Crystallinity, obtained by X-ray diffraction, showed a significant increase in samples of bagasse after pretreatment. No changes in acidity of materials was observed. Cationic and anionic tests indicate that the surface of bagasse is negatively charged after pretreatment. Amount of methylene blue adsorbed in the materials decreased with increasing of exposure time. Acid hydrolysis of materials with and without pretreatment were evaluated in amount of total reducing sugars (%TRS). A small decrease in %TRS occurred after pretreatment corona mainly in bagasse samples. HPLC analysis of hydrolysis products of pretreated bagasse showed higher yields in glucose, a raw material of interest for second generation ethanol.

Sugarcane bagasse as support for immobilization of Bacillus pumilus HZ-2 and its use in bioremediation of mesotrione-contaminated soils.

The degrading microorganisms isolated from environment usually fail to degrade pollutants when used for bioremediation of contaminated soils; thus, additional treatments are needed to enhance biodegradation. In the present study, the potential of sugarcane bagasse as bacteria-immobilizing support was investigated in mesotrione biodegradation. A novel isolate Bacillus pumilus HZ-2 was applied in bacterial immobilization, which was capable of degrading over 95% of mesotrione at initial concentrations ranging from 25 to 200mgL(-1) within 4days in flask-shaking tests. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the bacterial cells were strongly absorbed and fully dispersed on bagasse surface after immobilization. Specially, 86.5 and 82.9% of mesotrione was eliminated by bacteria immobilized on bagasse of 100 and 60mesh, respectively, which indicated that this immobilization was able to maintain a high degrading activity of the bacteria. Analysis of the degradation products determined 2-amino-4-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid (AMBA) and 4-methylsulfonyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid (MNBA) as the main metabolites in the biodegradation pathway of mesotrione. In the sterile soil, approximately 90% of mesotrione was degraded after supplementing 5.0% of molasses in bacteria-bagasse composite, which greatly enhanced microbial adaptability and growth in the soil environment. In the field tests, over 75% of mesotrione in soil was degraded within 14days. The immobilized preparation demonstrated that mesotrione could be degraded at a wide range of pH values (5.0-8.0) and temperatures (25-35°C), especially at low concentrations of mesotrione (5 to 20mgkg(-1)). These results showed that sugarcane bagasse might be a good candidate as bacteria-immobilizing support to enhance mesotrione degradation by Bacillus p. HZ-2 in contaminated soils.

Acetone–butanol–ethanol production using pH control strategy and immobilized cells in an integrated fermentation–pervaporation process

The effects of pH and cell immobilization on acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) production coupled with a pervaporation membrane have been investigated using Clostridium acetobutylicum XY16. The solvent productivity of 0.29g/L/h was obtained using a two-stage controlled-pH in the coupled process, which was 11% higher than a previous process without pH control, nevertheless, membrane was still fouled. Furthermore, butanol in the fermenter remained below the critical concentration using a larger membrane, solvent productivity achieved 0.38g/L/h. However, these methods could not prevent membrane fouling, the average permeation flux and butanol separation factor decreased by 41.6% and 31.3%. Then, sugarcane bagasse was used as a cell immobilization carrier and applied to the coupled process; many cells aggregated and adsorbed on sugarcane bagasse surface, the dry cell weight (DCW) in broth was maintained at 1.1g/L. Membrane fouling was relieved, the pervaporation maintained a steady state for more than 90h, the average permeation flux was 0.676kg/m2/h, which only decreased by 13.9% compared to that in the initial stage, and the butanol separation factor remained stable. A maximum solvent productivity of 0.62g/L/h was also obtained. Thus, the pH control and cell immobilization are efficient methods for high-intensity ABE production with in situ recovery.

SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND MODIFIED RICE HUSK FOR THE REMOVAL OF MALACHITE GREEN FROM AQUEOUS WASTES

In this research, adsorption malachite green (MG) using Sugarcane bagasse (SB) and Rice husk (RH) were studied by batch method. Factors influencing dye adsorption such as the initial dye concentration, sorbent dosage, exposure time, temperature effect and pH, were investigated. The Langmuir, Freundich Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms were used to fit the equilibrium data, and the results showed that the Freundlich and Langmuir model provided the best correlation of the experimental data for SB and RH, respectively. Adsorption kinetic data were tasted using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra particle diffusion models. It was observed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation could explain the biosorption kinetics of dye on both adsorbents and intra particle diffusion showed that dye adsorption was controlled by multi-adsorption stages with bagasse surface area. The results showed that both of them can be an economical sorbent for removal of dye from aqueous systems.

Development of composites based on recycled polyethylene/sugarcane bagasse fibers

In this work, sugarcane bagasse fibers were used as filler in composites having recycled high‐density polyethylene (PEr) as matrix. Because of the poor interaction between fibers surface and the PEr, the surface of bagasse was chemically modified. This modification consists of washing with water at 80°C, a mercerization process using sodium hydroxide and acetylation reaction with acetic anhydride. The chemical modification was characterized by Fourier transform infrared–horizontal attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐HATR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The composites were prepared from modified and unmodified fibers into PEr matrix, containing 5, 10, and 20% (w/w) of fiber. The samples were processed by extrusion and molds were prepared by injection process in order to perform mechanical tests. These materials were analyzed by SEM, TGA, and the water uptake was evaluated. Also, their mechanical properties were analyzed. Morphological analysis indicated that the chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse increased the compatibility between matrix and reinforcement. Tensile, flexural, and impact tests showed that the mechanical properties of the composite were improved compared to PEr due to the presence of the fibers. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:768–774, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

Decomposition of Lignin from Sugar Cane Bagasse during Ozonation Process Monitored by Optical and Mass Spectrometries

Mass spectrometry was used to monitor neutral chemical species from sugar cane bagasse that could volatilize during the bagasse ozonation process. Lignin fragments and some radicals liberated by direct ozone reaction with the biomass structure were detected. Ozone density was monitored during the ozonation by optical absorption spectroscopy. The optical results indicated that the ozone interaction with the bagasse material was better for bagasse particle sizes less than or equal to 0.5 mm. Both techniques have shown that the best condition for the ozone diffusion in the bagasse was at 50% of its moisture content. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the lignin bond disruptions and morphology changes of the bagasse surface that occurred due to the ozonolysis reactions as well. Appropriate chemical characterization of the lignin content in bagasse before and after its ozonation was also carried out.

Effects of hot water pre-extraction on surface properties of bagasse soda pulp

In this work, the effects of hot water pre-extraction of depithed bagasse on the soda pulping and surface properties were studied. The conditions of hot water pre-extraction were: maximum temperature 170°C, heat-up time 90min, time at maximum temperature 10min, and solid to liquor ratio (S:L) 1:8. Consequently, the pre-extracted and un-extracted bagasse chips were subjected to soda pulping at 160°C for 1h with 11, 14 and 17% active alkali charge and an S:L of 1:5. The results showed that the hot water pre-extraction increased bagasse surface texture porosity by hemicellulose degradation. Therefore, the delignification was faster for pulping of pre-extracted samples. At a certain charge of alkali, pre-extracted samples showed higher screened yield and lower Kappa number. For instance, at 17% alkali charge, pre-extracted bagasse gave 11.3% higher pulp yield compared with the un-extracted ones. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) results showed that the hot water pre-extraction changed the active sites on the bagasse surface, decreasing the dispersive energy and the basicity character, and affected the particle morphology. The pulping process decreased the hydrophobicity and the basicity of the bagasse surface. The surfaces of un-extracted and pre-extracted bagasse pulps had similar properties but different morphology. The pulps present higher surface area and permeability with more reactive capacity.

Comparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes by milled sugarcane bagasse

Adsorptions of Rhodamine B (RhB) and Basic Blue 9 (BB9, also known as methylene blue) by sugarcane bagasse of different surface areas were compared in this study. There was a small gain in the amount of dye removed by increasing bagasse surface area from 0.57m2/g to 1.81m2/g. BB9 adsorption was less sensitive to surface area change than RhB adsorption. Adsorption capacity of 250mg/L RhB on 1g/L bagasse was 65.5mg/g compared to a value of 30.7mg/g obtained with BB9 under the same conditions. Increasing adsorption temperature (from 30°C to 50°C) while having no effect on RhB adsorption, slightly decreased BB9 adsorption by ∼4%. The differences in adsorption performances between these dyes have been related to the molecular structure of the dyes and the surface chemistry of bagasse.

Desorption and photodegradation of methylene blue from modified sugarcane bagasse surface by acid TiO2 hydrosol

Waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was modified by pyromellitic dianhydride to improve its adsorption capacity for cationic dyes. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of the modified SCB for methylene blue was 564mgg−1, which was about 12 times than that obtained on the unmodified SCB. Methylene blue loaded modified SCB was regenerated by a self-clean eluent: TiO2 hydrosol with pH ranged from 1 to 4, and HNO3 solution with the same pH range was tested at the same time for comparison. Results showed that desorption kinetics of methylene blue in the hydrosol systems fit two-step kinetic model and controlled mainly by the slow step. As a self-clean eluent, acid hydrosol could firstly desorb and then photodegrade methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. After five desorption–photodegradation cycles, 78.3% of the absorbed dyes could be desorbed by using hydrosol (pH 2) as eluent. The hydrosol could be continuously used in desorption and photodegradation process, which would economize large volume of the eluent and moreover it would not bring secondary pollution.

Congo Red adsorption by ball-milled sugarcane bagasse

The adsorption of Congo Red (CR) by ball-milled sugarcane bagasse was evaluated in an aqueous batch system. CR adsorption capacity increased significantly with small changes in bagasse surface area. CR removal decreased with increasing solution pH from 5.0 to 10.0. Maximum adsorption capacity was 38.2 mg/g bagasse at a CR concentration of 500 mg/L. The equilibrium isotherm fitted the Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetics obeyed pseudo-second order equation. CR adsorption obeyed the intra-particle diffusion model very well with bagasse surface area in the range of 0.58–0.66 m 2/g, whereas it was controlled by multi-adsorption stages with bagasse surface area in the range of 1.31–1.82 m 2/g. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process is an exothermic and spontaneous process. Fourier transform infrared analysis of bagasse containing adsorbed CR indicated interactions between the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of bagasse and CR function groups.

Characterization of Modified Bagasse and Investigation Properties of Its Novel Composite

Bagasse was modified with sodium hydroxide and silane, and the obtained three polymer composite types, namely natural fiber, sugarcane bagasse, and plaster were procured by the two-roll mill method. The characterization of the modified sugarcane bagasse was achieved with attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that the presence of Si–CH3 group occurred on the bagasse surface after chemical modification. Adhesion force of cellulose changes after chemical treatment was observed from AFM. The optimum cure time ( tc90) and torque of the natural fiber/plaster increased with increasing plaster loading in the composite. The modulus of the resulting composite increased with both plaster and bagasse but the tensile strength and elongation-at-break of the composite decreased as a function of plaster sugarcane bagasse. The polymer composite possesses the best properties at 5 part per hundred rubber (phr) bagasse loading and 30 phr plaster.

Pengaruh Lama dan Suhu Aktivasi Terhadap Kualitas dan Struktur Kimia Arang Aktif Bagasse Effect of Time and Temperature Activation on Quality and Chemical Structure of Bagasse Activated Charcoal

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of time and temperature activation on the quality and chemical structure of bagasse activated charcoal. The study was designed in a completely random design with 3 x 3 factorial, each treatment was 5 times repeated. Bagasse was carbonized in an electrical retort at 400 o C for 3.5 hours, then activated at 800 o C, 900 o C and 1000 o C for 30, 60 and 90 minutes at each temperature. The quality of bagasse activated charcoal showed that the yield was 72.57 ~ 91.78%, 5.90 ~ 9.58% moisture content, 39.70 ~ 52.70% volatile matter, 18.40 ~ 25.30% ash content, 26.30 ~ 36.70% fixed carbon, 8.44 ~ 13.40% benzena adsorption, 1036.18 ~ 1474.33 (mg/g) iodium adsorption, 121.91 ~ 124.80 (mg/g) methylene blue adsorption. The surface area of bagasse activated charcoal was 250.45 m 2 /g. The FTIR analysis indicated that surface of bagasse activated charcoal contained bonding of C-X, S═O, C-N, N-H and C═C. The SEM analysis showed that there were wide pore diameter and plenty of pores. The application of bagasse activated charcoal at two villages reduced the colour, turbidity and iron contents until 65%, 30% manganese contents while hardness of water and pH did not change